scholarly journals The effect of bioproducts on organically grown winter wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Sinkevičienė ◽  
Juozas Pekarskas
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Tan Spot ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Seed Vigour ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Organically Grown ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Grain Contamination

The study was aimed to examine the effect of the bioproducts Biokal 01 and Fitokondi on the germination of organically grown winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar ‘Širvinta 1’ seed and its contamination with microscopic fungi as well as the impact on the occurrence of foliar diseases, plant bio­metric indicators and grain quality. Laboratory analyses showed that the tested bioproducts did not exert any significant effect on seed vigour and germination. Fitokondi gave the highest efficacy against pathogens of seeds, its biological efficacy against Fusarium and Alternaria spp. fungi was 50.0% and against Penicillium spp. it was 20.0%. Biokal 01 statistically significantly reduced only grain contamination with Mucor spp. and Aspergillus spp. The bioproducts significantly decreased the incidence of crown rot diseases in the coleoptiles of wheat seedlings and roots. In the field conditions, the bioproducts did not have any significant effect on the incidence of Septoria leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) J. Schröt. anamorph Zymoseptoria tritici (Desm.) Quaedvlieg & Crous) and tan spot (Helminthosporium tritici-repentis Died.). A significant increase in plant height and ear length, grain number per ear and 1000 grain weight was recorded. Grain yield increased by 0.66–0.79 t ha–1 or 18.64–22.32%, as well as protein, wet gluten and dry gluten content in response to both bioproducts.

COLD HARDENING AND DEHARDENING RESPONSES IN WINTER WHEAT AND WINTER BARLEY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. POMEROY ◽  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
G. FEDAK
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Time Required

Increasing the duration of freezing of Kharkov winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) demonstrated that severe injury does not occur to plants at a freezing temperature (−6 C) well above the lethal temperature for at least 5 days, but progressively more damage occurs as the temperature approaches the killing point (−20 C). High levels of cold hardiness can be induced rapidly in Kharkov winter wheat if seedlings are grown for 4–6 days at 15 C day/10 C night, prior to being exposed to hardening conditions including diurnal freezing to −2 C. The cold hardiness of Kharkov and Rideau winter wheat seedlings grown from 1-yr-old seed was greater than that from 5-yr-old seed. Cold-acclimated Kharkov winter wheat and Dover winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) demonstrated the capacity to reharden after varying periods under dehardening conditions. The time required to reharden and the maximum level of hardiness attained by the plants was dependent on the amount of dehardening. Considerable rehardening was observed even when both dehardening and rehardening were carried out in the dark.

Ultrastructural changes in shoot apex cells of winter wheat seedlings during ice encasement

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 786-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Keith Pomeroy ◽  
Chris J. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Contrast Exposure ◽  
Ice Encasement ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Cellular Organelles

The decline in viability of cold-hardy Kharkov winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings during ice encasement at −1 °C was accompanied by characteristic ultrastructural changes. A dramatic increase in endoplasmic reticulum was observed within a few days. This proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum often resulted in the formation of an elaborate series of parallel membranes, either dispersed randomly throughout the cytoplasm or in the form of concentric whorls. However, the structural integrity of many cellular organelles was largely unaffected even by prolonged ice encasement resulting in death of the plants. In contrast, exposure of cold-hardy seedlings to near lethal, subfreezing temperature resulted in severe disorganization of cellular organelles. Ice encasement of nonhardened seedlings resulted in complete kill within 4 h. After 16 h ice encasement, occasional concentric whorls of endoplasmic reticulum and copious amounts of osmiophilic material were observed in the cytoplasm. Upon removal of the ice encasement stress, the accumulated endoplasmic reticulum disappeared rapidly during recovery at either2 or20 °C.

The impact of stubble management on the incidence of crown rot of wheat

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Summerell ◽  
LW Burgess ◽  
TA Klein
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stubble Burning

The influence of 3 stubble management practices, stubble retention, stubble incorporation and stubble burning, on the incidence of crown rot of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe Group 1, and on plant development and grain yield was examined. The incidence of disease (percentage plants affected) was assessed in a susceptible (cv. Sunstar) and moderately resistant cultivar (cv. Suneca) in 1986. In 1987 Sunstar was planted into stubble of the 2 cultivars to assess the influence of host resistance on disease carryover. Crown rot was highest in the stubble retention plots (81% incidence in 1986 and 59% in 1987), whereas stubble burning decreased disease incidence in both years, with the reduction being greater in the second year (47% and 16%). Stubble incorporation was ineffective in reducing disease levels (76% and 53% in years 1 and 2). The incidence of crown rot did not differ in the 2 cultivars. At the harvest sampling in 1987 there were no differences in crown rot incidence in plants sown into stubble of the 2 cultivars. Grain yield did not differ significantly between treatments, but early season plant dry weight was reduced in the retained plots. Grain protein levels were reduced (P< 0.05) in the stubble burnt plots.

