Geographic variation in personality is associated with fertility across the United States

Levels of fertility and the shape of the age-specific fertility schedule vary substantially across U.S. regions with some states having peak fertility relatively early and others relatively late. Structural institutions or economic factors partly explain these heterogeneous patterns, but regional differences in personality might also contribute to regional differences in fertility. Here, we evaluated whether variation in extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience measured at the U.S. state-level was associated with the level, timing, and context of fertility across states above and beyond sociodemographics, voting behavior, and religiosity. Generally, states with higher levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness had more traditional fertility patterns, and states with higher levels of neuroticism and openness had more nontraditional fertility patterns, even after controlling for established correlates of fertility (r ~ |.50|). Personality is an overlooked correlate that can be leveraged to understand the existence and persistence of fertility differentials.

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Art Loans and Immunity from Seizure in the United States and the United Kingdom

International Journal of Cultural Property ◽

10.1017/s0940739110000147 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 335-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lawrence M. Kaye

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

United Kingdom ◽

World War Ii ◽

State Level ◽

The United States ◽

Good Faith ◽

Russian Revolution ◽

World War ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

The U.S

AbstractSome countries' laws favoring good-faith purchasers over the victims of theft make it difficult to recover stolen artworks. Nonetheless, the loan of such artworks for exhibition abroad may create opportunities to utilize the host country's legal system for recovery. This article examines representative cases illustrating legal options available to plaintiffs in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the United States, laws at the federal and state level may prevent the seizure of artworks loaned for temporary exhibition, but recent cases show that immunity is not absolute and that such artworks may be subject to suit in the United States. The United Kingdom recently enacted a similar law. That law, however, has been criticized, and future interpretations by U.K. courts will be needed before its true affect can be seen. The article also discusses the backgrounds against which the U.S. and U.K. laws were enacted, illustrating the link between the laws and Russian concerns about protecting cultural artifacts that were nationalized after the Russian Revolution or taken by Soviet troops during World War II.

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Gubernatorial, Senatorial, and State-level Presidential Job Approval: The U.S. Officials Job Approval Ratings (JAR) Collection

State Politics & Policy Quarterly ◽

10.1177/153244000200200301 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 215-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Thad Beyle ◽

Richard G. Niemi ◽

Lee Sigelman

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Presidential Election ◽

Rating Scales ◽

State Level ◽

The United States ◽

Presidential Approval ◽

Approval Ratings ◽

Job Approval ◽

The U.S ◽

Over Time

Job approval ratings for state governors, unlike those for the United States president, have been relatively inaccessible to political scientists. We introduce the U.S. Officials Job Approval Ratings (JAR) dataset, a new compilation of gubernatorial job approval ratings—along with senatorial and state-level presidential ratings—that draws together many of these ratings, beginning with the first published rating in 1947 and extending through 2000. We describe some of the characteristics of these data, especially the kinds of rating scales used and their impact on overall approval assessment. We then show that 1993–2000 presidential approval levels varied widely from state to state and are correlated with state-level support for Clinton in the 1996 presidential election. Finally, we note that while gubernatorial approval often declines over time, many governors remain popular over the length of their term.

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State Implementation of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act

Justice Research and Policy ◽

10.1177/1525107117745645 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 24-47

Author(s):

Andrew J. Harris ◽

Scott Walfield ◽

Christopher Lobanov-Rostovsky ◽

Michelle A. Cubellis

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Title I ◽

Child Protection ◽

Sex Offender ◽

State Level ◽

The United States ◽

Multidimensional Analysis ◽

Department Of Justice ◽

Sex Offender Registration ◽

The U.S

The 2006 Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), Title I of the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, established federal standards related to the content and operation of sex offender registration and notification systems across the United States. As of early 2017, over a decade following passage, 18 of 50 states had been designated by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) as having substantially implemented SORNA—figures that might be initially interpreted as indicators of a failed policy. Yet a closer analysis suggests that SORNA implementation is complex and multifaceted and that viewing the policy’s “success” through such a binary prism may be inherently limited. In this context, the current study offers a multidimensional analysis of state-level SORNA implementation based on data abstracted from DOJ records. Findings indicate that many aspects of SORNA have been universally or widely implemented, that most states have adopted policies that are consistent with a majority of SORNA standards, and that barriers to SORNA implementation are concentrated among a limited subset of issues, notably those related to retroactive application, registration of juveniles, and means of classifying registrants. Implications for state and federal policy governing sex offender registration are discussed.

