Experimental Studies on Rigid Concrete Pavement by using various Cost Effective and Recycled Materials for Improving the Strength and Reducing the Cost of Pavement

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Prabhu T Karthik ◽  
K Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Concrete Pavement ◽  
Recycled Materials ◽  
The Cost

Asphalt-Rubber Overlay on Rubblized Concrete Pavement on I-135

1996 ◽  
Vol 1543 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn A. Fager
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Concrete Pavement ◽  
Portland Cement Concrete ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Asphalt Rubber ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Cement Concrete Pavement ◽  
Control Section ◽  
The Cost

During 1993 and 1994, the Kansas Department of Transportation constructed a 15.25-km full-depth asphalt-rubber project on I-135. Three test sections were finished in 1994 along with one control section in 1995. The test sections consisted of both a thick and thin asphalt-rubber section over rubblized portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) and a completely reconstructed asphalt-rubber section. The control section was built over rubblized PCCP to the same thickness as the thick asphalt-rubber section. Approximately 172 000 metric tons of asphalt-rubber were produced using the wet (reacted) process. Data indicated that the asphalt-rubber mix cost approximately 50 percent more than the asphalt-only mix. Reducing the thickness of the asphalt-rubber from 225 mm to 180 mm would allow the cost to become equal to the asphalt-only control section. Equal performance of the reduced thickness section or longer performance from the 225-mm asphalt-rubber section would be a cost-effective method of using tire rubber in asphalt pavements. Test data indicate a stable mix and adequate thermal characteristics but high permeabilities. Performance after 6 winter months under traffic indicates no raveling, rutting, flushing, cracking, or moisture damage.

scholarly journals The original way to get lime

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
N.A. Klimenko ◽  
A.I. Feldman ◽  
Yu.A. Feldman ◽  
A.A. Bobukh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Consumption Ratio ◽  
Annular Gap ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Metallurgical Lime ◽  
The Cost

Purpose. Development of a cost-effective method for the production of branded metallurgical lime. Metodology. Analysis of technical solutions known in engineering in the field of lime production technology, as well as a generalization of the experimental studies obtained. Findings. An efficient method for the production of metallurgical lime with a low consumption ratio with low energy consumption and reduction of harmful emissions has been developed and introduced into production. Practical value. Developed and implemented in the production method of lime can be implemented in the foundry industry and will reduce the cost of products, reduce harmful emissions, especially in the conditions of micro-metallurgical production Key words: energy consumption, harmful emissions, vertical annular gap, lined shells, electric heaters, counter thermal flows, expenditure ratio, branded metallurgical lime.

scholarly journals A review of current bracken control and associated vegetation strategies in Great Britain

Web Ecology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Pakeman ◽  
M. G. Le Duc ◽  
R. Marrs
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Calluna Vulgaris ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Vegetation Restoration ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Set Of Points

Abstract. Bracken is a major problem for livestock-based, extensive agriculture in many parts of the world. It also causes problems for conservation, recreation, game management and forestry and is hence subject to management in order to control it. This paper reviews current bracken control strategies in Great Britain to assess whether they can be improved, and reviews recent work on combining bracken control with vegetation restoration to derive guidelines for maximising the cost-effectiveness of these measures to increase biodiversity. Bracken control in Great Britain is currently, mainly undertaken by aerial spraying of herbicide. A large-scale survey showed that only a small proportion (25%) of sites were likely to show long-term control, the developing vegetation was not that desired by the instigator of control, and there was a large geographic variation in success. The major conclusion was that large-scale treatment often exceeded the area that could be adequately treated by follow-up measures. Experimental studies demonstrate that to obtain “desirable” vegetation (usually Calluna vulgaris-dominated heath in Great Britain) a number of steps usually have to be followed. However, the steps that have to be taken may differ between sites. Deep litter sites, where stock numbers are low, need the litter disturbed in some way and seed of suitable species added. On sites with higher stock numbers, litter disturbance has in effect already been carried out, so that management must involve seed addition and the exclusion/reduction of stock. It is not yet known how long or to what level stock must be removed before the vegetation is able to withstand grazing. It should be noted that management to reverse succession could prove less cost-effective than management that accelerates succession to woodland or forestry. A set of points which highlight the considerations necessary at the commencement of an “integrated” bracken control programme are outlined. Targeting sites in western Britain or sites with residual vegetation present would provide the greatest gains for biodiversity in the short term. However, in many situations management for vegetation restoration must be seen as a key part of this strategy, not as something that will proceed unaided after bracken control has taken place.

