Leonhard Euler and the Theory of Ships

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (04) ◽  
pp. 274-290
Author(s):  
Horst Nowacki
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
Leonhard Euler ◽  
The Rich ◽  
First Time

On April 15, 2007, the scientific world commemorated Leonhard Euler's 300th birthday. Euler's eminent work has become famous in many fields: mathematics, mechanics, optics, acoustics, astronomy, and geodesy, even in the theory of music. This article will recall his no less distinguished contributions to the founding of the modern theory of ships. These are not so widely known to the general professional public. In laying these foundations in ship theory, as in other fields, Euler was seeking "first principles, generality, order and above all clarity." This article will highlight those achievements for which we owe him our gratitude. There is no doubt that Leonhard Euler was one of the founders of the modern theory of ships. He raised many fundamental questions for the first time and through all phases of his professional lifetime devoted himself to subjects of ship theory. Thereby he gave a unique profile to this still nascent scientific discipline. Many of his approaches have been of lasting, incisive influence on the structure of this field. Some of his ideas have become so much a matter of routine today that we have forgotten their descent from Euler. This article will synoptically review Euler's contributions to the foundation of this discipline, will correlate them with the stages of Euler's own scientific development, embedded in the rich environment of scientific enlightenment in the 18th century, and will appreciate the value of his lasting aftereffects until today. The same example will serve to recognize the fertile field of tension always existing between Euler's fundamental orientation and his desire to make contributions to practical applications, which has remained characteristic of ship theory to the present day. Without claiming completeness in detail, this article aims at giving a coherent overview of Euler's approaches and objectives in this discipline. This synopsis will be presented primarily from the viewpoint of engineering science in its current stage of development.

scholarly journals Zasób archiwum oraz biblioteki parafii św. Katarzyny w Wolbromiu

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 235-248
Author(s):  
Konrad Kołodziejczyk
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Corpus Christi ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Town

Resources of the archive and library of Saint Catherine’s parish in Wolbrom The article tries to take a closer look at the history of the archive and library of Saint Catherine’s parish in Wolbrom, describe the local conditions and briefly characterise the archival resources and library collection. The parish archive and library, originally part of the monastery, in Wolbrom have previously been the subject of only a few studies. Saint Catherine’s parish in Wolbrom was founded in the first half of the 14th century. At the beginning of the 1620s, it was handed over to the Canons Regular of the Lateran from the Corpus Christi Church in Kazimierz near Krakow. The first printed books almost certainly arrived in the town together with the founding of the parish, while the oldest mention of the parish book collection in Wolbrom comes from 1566. In the following centuries, the collection was successively enriched with donations from benefactors and the clergy. The main users of the collection were almost certainly the monks themselves, the heads of the parish schools and pupils. The rich collection in the parish library was not, however, always respected, especially in the 18th century when, after an inspection, attention was drawn to the terrible conditions in the library. Many valuable parts of the collection were also destroyed during wars and invasions. The Wolbrom parish archive was mentioned for the first time in the second half of the 17th century. Initially, the archive was located in the chambers of the prior, then in the monastery library above the church sacristy. The resources of the archive mainly include parish registers. Most of the documentation comes from the time of the partitions. The parish archive also contains documents not connected with the activities of the parish. There is even a royal document from the time of Stanislaw II August Poniatowski concerning the local guild of furriers. The observations carried out in the archive and library allow important recommendations to be made concerning the safeguarding of the collection with suitable storage conditions.