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GCAM-USA v5.3_water_dispatch: Integrated modeling of subnational U.S. energy, water, and land systems within a global framework

10.5194/gmd-2021-197 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew Binsted ◽

Gokul Iyer ◽

Pralit Patel ◽

Neal Graham ◽

Yang Ou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Land Use ◽

State Level ◽

Energy System ◽

The United States ◽

Source Model ◽

Socioeconomic Drivers ◽

Land Systems ◽

Model Features ◽

The U.S

Abstract. This paper describes GCAM-USA v5.3_water_dispatch, an open source model that represents key interactions across economic, energy, water, and land systems in a consistent global framework, with subnational detail in the United States. GCAM-USA divides the world into 31 geopolitical regions outside the United States (U.S.) and represents the U.S. economic and energy systems in 51 state-level regions (50 states plus the District of Columbia). The model also includes 235 water basins and 384 land-use regions; 23 of each fall at least partially within the United States. GCAM-USA offers a level of process and temporal resolution rare for models of its class and scope, including detailed subnational representation of U.S. water demands and supplies and sub-annual operations (day/night for each month) in the U.S. electric power sector. GCAM-USA can be used to explore how changes in socioeconomic drivers, technological progress, or policy impact demands for, and production of, energy, water, and crops at a subnational level in the United States, while maintaining consistency with broader national and international conditions. This paper describes GCAM-USA’s structure, inputs, and outputs, with emphasis on new model features. Four illustrative scenarios encompassing varying socioeconomic and energy system futures are used to explore subnational changes in energy, water, and land-use outcomes. We conclude with information about how public users can access the model.

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Educational assortative mating in the United States and the effect on income inequality by household from 1960 to 2005

SURG Journal ◽

10.21083/surg.v6i1.1826 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 42-51

Author(s):

Kathryn Swierzewski

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Income Inequality ◽

Assortative Mating ◽

State Level ◽

The United States ◽

Level Data ◽

Educational Assortative Mating ◽

Mating Market ◽

Household Labour ◽

The U.S

This study examines the effect assortative mating by education has on income inequality by household. In contrast to the majority of other literature in this field which focus on the United States (U.S.) as a whole, this study makes use of state-level data to examine the marriage mating market with respect to education attainment. It also examines how homogamous partnerships increase income inequality across households by analyzing changes in the Gini coefficient over time. Panel data for this analysis is from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS-International and IPUMS-USA) from the U.S. Census of the Population. Assortative mating by education is shown in this analysis to be a contributing factor to increasing inequality among homogamous heterosexual partnerships in the U.S. from 1960 to 2005. Keywords: assortative mating; education level; United States (state-level, from 1960-2005); income inequality (household); labour economics; welfare economics

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Do Women Vote for Women Candidates? Attitudes toward Descriptive Representation and Voting Behavior in the 2010 British Election

Politics & Gender ◽

10.1017/s1743923x16000672 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (02) ◽

pp. 209-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Rosie Campbell ◽

Oliver Heath

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

House Of Representatives ◽

Voting Behavior ◽

The United States ◽

Vote Choice ◽

Descriptive Representation ◽

Social Characteristic ◽

Women Candidates ◽

Growing Body ◽

The U.S

A growing body of work on candidate traits shows that people with a given social characteristic tend to prefer candidates or leaders who share that characteristic (Campbell and Cowley 2014; Cutler 2002). However, the existing evidence for whether women vote for women is mixed. For example, Kathleen Dolan found that candidate sex was a driver of voting behavior for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1992, but not in 1994 or 1996 (Dolan 1998, 2001, 2004). Eric Smith and Richard Fox used pooled U.S. data from 1988 to 1992 and found that well-educated women were more inclined to support women candidates in House but not Senate races (Smith and Fox 2001), and others have found that women are more likely to vote for women candidates only when they are perceived as being pro-feminist (Plutzer and Zipp 1996). By contrast Fulton (2014) found that women are not more likely to vote for women candidates in the United States, but that male Independents are somewhat less likely to vote for them. Others have found little evidence whatsoever of an association between candidate gender and vote choice (McElroy and Marsh 2010).

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Is Virginia for Lovers? Geographic variation in adult attachment orientation

10.31234/osf.io/6zj37 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

William J. Chopik ◽

Matt Motyl

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Geographic Variation ◽

Adult Attachment ◽

State Level ◽

The United States ◽

Attachment Anxiety ◽

Attachment Avoidance ◽

Attachment Orientation ◽

Frontier Region ◽

Relational Behavior

People often use relationships to characterize and describe places. Yet, little research examines whether people’s relationships and relational style vary across geography. The current study examined geographic variation in adult attachment orientation in a sample of 127,070 adults from the 50 United States. The states that were highest in attachment anxiety tended to be in the mid-Atlantic and Northeast region of the United States. The states that were highest in attachment avoidance tended to be in the frontier region of the United States. State-level avoidance was related to state-level indicators of relationship status, social networks, and volunteering behavior. The findings are discussed in the context of the mechanisms that may give rise to regional variation in relational behavior.