scholarly journals Development and Implementation of an IoT-Enabled Optimal and Predictive Lighting Control Strategy in Greenhouses

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2652
Author(s):  
Shirin Afzali ◽  
Sahand Mosharafian ◽  
Marc W. van Iersel ◽  
Javad Mohammadpour Velni
Keyword(s):  
Heuristic Method ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Lighting Control ◽  
Electricity Cost ◽  
Supplemental Lighting ◽  
The Cost

Global population growth has increased food production challenges and pushed agricultural systems to deploy the Internet of Things (IoT) instead of using conventional approaches. Controlling the environmental parameters, including light, in greenhouses increases the crop yield; nonetheless, the electricity cost of supplemental lighting can be high, and hence, the importance of applying cost-effective lighting methods arises. In this research paper, a new optimal supplemental lighting approach was developed and implemented in a research greenhouse by adopting IoT technology. The proposed approach minimizes electricity cost by leveraging a Markov-based sunlight prediction, plant light needs, and a variable electricity price profile. Two experimental studies were conducted inside a greenhouse with “Green Towers” lettuce (Lactuca sativa) during winter and spring in Athens, GA, USA. The experimental results showed that compared to a heuristic method that provides light to reach a predetermined threshold at each time step, our strategy reduced the cost by 4.16% and 33.85% during the winter and spring study, respectively. A paired t-test was performed on the growth parameter measurements; it was determined that the two methods did not have different results in terms of growth. In conclusion, the proposed lighting approach reduced electricity cost while maintaining crop growth.

scholarly journals A review of experimental studies on sand screen selection for unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1675-1688
Author(s):  
Nur Aqilah Ahad ◽  
Morteza Jami ◽  
Stephen Tyson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sand Production ◽  
Hydrocarbon Production ◽  
Sand Control ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Sandstone Reservoirs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSand production is a problem that affects hydrocarbon production from unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs. Several factors, such as the strength of the reservoir, its lithification and cementation and reduction in pore pressure, may cause sand to be separated from the rock and transported by hydrocarbons to the well. Producing sand commonly causes erosion and corrosion of downhole and surface equipment, leading to production interruptions and sometimes forces operators to shut-in wells. Several different methods of sand control are available to reduce the impact of sand production. The reviewed papers suggest that the most suitable methods for unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs are stand-alone screens and gravel packs. Because of the cost and complexity of gravel packs, stand-alone screens are usually the first choice. These screens have different geometries, and selection of the most suitable screen depends on the particle size distribution of the grains in the formation and other reservoir and production parameters. A screen retention test, run in a laboratory with screen samples and typical sands, is often used to ensure that the screen is suitable for the reservoir. This paper reviews the main causes of sand production, the properties of unconsolidated sandstones that predispose reservoirs to sand production problems and the selection criteria for the most suitable mitigation method. The process of selecting a screen using experimental screen retention tests is reviewed, and the limitations of these tests are also discussed. Some numerical simulations of experimental tests are also reviewed, since this represents a very cost-effective alternative to laboratory experiments.

Nanoclay for Micropollutant Removal in Wastewater-Effective Alternative?

2014 ◽  
Vol 1024 ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Faiz Mohd Amin ◽  
S.G.J. Heijman ◽  
L.C. Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Priority Substances ◽  
Micropollutant Removal ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
The Cost

The effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is an important source of priority substances and is, therefore, one of the bottlenecks in achieving the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) objectives. At various locations in the Netherlands, standard for priority substances are exceeded. The current concern regarding the cost and treatment method of these micropollutants in receiving waters may call for new approaches in wastewater treatment. In this study, a new treatment alternative is developed to remove micropollutant and wastewater parameter effectively and in a more cost effective way. A potential solution is the used of clay coupled with biodegradable polymer flocculants. Clay is naturally abundant and relatively inexpensive compared to currently conventional used adsorbent which can also act as coagulants. Experimental studies were carried out with four different nanoclay to select the best nanoclay for further optimisation. The atrazine removal percentage archived is in the range of 10-99% based on the nanoclay concentration of 0.01-50 g/L. Optimisation of best nanoclay performer leads towards atrazine reduction of >99% with dosage of 0.1 g/L. The best and underperformed nanoclay then tested in other experiments with the addition of cationic starch flocculants. In this experiment, the addition of polymer increased the atrazine removal for the underperformer nanoclay to 46% with only 0.01 g/L clay dosages. This new approach in dealing with both micropollutant and wastewater parameter is promising and might help in reducing the compound concentration and the operational cost. However, further analysis and optimisation is required before any conclusion can be made.

