What the Word “Function” Means to Algebra Teachers

1943 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 212-218
Author(s):  
Lee J. Cronbach
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Present Article ◽  
College Mathematics ◽  
High School Algebra ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Word Function ◽  
Technical Terms

Teachers are well aware of the fact that the pupil who can repeat the definition of a word may not really understand what that word means. Since understanding of technical terms in a subject like mathematics is essential, it is important for the teacher to determine whether the pupil has really mastered basic words. In one of a series of studies, the writer sought to construct a test which would determine how well pupils understand the word function, a term generally considered basic in work in advanced high school algebra and college mathematics. While attempting to build the test, it was found that teachers often did not agree as to whether a given expression should be called a function; this suggested that it might be important to determine just what is being taught as the meaning of function, since agreement as to what is being tested is necessary before a test can be constructed. The present article reports an attempt to determine what typical teachers of algebra mean when they speak of a function.

scholarly journals Composing Arugat ha-Bosem: How Piyyut Commentary Became Associated with Ḥasidei Ashkenaz

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Hollender
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Open Book ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
Hasidei Ashkenaz

AbstractBased on Ivan Marcus’s concept of “open book” and considerations on medieval Ashkenazic concepts of authorship, the present article inquires into the circumstances surrounding the production of SeferArugat ha-Bosem, a collection of piyyut commentaries written or compiled by the thirteenth-century scholar Abraham b. Azriel. Unlike all other piyyut commentators, Abraham ben Azriel inscribed his name into his commentary and claims to supersede previous commentaries, asserting authorship and authority. Based on the two different versions preserved in MS Vatican 301 and MS Merzbacher 95 (Frankfurt fol. 16), already in 1939 Ephraim E. Urbach suggested that Abraham b. Azriel might have written more than one edition of his piyyut commentaries. The present reevaluation considers recent scholarship on concepts of authorship and “open genre” as well as new research into piyyut commentary. To facilitate a comparison with Marcus’s definition of “open book,” this article also explores the arrangement and rearrangement of small blocks of texts within a work.

Erkundungen Von Gegenwelten: Zur Orientierungsleistung «mythischer» Reisen Am Beispiel Zweier Mesopotamischer Texte Erkundungen Von Gegenwelten: Zur Orientierungsleistung «mythischer» Reisen Am Beispiel Zweier Mesopotamischer Texte

Numen ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-254
Author(s):  
Daria Pezzoli-Olgiati
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Religious Symbol ◽  
Symbol Systems ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Gilgamesh Epic ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe present article focuses on the function of mythic journeys with regard to the problem of death and the transience of human life in two selected Mesopotamian literary sources: the Gilgamesh-Epic IX–XI and the Descent of Ishtar to the Underworld. The selected texts are analysed and compared from the perspective of a functionalist definition of religious symbol systems, with particular attention to the transformation involved in travelling through different cosmic regions. The structure of the journey, the characterisation of the different regions visited by the protagonist, and the changes provoked by the mythic travel evince similarities and differences in the strategies employed to produce a religious orientation dealing with the ineluctable limits of life.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of the application of a specialized dictionary in the teaching of Biology in English

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Margarita Ishmuratova ◽  
◽  
Anna Kalizhanova ◽  
Ablai Erezhep ◽  
Tatyana Shelestova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
University Level ◽  
Specialized Texts ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Time Required

In Kazakhstan, in the process of transition the education to updated content, there is a problem of providing biology classes with the necessary materials in English. At the school and university level, there is a lack of textbooks, manuals and trilingual dictionaries on Biology. This aspect does not allow to learn successfully biology in English, to understand translation of terms, to translate in English. In present article materials on studying of application’s efficiency of the using trilingual dictionary (English-Russian-Kazakh, RussianKazakh-English and Kazakh-English-Russian) in senior high school are stated. The effectiveness of the trilingual dictionary on zoology in additional Biology classes in English was evaluated. The results of the studies show that the application of the trilingual dictionary in Biology lessons reliably increases the level of understanding of specialized texts and translation of scientific materials. The use of the dictionary on zoology increases the efficiency of translation from English to Russian and from Russian to English, reduces the time required for translation.

scholarly journals Lagal aspects of water users organizations´ business

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Умиджон Улугов ◽  
Umidjon Ulugov
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Water Users ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Operational Management ◽  
Rational Management ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Enterprise Activity

Modern Tajikistan experiences considerable difficulties in a solution of the problem of rational management of objects of water infrastructure which don´t belong to maintaining public authorities, and are step by step transferred to hands of water users. In the present article the actual problems of economic (enterprise) activity of associations of water users in the Republic of Tajikistan urged to solve problems of maintaining, operational management of an internal irrigational network of the Republic of Tajikistan are considered. In article the separate data which have become a basis for reforming of sector of agriculture, to reforming of the former collective farms and state farms in modern Dehkan (farmer) farms and also on lack of essential measures on definition of the property right to constructions, the equipment, the earth of internal irrigational networks of Tajikistan are entered. Way out creation of a new civil form – associations of water users is considered – to whom functions on the maintenance of an internal irrigational network due to economic activity are assigned. Arguments concerning equivalence of economic activity commercial and as result – a contradiction to standards of the civil legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan are given in article.