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Bringing “Honest Capital” to Poor Borrowers: The Passage of the U.S. Uniform Small Loan Law, 1907–1930

Journal of Interdisciplinary History ◽

10.1162/jinh_a_00256 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 393-418 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Bruce G. Carruthers ◽

Timothy W. Guinnane ◽

Yoonseok Lee

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Interest Rates ◽

Banking System ◽

State Level ◽

The United States ◽

Econometric Models ◽

The Political ◽

Poor People ◽

New Class ◽

The U.S

The Uniform Small Loan Law (usll)—the primary tool of the Russell Sage Foundation (rsf) intended to improve credit conditions for poor people in the United States during first decades of the twentieth century—created a new class of lenders who could legally make small loans at interest rates exceeding those allowed for banks. By the 1930s, about two-thirds of the states had passed the usll. Econometric models show that urbanization, state-level economic characteristics, and the nature of a state's banking system all affected the chance of passage. That party-political affiliations had no effect is consistent with the usll's “progressive” character. The passage of the usll in one state, however, made passage less likely in neighboring or similar states. The evidence suggests that the rsf only imperfectly understood the political economy of the usll, and that a different overall approach might have produced a result closer to its real aims.

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Political Compliance and U.S. Trade Dominance

American Political Science Review ◽

10.2307/1959376 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 1098-1109 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Neil R. Richardson

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Soviet Union ◽

Latin American ◽

Voting Behavior ◽

The United States ◽

Western Hemisphere ◽

Complete Agreement ◽

General Assembly ◽

Four Dimensions ◽

The U.S

This study examines influence relations between the United States and countries that are dependent upon their foreign trade with it. The hypotheses are concerned with political compliance expected of these dependencies as a consequence of their economic vulnerabilities to pressure from the U.S. Informed by trade-related variables and U.N. General Assembly voting behavior of the mid-1960s, the hypotheses find some support. The evidence shows that its dependencies, especially those in the western hemisphere, agree with the U.S. in General Assembly roll calls to a greater degree than do other countries. This compliant behavior, however, is confined to votes that pit the United States against the Soviet Union; when the superpowers are in partial or complete agreement, U.S. dependencies are no more in accord with the U.S. than are other countries. Throughout the study, dependencies are proposed to be vulnerable along four dimensions of their economic circumstances. Interestingly, the respective effects of these four factors are not as hypothesized. Their relative weights in contributing to compliance are largely as expected, but the nature of their partial associations is not. Finally, it happens that most of the dependencies turn out to be Latin American and Caribbean countries, a fact that complicates the interpretation of the statistical results.

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Geographic Variation in Trends and Disparities in Heart Failure Mortality in the United States, 1999 to 2017

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.120.020541 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Peter A. Glynn ◽

Rebecca Molsberry ◽

Katharine Harrington ◽

Nilay S. Shah ◽

Lucia C. Petito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Heart Failure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Geographic Variation ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

State Level ◽

The United States ◽

The South ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Mortality ◽

Disease Mortality

Background Cardiovascular disease mortality related to heart failure (HF) is rising in the United States. It is unknown whether trends in HF mortality are consistent across geographic areas and are associated with state‐level variation in cardiovascular health (CVH). The goal of the present study was to assess regional and state‐level trends in cardiovascular disease mortality related to HF and their association with variation in state‐level CVH. Methods and Results Age‐adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) per 100 000 attributable to HF were ascertained using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide‐Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research from 1999 to 2017. CVH at the state‐level was quantified using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Linear regression was used to assess temporal trends in HF AAMR were examined by census region and state and to examine the association between state‐level CVH and HF AAMR. AAMR attributable to HF declined from 1999 to 2011 and increased between 2011 and 2017 across all census regions. Annual increases after 2011 were greatest in the Midwest (β=1.14 [95% CI, 0.75, 1.53]) and South (β=0.96 [0.66, 1.26]). States in the South and Midwest consistently had the highest HF AAMR in all time periods, with Mississippi having the highest AAMR (109.6 [104.5, 114.6] in 2017). Within race‒sex groups, consistent geographic patterns were observed. The variability in HF AAMR was associated with state‐level CVH ( P <0.001). Conclusions Wide geographic variation exists in HF mortality, with the highest rates and greatest recent increases observed in the South and Midwest. Higher levels of poor CVH in these states suggest the potential for interventions to promote CVH and reduce the burden of HF.

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