From model to artefact: Versatile characterization of cinnabar, red lead and realgar red paints for rubrics and miniatures

This study focuses on the characterization of cinnabar, red lead and realgar paints, since the red colour was very often used for the illuminations and rubrics of medieval manuscript. The commercial pigments (cinnabar (HgS), red lead (Pb3O4), realgar (As4S4)) and binding media (gum Arabic, fish and parchment glue) were used for the preparation of analogous to historical paints. This work is on-going and at this stage, the resulting red paint samples were analysed to create a short data library that could be used to describe the various red paints and their compositions. The obtained paints were characterized before and after accelerated aging using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal (TG/DSC) analysis techniques. These results of versatile characterization are useful to develop red paint guidelines for the storage and how they affect current and future conservation of these objects.

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Investigation of the chemical composition of red pigments and binding media

Chemija ◽

10.6001/chemija.v29i4.3840 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aušra Čiuladienė ◽

Austėja Luckutė ◽

Jonas Kiuberis ◽

Aivaras Kareiva

Keyword(s):

Analytical Data ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Red Pigments ◽

Binding Media ◽

X Ray ◽

Analysis Techniques ◽

Ancient Manuscripts ◽

Data Library

This study presents the results of investigation of red pigments and binding media used in ancient manuscripts for rubrication and illumination. The commercial compounds were analysed with the aim to create a short data library which could be used for the characterization of different model compositions of red pigments and dyes. Finally, these analytical data will be used for the identification of specimens obtained from ancient manuscripts. The red pigments and binding media were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and thermal (TG/DSC) analysis techniques.

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Preparation and Characterization of Clays from Different Areas in Ban Bo Suak, Nan Province, Thailand

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.127 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 659 ◽

pp. 127-131

Author(s):

Usanee Malee ◽

Sakdiphon Thiansem

Keyword(s):

Clay Sample ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Scientific Process ◽

Quartz Content ◽

Xrd Pattern ◽

X Ray ◽

Kiln Site ◽

Before And After ◽

Tone Color

The scientific process was used to explain characterization and physical properties of the clay sample close to the ancient Nan kiln site. These samples were obtained from JQA, FQB, PQC and NQD. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique were used to determine the chemical composition and phase transformation before and after fired at 800-1250 °C. XRF result was confirmed that all clay samples mainly contained SiO2(>80 wt. %) XRD pattern indicated that quartz was the majority of phase in the all of them. High amount of Fe2O3(>1.6 wt. %) was related to the red-brown tone color. The clay sample could be fired up to 1280 °C without wrapping behavior; it was found that FQB clay had the highest firing resistance due to the maximum quartz content.

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Characterization of silica polymorphs in kaolins by X-ray diffraction before and after phosphoric acid digestion and thermal treatment

Analytica Chimica Acta ◽

10.1016/j.aca.2005.07.045 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 552 (1-2) ◽

pp. 201-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Sibel Kahraman ◽

Müşerref Önal ◽

Yüksel Sarıkaya ◽

İhsan Bozdoğan

Keyword(s):

Thermal Treatment ◽

Phosphoric Acid ◽

Acid Digestion ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Before And After

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Study of the Red Iron Paints for Rubrics and Miniatures: Accelerated Aging and Analytical Data

Materials Science ◽

10.5755/j02.ms.25190 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 77-83

Author(s):

Aušra ČIULADIENĖ ◽

Aldona BEGANSKIENĖ ◽

Jūratė SENVAITIENĖ ◽

Aivaras KAREIVA

Keyword(s):

Analytical Data ◽

Accelerated Aging ◽

Gum Arabic ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Binding Media ◽

X Ray ◽

Accelerated Aging Test ◽

Ancient Manuscripts ◽

Hematite Fe2o3

In this study, the red iron paints used in ancient manuscripts for rubrics and miniatures were fabricated and investigated. The commercial three different iron pigments (red ochre (Fe2O3), red bolus (Fe2O3.xSiO2.yAl2O3), and hematite (Fe2O3)) and three binding media (gum Arabic, fish glue and parchment glue) were used for the preparation of analogous to historical red iron paints. The obtained model red iron paints were analyzed with the aim to create a short data library which could be used for the characterization of different model compositions of red paints as well as real historical and archaeological red paints. The obtained red paints and binding media were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and thermal (TG/DSC) analysis techniques. The accelerated aging test was also applied for the analogous to historical red iron paints. These results are useful to develop red paint guidelines for the storage and display for improved conservation and accessibility of manuscripts.

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NMR-Enhanced Crystallography Aids Open Metal-Organic Framework Discovery Using Solvent-Free Accelerated Aging

10.26434/chemrxiv.8281787 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Christopher A. O’Keefe ◽

Cristina Mottillo ◽

László Fábián ◽

Tomislav Friscic ◽

Robert W. Schurko

Keyword(s):

Solid State Nmr ◽

Metal Organic Framework ◽

Accelerated Aging ◽

Solvent Free ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Metal Organic ◽

It Application ◽

Organic Framework

NMR-enhanced crystallography enables the characterization of a novel cadmium-based, open metal-organic framework (MOF) from a solvent-free "accelerated aging" process. Whereas accelerated aging was devised as a clean, mild route for making MOFs, these results highlight how it application in materials discovery and characterization is aided by a combination of X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR spectroscopy.<br>

