scholarly journals Domain-general factors influencing numerical and arithmetic processing

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Knops ◽  
Hans-Christoph Nuerk ◽  
Silke M. Göbel
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Number System ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Versus Domain ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Arithmetic Performance ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
Future Theory

This special issue contains 18 articles that address the question how numerical processes interact with domain-general factors. We start the editorial with a discussion of how to define domain-general versus domain-specific factors and then discuss the contributions to this special issue grouped into two core numerical domains that are subject to domain-general influences (see Figure 1). The first group of contributions addresses the question how numbers interact with spatial factors. The second group of contributions is concerned with factors that determine and predict arithmetic understanding, performance and development. This special issue shows that domain-general (Table 1a) as well as domain-specific (Table 1b) abilities influence numerical and arithmetic performance virtually at all levels and make it clear that for the field of numerical cognition a sole focus on one or several domain-specific factors like the approximate number system or spatial-numerical associations is not sufficient. Vice versa, in most studies that included domain-general and domain-specific variables, domain-specific numerical variables predicted arithmetic performance above and beyond domain-general variables. Therefore, a sole focus on domain-general aspects such as, for example, working memory, to explain, predict and foster arithmetic learning is also not sufficient. Based on the articles in this special issue we conclude that both domain-general and domain-specific factors contribute to numerical cognition. But the how, why and when of their contribution still needs to be better understood. We hope that this special issue may be helpful to readers in constraining future theory and model building about the interplay of domain-specific and domain-general factors.

Domain-general and domain-specific influences on emerging numerical cognition: Contrasting uni-and bidirectional prediction models

Cognition ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 215 ◽  
pp. 104816
Author(s):  
I. Coolen ◽  
R. Merkley ◽  
D. Ansari ◽  
E. Dove ◽  
A. Dowker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Domain Specific

The visual number world: A dynamic approach to study the mathematical mind

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Hartmann ◽  
Jochen Laubrock ◽  
Martin H Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Simultaneous Presentation ◽  
Language Research ◽  
On Line ◽  
Arithmetic Performance ◽  
Mathematical Mind ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Visual Number

In the domain of language research, the simultaneous presentation of a visual scene and its auditory description (i.e., the visual world paradigm) has been used to reveal the timing of mental mechanisms. Here we apply this rationale to the domain of numerical cognition in order to explore the differences between fast and slow arithmetic performance, and to further study the role of spatial-numerical associations during mental arithmetic. We presented 30 healthy adults simultaneously with visual displays containing four numbers and with auditory addition and subtraction problems. Analysis of eye movements revealed that participants look spontaneously at the numbers they currently process (operands, solution). Faster performance was characterized by shorter latencies prior to fixating the relevant numbers and fewer revisits to the first operand while computing the solution. These signatures of superior task performance were more pronounced for addition and visual numbers arranged in ascending order, and for subtraction and numbers arranged in descending order (compared to the opposite pairings). Our results show that the “visual number world”-paradigm provides on-line access to the mind during mental arithmetic, is able to capture variability in arithmetic performance, and is sensitive to visual layout manipulations that are otherwise not reflected in response time measurements.

scholarly journals Models of Metacognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
C Thenmozhi
Keyword(s):  
Active Role ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Metacognitive Skills ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Versus Domain ◽  
Emotional Aspects ◽  
Regulation Of Cognition ◽  
Knowledge Memory ◽  
And Control

Thinking is a common process. Cognitive ability includes knowledge, memory and metacognition.  Knowledge requires memory. These two are inextricably linked. Parents and teachers need to encourage children to take an active role in their learning and show them how to use what they know to the best advantage. Cognition is primarily a mental process. A successful theory of cognition would answer both the epistemological and biological questions. The purpose is to put forward a theory of cognition, that should provide an epistemological insight into the phenomenon of cognition. The concept of metacognition involves knowledge and control of self and control of the process. A metacognitive process consists of planning, strategies, knowledge, monitoring, evaluating and terminating. The Automation of Cognitive and Metacognitive Processes, Social and Emotional aspects of Metacognition, Domain General Versus domain specific Metacognitive Skills. Mata cognition, Intelligence and adaptive behaviour, Ann Brown distinguished between knowledge about cognition and regulation of cognition, Private Speech and Development of Metacognition is the models of metacognition.

scholarly journals Negative Problems Orientation Questionnaire for Chinese Adolescents: Bifactor Model and Measurement Invariance

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiwen Xiao ◽  
Rongmao Lin ◽  
Qiaoling Wu ◽  
Saili Shen ◽  
Youwei Yan
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Bifactor Model ◽  
Chinese Adolescents ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Problem Orientation ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Multiple Group ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Negative Problem Orientation

The Negative Problem Orientation Questionnaire (NPOQ) is a widely used tool for assessing negative problem orientation (NPO). However, its construct and measurement invariance has not been adequately tested in adolescents. The present study explored the possible construct of the NPOQ and its measurement invariance in a sample of 754 Chinese adolescents (51.6% girls, all 12–18 years old). The results supported a bifactor model of the NPOQ that consists of a general factor NPO and three domain-specific factors including perceived threat, self-inefficacy, and negative outcome expectancy. A multiple-group CFA indicated that the bifactor model showed strict invariance across gender and age. The general and domain factors showed unique variance in indexes of worry, depression, anxiety, and stress, which supported well incremental validity of them. This study confirms for a bifactor conceptualization of the NPOQ and its measurement invariance across gender and age in Chinese adolescents. Additionally, it is recommended that the total score should be used to assess NPO in Chinese adolescents.