scholarly journals Incidence of Wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and Wheat mosaic virus in Wheat Curl Mites Recovered from Maturing Winter Wheat Spikes

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 318-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Byamukama ◽  
S. Tatineni ◽  
G. Hein ◽  
J. McMechan ◽  
S. N. Wegulo
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Sticky Tape

Wheat curl mites (WCM; Aceria tosichella) transmit Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), and Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV) to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Great Plains region of the United States. These viruses can be detected in single, double, or triple combinations in leaf samples. Information on incidence of viruses in WCM at the end of the growing season is scant. The availability of this information can enhance our knowledge of the epidemiology of WCM-transmitted viruses. This research was conducted to determine the frequency of occurrence of WSMV, TriMV, and WMoV in WCM populations on field-collected maturing wheat spikes and to determine differences in WCM densities in three geographical regions (southeast, west-central, and panhandle) in Nebraska. Maturing wheat spikes were collected from 83 fields across Nebraska in 2011 and 2012. The spikes were placed in proximity to wheat seedlings (three- to four-leaf stage) in WCM-proof cages in a growth chamber and on sticky tape. WCM that moved off the drying wheat spikes in cages infested the wheat seedlings. WCM that moved off wheat spikes placed on sticky tape were trapped on the tape and were counted under a dissecting microscope. At 28 days after infestation, the wheat plants were tested for the presence of WSMV, TriMV, or WMoV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and multiplex polymerase chain reaction. WSMV was the most predominant virus detected in wheat seedlings infested with WCM from field-collected spikes. Double (TriMV+WSMV or WMoV+WSMV) or triple (TriMV+ WMoV +WSMV) virus detections were more frequent (47%) than single detections (5%) of TriMV or WSMV. Overall, 81% of the wheat seedlings infested with WCM tested positive for at least one virus. No significant association (P > 0.05) was found between regions for WCM trapped on tape. These results suggest that WCM present on mature wheat spikes harbor multiple wheat viruses and may explain high virus incidence when direct movement of WCM into emerging winter wheat occurs in the fall.

scholarly journals Modulation of Physiological Stress Response of Triticum aestivum L. to Glyphosate by Brassinosteroid Application

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1156
Author(s):  
Elena Shopova ◽  
Zornitsa Katerova ◽  
Liliana Brankova ◽  
Ljudmila Dimitrova ◽  
Iskren Sergiev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Wheat Seedlings

The potential of brassinosteroids to modulate the physiological responses of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to herbicide stress was evaluated. Young winter wheat seedlings were treated with 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) and 24 h later were sprayed with glyphosate. The physiological responses of treated plants were assessed 14 days after herbicide application. Wheat growth was noticeably inhibited by glyphosate. The herbicide application significantly increased the content of the stress markers proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) evidencing oxidative damage. The content of phenolic compounds was decreased in the herbicide-treated plants. Slight activation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and considerable increase of glutathione reductase (GR) and guaiacol peroxidase (POX) activities were found. Increased POX and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were anticipated to be involved in herbicide detoxification. Conjugation with glutathione in herbicide-treated plants could explain the reduction of thiols suggesting unbalanced redox state. EBL application did not alter the plant growth but a moderate activation of antioxidant defense (POX, GR, and CAT activities and phenolic levels) and detoxifying enzyme GST was observed. The hormonal priming provoked a slight decrease in MDA and proline levels. The results demonstrate that EBL-pretreatment partly restored shoot growth and has a potential to mitigate the oxidative damages in glyphosate-treated plants through activation of the enzymatic antioxidant defense and increase of the phenolic compounds.

scholarly journals Impact of Crop Rotation and Soil Tillage on the Severity of Winter Wheat Leaf Blotches

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (340) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Biruta Bankina ◽  
Gunita Bimšteine ◽  
Irina Arhipova ◽  
Jānis Kaņeps ◽  
Madara Darguža
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Tan Spot ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Reduced tillage is considered as one of the main tools to save biological diversity; however, it increases pressure of diseases, including wheat leaf blotches. The aim of present study was to clarify the impact of reduced soil tillage on the development of winter wheat leaf blotches in different schemes of crop rotation. The impact of different growing technologies on the severity of winter wheat disease was evaluated in a two-factorial experiment: A – soil tillage system, and B – different combinations of wheat pre-pre-crop and pre-crop (wheat, oilseed rape, barley and faba beans). Diseases were assessed every 10 days approximately and total impact of diseases was evaluated by calculating AUDPC (Area under Diseases Progress Curve). Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was dominated disease over the long period, regardless of meteorological conditions. Development of Septoria leaf blotch was not influenced by neither crop rotation nor soil tillage. The level of tan spot was essentially higher after wheat, regardless of the pre-pre-crop. Reduced soil tillage promoted severity of tan spot. Ploughing mitigated effect of previous crops and differences in tan spot level were insignificant. Despite many positive effects of conservation tillage, increasing of fungicide treatment could be necessary, in conditions, when the tan spot is most devastating and widespread wheat disease.

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