The IBM-PC in electron microscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 612-613
Author(s):  
James F. Mancuso
Keyword(s):  
Head Start ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Financial Applications ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Instrument Control ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Training And Support ◽  
Control Image ◽  
Ibm Pc

IBM PC compatible computers are widely used in microscopy for applications ranging from control to image acquisition and analysis. The choice of IBM-PC based systems over competing computer platforms can be based on technical merit alone or on a number of factors relating to economics, availability of peripherals, management dictum, or simple personal preference.IBM-PC got a strong “head start” by first dominating clerical, document processing and financial applications. The use of these computers spilled into the laboratory where the DOS based IBM-PC replaced mini-computers. Compared to minicomputer, the PC provided a more for cost-effective platform for applications in numerical analysis, engineering and design, instrument control, image acquisition and image processing. In addition, the sitewide use of a common PC platform could reduce the cost of training and support services relative to cases where many different computer platforms were used. This could be especially true for the microscopists who must use computers in both the laboratory and the office.

Sonographically guided, transcatheter foam sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein

Phlebologie ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (06) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Schulz ◽  
M. Jünger ◽  
M. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Saphenous Vein ◽  
Great Saphenous Vein ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Duplex Sonography ◽  
Foam Sclerotherapy ◽  
Average Loss ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost

Summary Objective: The goal of the study was to assess the effectiveness and patient tolerability of single-session, sonographically guided, transcatheter foam sclerotherapy and to evaluate its economic impact. Patients, methods: We treated 20 patients with a total of 22 varicoses of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in Hach stage III-IV, clinical stage C2-C5 and a mean GSV diameter of 9 mm (range: 7 to 13 mm). We used 10 ml 3% Aethoxysklerol®. Additional varicoses of the auxiliary veins of the GSV were sclerosed immediately afterwards. Results: The occlusion rate in the treated GSVs was 100% one week after therapy as demonstrated with duplex sonography. The cost of the procedure was 207.91 E including follow-up visit, with an average loss of working time of 0.6 days. After one year one patient showed clinical signs of recurrent varicosis in the GSV; duplex sonography showed reflux in the region of the saphenofemoral junction in a total of seven patients (32% of the treated GSVs). Conclusion: Transcatheter foam sclerotherapy of the GSV is a cost-effective, safe method of treating varicoses of GSV and broadens the spectrum of therapeutic options. Relapses can be re-treated inexpensively with sclerotherapy.

A Digital Economy Model for Talent Prediction Data Analytic

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-266
Author(s):  
Haru Purnomo Ipung ◽  
Amin Soetomo
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Token Economy ◽  
Economy Model ◽  
New Business ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Data Analytic

This research proposed a model to assist the design of the associated data architecture and data analytic to support talent forecast in the current accelerating changes in economy, industry and business change due to the accelerating pace of technological change. The emerging and re-emerging economy model were available, such as Industrial revolution 4.0, platform economy, sharing economy and token economy. Those were driven by new business model and technology innovation. An increase capability of technology to automate more jobs will cause a shift in talent pool and workforce. New business model emerge as the availabilityand the cost effective emerging technology, and as a result of emerging or re-emerging economic models. Both, new business model and technology innovation, create new jobs and works that have not been existed decades ago. The future workers will be faced by jobs that may not exist today. A dynamics model of inter-correlation of economy, industry, business model and talent forecast were proposed. A collection of literature review were conducted to initially validate the model.

CAD Of Anticorrosive Protection Of Steel Structures

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-23
Keyword(s):  
Protective Coating ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Computational Tool ◽  
Protection Method ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aided Design

The choice of cost-effective method of anticorrosive protection of steel structures is an urgent and time consuming task, considering the significant number of protection ways, differing from each other in the complex of technological, physical, chemical and economic characteristics. To reduce the complexity of solving this problem, the author proposes a computational tool that can be considered as a subsystem of computer-aided design and used at the stage of variant and detailed design of steel structures. As a criterion of the effectiveness of the anti-corrosion protection method, the cost of the protective coating during the service life is accepted. The analysis of existing methods of steel protection against corrosion is performed, the possibility of their use for the protection of the most common steel structures is established, as well as the estimated period of effective operation of the coating. The developed computational tool makes it possible to choose the best method of protection of steel structures against corrosion, taking into account the operating conditions of the protected structure and the possibility of using a protective coating.

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