Introduction to Assessment and the Blind

1975 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 337-339
Author(s):  
Michael E. Monbeck ◽  
Mary Ellen Mulholland
Keyword(s):  
Specific Aspect ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Aspects

The paper describes the history of the development of the special issue of the New Outlook for the Blind on assessment and the blind; how and why the subjects included were chosen; the general aspects of assessment that must be considered regardless of the specific aspect involved; questions about assessment that need to be resolved.

Usability: Adoption, Measurement, Value

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872081989509
Author(s):  
Janine D. Mator ◽  
William E. Lehman ◽  
Wyatt McManus ◽  
Sarah Powers ◽  
Lauren Tiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Training Materials ◽  
Aging Populations ◽  
Usability Research ◽  
Future Theory ◽  
Insight Into

Objective We searched for the application of usability in the literature with a focus on adoption, measurements employed, and demonstrated value. Five human factors domains served as a platform for our reflection, which included the last 20 years. Background As usability studies continue to accumulate, there has been only a little past reflection on usability and contributions across a variety of applications. Our research provides a background for general usability, and we target specific usability research subareas within transportation, aging populations, autistic populations, telehealth, and cybersecurity. Method “Usability” research was explored across five different domains within human factors. The goal was not to perform an exhaustive review but, rather, sample usability practices within several specific subareas. We focused on answering three questions: How was usability adopted? How was it measured? How was it framed in terms of value? Conclusion We found that usability is very domain specific. Usability benchmarking studies and empirical standards are rare. The value associated with improving usability ranged widely—from monetary benefits to saving lives. Thus, researchers are motivated to further improve usability practices. A number of data collection and interpretation challenges still call for solutions. Application Findings offer insight into the development of usability, as applied across a variety of subdomains. Our reflection ought to inform future theory development efforts. We are concerned about the lack of established benchmarks, which can help ground data interpretation. Future research should address this gap in the literature. We note that our findings can be used to develop better training materials for future usability researchers.

The role of natural abilities, intrinsic characteristics, and extrinsic conditions in air traffic controllers’ vocational development

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Pylväs ◽  
Petri Nokelainen ◽  
Hilkka Roisko
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Vocational Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
Specific Factors

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to apply the Developmental Model of Vocational Excellence (DMVE) in the domain of air traffic control and to describe the characteristics and predictors related to air traffic controllers’ (ATCO) vocational expertise and excellence. Based on DMVE, the study analyses the role of natural abilities (gifts), intrinsic characteristics (self-regulatory abilities) and extrinsic conditions (domain and non-domain specific factors) in ATCOs’ vocational development. Design/methodology/approach – The target population of the multiple case study consisted of ATCOs in Finland (N = 300), of which 28 were interviewed. The interviewees represented four different airports. Initially, three key personnel interviews were conducted to validate the structured theme interview instrument that was subsequently used for the 28 interviews. The data set also included the ATCOs’ aptitude test scores and training records. Employee assessments were used to determine their on-the-job performance level (expertise vs excellence). The research questions were examined using theoretical concept analysis. The qualitative data analysis was conducted with content analysis and Bayesian classification modelling. Findings – The findings indicate that cognitive skills, self-reflection, volition and goal-orientation are considered to be ATCOs’ most important vocational characteristics in addition to interpersonal, intrapersonal and spatial skills. The main differences between the ATCOs representing vocational expertise and those representing vocational excellence were related to self-regulation; motivation and volition in particular proved to be somewhat stronger in the latter group. Research limitations/implications – It was acknowledged that there are limitations in the present study. First, the four airports were not selected randomly. Although they represent different types of airports (and ATCO job profiles) in Finland quite well, future studies should include comparative aspect to airports in other countries. Second, the number of participants (N = 28) in the study was quite small, limiting generalization of the results to the target population (N = 300). Future research on this domain should be extended to include also quantitative measurements, allowing more generalizable results. Third, although the analysis for the research question 3 was based on a technique that is not sensitive to missing values (BCM), missing data in ATCOs’ aptitude test scores, training records and employee assessments added uncertainty to the results. Practical implications – ATCOs’ highly controlled and pre-defined work presents a challenge to work motivation, which is seen as one of the determining factors in safety in air traffic controlling (ATC). In the future, more emphasis should be placed on the prerequisites of professional development such as leadership (human resource management, feedback, employees’ opportunity to influence), working environment (physical and social environment), educational possibilities and career progression, as well as professional benefits (salary and working hours). Originality/value – Although ATC is a fairly studied topic since 1970s, most studies related to ATCOs have concentrated on training, learning on the job, cognitive capacity and processing and stress tolerance. This study extends the emerging research in the field on self-regulation by adopting DMVE to investigate its role, alongside natural abilities and domain and non-domain specific factors, to vocational talent development in different skill acquisition stages.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document