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL ARCHITECTURE IN THE FORMER KETSKAYA VOLOST

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Sitnikova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Tomsk Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rural Architecture ◽  
The Village ◽  
Rich History

The article considers the historical and cultural heritage of villages of the former Ketskaya volost, which is currently a part of the Tomsk region. The formation of Ketsky prison and the architecture of large settlements of the former Ketskaya volost are studied. Little is known about the historical and cultural heritage of villages of the Tomsk region and the problems of preserving historical settlements of the country.The aim of this work is to study the formation and development of the village architecture of the former Ketskaya volost, currently included in the Tomsk region.The following scientific methods are used: a critical analysis of the literature, comparative architectural analysis and systems analysis of information, creative synthesis of the findings. The obtained results can be used in preparation of lectures, reports and communication on the history of the Siberian architecture.The scientific novelty is a study of the historical and cultural heritage of large settlements of the former Ketskaya volost, which has not been studied and published before. The methodological and theoretical basis of the study is theoretical works of historians and architects regarding the issue under study as well as the previous  author’s work in the field.It is found that the historical and cultural heritage of the villages of the former Ketskaya volost has a rich history. Old historical buildings, including religious ones are preserved in villages of Togur and Novoilinka. The urban planning of the villages reflects the design and construction principles of the 18th century. The rich natural environment gives this area a special touch. 

scholarly journals Address of the President Sir Robert Robinson, at the anniversary meeting, 1 December 1947

1947 ◽  
Vol 135 (878) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Living Cell ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
New Science ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
Intimate Association ◽  
Scientific Life

The names that have just been recounted include those of many outstanding personalities in the scientific world and it would not be fitting to attempt even brief appreciations of their manifold services on this occasion. An exception must, however, be made when we mourn such giants as two of the deceased Fellows. Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, O. M., was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1905; he delivered the Croonian Lecture in 1915, was Royal Medallist in 1918 and Copley Medallist in 1926. He was President of the Society from 1930 to 1935. Such are the bare facts, and though we are proud of his intimate association with the Royal Society, we do not now think of a Lecturer, a Medallist, or even of a President. Our memory dwells rather on the lovable qualities and magnanimous spirit of a devoted teacher and leader, and on the influence of his generous help to others as well as of his personal achievements during almost seventy years of scientific life. He was early imbued with the conviction that the chemistry of the living cell was his subject, that it was not only of transcendent importance, but also that it was ripe for development. He dedicated himself to the quest and embarked with enthusiasm on a pioneering voyage of discovery. The outcome of his courage and industry was the foundation of a new scientific discipline, if not of a new science. He was the father of modern schools of biochemistry and was the greatest biochemist of his generation.

Free Your Mind

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Seligman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family Farm ◽  
Bubonic Plague ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

This is not the first time that great universities have had to shut their doors during an epidemic. And there is perhaps a lesson for all students about what can happen during a shutdown. In 1665, Cambridge University closed as the bubonic plague swept across England. Isaac Newton, a 22-year-old student, was forced to retreat to the family farm, Woolsthorpe Manor. Isolated there for more than a year, on his own he revolutionized the scientific world. Newton said that this shutdown freed him from the pressures of the curriculum and led to the best intellectual years of his life.

Profaning the Sacred: The Unorthodox Financial Activities of Catholic Clerics During the Napoleonic Period, 1796–1814

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-542
Author(s):  
Christopher Korten
Keyword(s):  
Precious Metals ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Sacred And Profane ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Times ◽  
First Time ◽  
Insight Into

This article reveals for the first time how Catholic clerics survived financially during the Napoleonic period in Italy (1796–1814). Despite the very rich, 200-year historiography on one of the Church's most critical periods, there is almost nothing on how religious clerics coped at this time. Their institutions had been despoiled by the French, often in collaboration with locals, negating traditional forms of clerical income, such as alms or rental income from non-ecclesiastical properties. This caused clerics to search out unorthodox – at times, non-canonical – ways of eking out a living, either for themselves, their religious communities or both, as such distinctions were often blurred. Masses were monetized and traded; ecclesiastical paraphernalia composed of precious metals were smelted and commodified, and relics were sold for profit. The uncovering of these controversial acts by men who in normal times were upstanding reveals the desperation of the times and provides insight into the rich discussion on determining the degrees of separation (and overlap) between the sacred and profane.