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Characterization Of Microstructure And Selected Properties of SnSbCu Alloy After FSP

10.21203/rs.3.rs-469608/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joanna Hrabia-Wiśnios ◽

Beata Leszczyńska-Madej ◽

Marcin Madej ◽

Aleksandra Węglowska

Keyword(s):

Flexural Strength ◽

Diffraction Method ◽

Compression Tests ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Linear Speed ◽

X Ray ◽

Friction Stir ◽

Before And After ◽

Bearing Alloy

Abstract The paper presents the results of research on the microstructure and selected mechanical properties of the SnSbCu bearing alloy after friction stir processing (FSP). The Whorl tool was used for modification; the process was carried out using two rotational speeds of the tool: 280 and 450 RPM and a constant linear speed of 355 mm/min. Microstructure studies were performed employing the techniques of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy along with analysis of the chemical composition of micro-areas. Additionally, the phase composition was investigated by means of the X-ray diffraction method and statistical analysis of the precipitates present in the investigated alloy. In addition, hardness, flexural strength and uniaxial compression tests were performed before and after FSP modification. It was proved that using FSP to modify the SnSbCu alloy promotes refinement and homogenization of the microstructure, as well as improvement of the flexural strength, whereas no changes in the hardness level were found.

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Characterization of cordierite-mullite ceramics prepared from natural raw materials

Acta Chimica Slovaca ◽

10.2478/acs-2013-0001 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Abdulmula Ali Albhilil ◽

Martin Palou ◽

Jana Kozánková

Keyword(s):

Thermal Shock Resistance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Mercury Intrusion ◽

Before And After ◽

Shock Resistance ◽

Quenching Method ◽

Mullite Ceramics

Abstract Series of six cordierite-mullite ceramics were synthesized via solid state reaction at various temperatures from 1250 °C for pure cordierite to 1500 °C for pure mullite. Then the samples were submitted to the test of thermal shock resistance based on cycling heating-quenching procedure. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP) have been used to characterize the samples before and after cycling heating-quenching method. Sample 6 was broken after 35 heating-quenching cycles, while the five other reminded stable. The refractoriness of samples is found to be higher than that of commercial ones. XRD shows that heating-quenching procedure has led to crystallization of cordierite and mullite phases. Apart from sample 6, the pore structure is stable with slight consolidation. The microstructure images confirm the results of XRD and MIP showing crack in sample 6 only, but compact and larger particles resulting from crystal growth in other samples due to the repeated action of heating.

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Multi-Analytical Study of Copper-Based Historic Pigments and their Alteration Products

Applied Spectroscopy ◽

10.1177/0003702819856606 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 000370281985660

Author(s):

Marcie B. Wiggins ◽

Emma Heath ◽

Karl S. Booksh ◽

Jocelyn Alcántara-García

Keyword(s):

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Analytical Study ◽

Accelerated Aging ◽

Gum Arabic ◽

Art Conservation ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Medieval Period ◽

X Ray ◽

Accelerated Degradation ◽

Works Of Art

Copper-containing materials such as verdigris are commonly found in historic and artistic works of art, often at advanced states of decay. Applied on paper as inks and watercolors, many of which needed a binder such as gum arabic, the intrinsic instability of this pigment was known since the medieval period. The decay of verdigris (a mixture of copper acetates) as a pigment, as watercolor, and as a dye, was studied using a combination of vibrational (Fourier transform infrared) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrumental techniques. Changes in the copper oxidative states and the formation of copper oxide were monitored during accelerated degradation as powdered solids and applied on mockup samples (with and without binder). Accelerated aging of both commercially available and synthesized verdigris pigments showed the presence of an intermediate species, Cu(CH3COO)2•3Cu(OH)2•2H2O, which points to the beginning of the decay processes, that culminates in the formation of Cu(II) oxide. However, the presence of gum arabic seems to delay deterioration, by temporarily reducing Cu(II) to Cu(I), even when the final product includes Cu(II). This novel application of XPS and supporting techniques has significant implications in art conservation, as the identified behavior helps explain the better preservation state of some works of art.

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The Surface Chemistry Characterization of Pyrite, Sphalerite and Molybdenite after Bioleaching

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.487 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 262 ◽

pp. 487-491 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sina Ghassa ◽

Hadi Abdollahi ◽

Mahdi Gharabaghi ◽

Saeed Chehreh Chelgani ◽

Mohammad Jafari

Keyword(s):

Surface Chemistry ◽

Dissolution Kinetics ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Sem Images ◽

Chemical Leaching ◽

Characterization Methods ◽

X Ray ◽

Ash Layer ◽

Before And After

The mineral surface chemistry characterization is essential to describe the dissolution kinetics in leaching and bioleaching. Five different methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy, have been applied to study the surface chemistry changes during pyrite, sphalerite and molybdenite bioleaching. The surface characterizations have been done for samples before and after biological and chemical leaching. The SEM images illustrated that the minerals surfaces were smooth before processing, while they covered with an ash layer after biological treatment. Although EDS analysis and Raman spectrum demonstrated the potassium jarosite formation on the pyrite surface during bioleaching, the formation of jarosite layer did not occur on the sphalerite surfaces during bioleaching. On the other hand, a sulfur layer formation on the sphalerite surface was confirmed by mentioned characterization methods. Finally, according to the XRD and EDS spectrum the molybdenite surface had been covered both with sulfur and jarosite.

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