scholarly journals The Needs Analysis of The Develop of Biology Module Based On Scientific Approach for Senior High School Grade XI Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Vayolin Eroika ◽  
Ramadhan Sumarmin ◽  
Helendra Helendra ◽  
Elsa Yuniarti
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Needs Analysis ◽  
School Grade ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Materials Research ◽  
The Core Competence ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Learning Interest

On the curriculum of 2013, students are encouraged to perform the steps in the process of scientific or scholarly learning. The learning process in high school Pembangunan Laboratorium UNP had been scientific approach but the book used by the students have not based scientific approach, yet then the topics in the book used the students has not been in accordance with the core competence and basic competence in the curriculum of 2013. Thus, the descriptive researchers doing research to see the need for developing a module of biology for students of Class XI high school. Analytical techniques used in this research is descriptive statistical. This form of analysis on activities of observation, the definition of collection problems that occur in the learning process. Needs analysis to develop module are curriculum analysis, analysis of problems in learning, and analysis of learning materials. Research results are those of the third there is a lack of analysis, books used in schools has not been in accordance with the curriculum of 2013. There is a deficiency in basic competence 3.2 and 4.2 on Bioprocess cell topics, books used in schools have not provided scientific/scientific approach which scientific approach/scientific can enhance the learning interest of students so that learning process went smoothly, and the analysis of the three. then the lack of one of the solutions is to develop of biology module based on scientific approach on Bioprocess cell topics.

scholarly journals Manajemen strategik peningkatan mutu lembaga pendidikan Muhammadiyah di Kabupaten Gunungkidul

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-69
Author(s):  
Ahmad Nurdin Kholili ◽  
Syarief Fajaruddin
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
School Environment ◽  
School Quality ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Definition Of

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1.) Mengkaji implementasi manajemen strategik peningkatan mutu lembaga pendidikan Muhammadiyah di SMP Al-Mujahidin dan SMP Muhammadiyah Semin Kabupaten Gunungkidul; dan 2.) Menemukan formulasi alternatif manajemen strategik lembaga pendidikan Muhammadiyah dalam meningkatkan mutu sekolah di Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian studi kasus yang bersifat kualitatif, dengan mengunakan metode observasi, interview dan dokumentasi terhadap dua lembaga pendidikan Muhammadiyah. Teknik analisis data menggunakan teori Miles dan Huberman dengan tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data dan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi manajemen strategik yang dilakukan oleh SMP Muhammadiyah Al-Mujahidin dan SMP Muhammadiyah Semin melibatkan semua stakeholder. Sekolah terlebih dahulu merumuskan visi misi sekolah dengan mempertimbangkan faktor internal dan eksternal lingkungan sekolah, dilanjutkan merumuskan tujuan dan target mutu sekolah diikuti dengan penentuan strategi yang akan digunakan oleh sekolah demi terealisasinya semua target mutu yang disepakati. Implementasi strategi yang dilakukan SMP Muhammadiyah Al-Mujahidin dan SMP Muhammadiyah Semin dalam meningkatkan mutu sekolah adalah dengan menjabarkan dan melaksanakan semua strategi yang telah dirumuskan dalam bentuk kegiatan-kegiatan terprogram dan terukur. Evaluasi strategi yang digunakan SMP Muhammadiyah Al-Mujahidin dan SMP Muhammadiyah Semin adalah melalui rapat formal maupun informal. AbstractThe objective of the present study is to: 1.) Review the implementation of strategic management for the improvement of the Muhammadiyah educational institution quality in the context of Al-Mujahidin Junior High School and Muhammadiyah Junior High School Semin, the Regency of Gunungkidul; and 2.) Identify the alternative formula for the implementation of the strategic management within the Muhammadiyah educational institution quality toward the improvement of the school quality in the Regency of Gunungkidul. The nature of the study is qualitative research using observation, interview, and documentation with two Muhammadiyah educational institutions as the objects of the study. Throughout the data analysis, the technique that has been implemented is the data analysis technique proposed by Miles & Huberman under the following sequence: (1) data reduction; (2) data presentation; and (3) conclusions. The results of the study show that the implementation of strategic management by the Al-Mujahidin Junior High School and the Muhammadiyah Junior High School Semin has involved all stakeholders. The two Muhammadiyah educational institutions formulate the school vision and the school mission in the very first place with considerations toward the internal factors and the external factors of the school environment. Then, the two Muhammadiyah educational institutions proceed to the formulation of the objectives and the targets for the school quality followed by the definition of the school strategy in achieving all of the quality targets that have been formulated. Furthermore, the strategic management by the Al-Mujahidin Junior High School and the Muhammadiyah Junior High School Semin in improving the school quality is elaborating and implementing all strategies that have been formulated in the form of programmed and measured activities. The strategies will be evaluated by the Al-Mujahidin Junior High School and the Muhammadiyah Junior High School Semin through the mechanism of both formal and informal meetings.

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