"Itzt kommen die Soldaten"

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilman Venzl
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Military History ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

In the 18th century, as many as 300 German-language plays were produced with the military and its contact and friction with civil society serving as focus of the dramatic events. The immense public interest these plays attracted feeds not least on the fundamental social structural change that was brought about by the establishment of standing armies. In his historico-cultural literary study, Tilman Venzl shows how these military dramas literarily depict complex social processes and discuss the new problems in an affirmative or critical manner. For the first time, the findings of the New Military History are comprehensively included in the literary history of the 18th century. Thus, the example of selected military dramas – including Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm and Lenz's Die Soldaten – reveals the entire range of variety characterizing the history of both form and function of the subject.

Islam and Human Capital Formation

2011 ◽  
pp. 80-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Chaney
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Role Of Religion

Given the rich scientific tradition of the Muslim world, current levels of scientific production in predominantly Muslim countries are surprisingly low. A recent survey of the state of scientific production in Muslim countries found that forty-six predominantly Muslim countries produced 1.17 percent of the world's science literature between 1997 and 2007. The historical record provides evidence that religious diversity and religious tolerance helped constrain Islam's conservative elements for hundreds of years. This article examines the extent to which the behavior of Muslim religious authorities helps explain the evolution of Muslim scientific development in the premodern era. It begins by providing a brief overview of scientific production throughout Islamic history and then examines the role of religion in both the flourishing and stagnation of Muslim science. The conclusion provides suggestions for future research and examines the extent to which the historical evolution of Islam provides lessons for encouraging scientific progress today.

scholarly journals The development of doctoral degree curriculum in England: Perspectives from professional doctoral degree graduates

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Miguel Dos Santos ◽  
Ho Fai Lo
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Career Counseling ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Doctoral Degree ◽  
University Administrators ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Doctoral Level ◽  
Professional Doctorate ◽  
The Rich

The paper investigates two issues surrounding the field of higher education leadership, particularly in doctoral education, namely the reasons why potential doctoral students decided to enroll in a professional doctorate instead of a traditional Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and how did professional doctorate status enhance its graduates’ professional development and career promotion.  Guided by the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), 20 professional doctorate graduates who are members of a professional association in London were invited as participants. The paper discovers that in the view of professional doctorate graduates, the program offers the flexibility for professionals to enjoy the rigorous education at doctoral level.  Second, the curriculum of the professional doctorate allows graduates to apply both theories and practical applications into their current workplace directly.  Third, the rich supports from lecturers enhancing the prosperity of professional doctorate graduates’ life experience.  This study provides solid evidence and recommendation for university administrators, policy makers, organizational employers, and potential doctoral students in the United Kingdom and other Anglophone countries to understand the learning outcomes and gained skills of professional doctorates. Keywords: career counseling; doctoral student experience; professional doctorate; qualitative

scholarly journals Cosmogonies and mythopoesis in the Balkans and beyond

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 87-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florentina Badalanova Geller
Keyword(s):  
Oral Tradition ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Biblical Literature ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Different Types ◽  
To Come ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Devil

Cosmogonies and mythopoesis in the Balkans and beyondCompared and contrasted in this article are three different types of accounts dealing with the cosmogonic and eschatological themes employed in Slavonic and Balkan oral tradition, para-Biblical literature and modern poetry. The focus of analysis is the cluster of motifs attested in the creation narrative of the apocryphal Legend of the Sea of Tiberias. Two versions are examined: the South-Slavonic one discovered in 1845 by V. Grigorovich in the Monastery of Slepche, and the 18th century Russian account from MS № 21.11.3 (fols. 3a–5b) from the Archaeographic Department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences [Библиотека Академии наук, Рукописный отдел] in St. Petersburg, composed most probably by an Old Believer; this manuscript is published here for the first time. Folklore counterparts of the apocryphal Legend of the Sea of Tiberias are treated, with special emphasis on the oral narratives from the Bulgarian diaspora in Bessarabia (God and the Devil Create the World Amicably but then Fall Out). Finally, a poem of the 20th century Bulgarian intellectual Pencho Slaveykov [Пенчо Славейков] from his anthology “On the Island of the Blessed” is discussed; the poem, entitled How God willed the Earth to come to be and what did Satanail do after that? was designated by Slaveykov himself as “a legend of the Bogomils”, and blended within his lyrics are dualistic themes and motifs attested in vernacular Christianity, with the hallmark of Haeresis Bulgarica. Kosmogonie i mitopoetyki na Bałkanach i nie tylkoW artykule zostały porównane trzy typy narracji zawierających wątki kosmogoniczne i eschatologiczne, które funkcjonują w słowiańskiej i bałkańskiej tradycji ustnej, literaturze parabiblijnej oraz poezji doby modernizmu. Przedmiotem uwagi stała się grupa motywów poświadczonych w narracji o stworzeniu, znanej z Legendy o Morzu Tyberiadzkim. Analizom poddane zostały dwie wersje: południowosłowiańska, odkryta w 1845 roku przez W. Grigorowicza w Monastyrze w Slepče, oraz ruska – z XVIII wieku, znajdująca się w kodeksie MS № 21.11.3 (fols. 3a–5b), przechowywanym w Oddziale Rękopisów Biblioteki Akademii Nauk w Sankt Petersburgu – skomponowana najprawdopodobniej w środowisku staroobrzędowców (rękopis ten jest tu publikowany po raz pierwszy). Następnie przeprowadzona została analiza odpowiedników folklorystycznych apokryficznej Legendy o Morzu Tyberiadzkim, ze szczegól­nym uwzględnieniem narracji ustnych funkcjonujących w bułgarskiej diasporze w Besarabii (Bóg i Diabeł tworzą świat w przyjaźni ale potem stają się wrogami). Na końcu został poddany interpretacji poemat z XX wieku autorstwa bułgarskiego modernisty Penczo Sławejkowa [Пенчо Славейков] z antologii Na wyspie błogosławionych [На острова на блажените]; poemat ten, zatytułowany Jak Bóg zezwolił, aby powstała ziemia i co potem uczynił Satanael?, został nazwany przez samego autora „legendą Bogomiłów”, i skompilowany w jego tekstach z dualistycznymi motywami występującymi w chrześcijaństwie tego regionu, a rozpoznawa­nymi jako haeresis bulgarica.

scholarly journals Negligible Voltage Hysteresis with Strong Anionic Redox in Conventional Battery Electrode

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kehua Dai ◽  
Jing Mao ◽  
Zengqing Zhuo ◽  
Guo Ai ◽  
Wenfeng Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Coulombic Efficiency ◽  
Redox Systems ◽  
Redox Mechanism ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Battery Electrode ◽  
Voltage Hysteresis ◽  
First Time ◽  
Initial Coulombic Efficiency

<div>Lattice oxygen redox reactions (ORR) offers opportunities for developing highcapacity batteries, however, suffers the notoriously high voltage hysteresis and low initial coulombic efficiency, which hinder its practical applications. Particularly, ORR was widely considered inherent to these kinetic issues. In this paper, unambiguous evidence of strong and reversible ORR is found in Na<sub>2/3</sub>Ni<sub>1/3</sub>Mn<sub>2/3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, which displays negligible voltage hysteresis (0.1 V) and high initial coulombic efficiency with a highly stable electrochemical profile. Our independent and quantitative analysis of all the Ni, Mn and O states consistently interpret the redox mechanism of Na<sub>2/3</sub>Ni<sub>1/3</sub>Mn<sub>2/3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, which reveals, for the first time, a conventional 3d transition-metal ORR system with facile kinetics and highly stable electrochemical profile that previously found only in cationic redox systems.</div>

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