scholarly journals Creación continua: «El abandono de toda certeza»

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Mora Zahonero

Resumen: La doctrina conocida como «unidad del ser» tiene, en Ibn ʿArabī, su contrapunto en la visión dinámica de la creación continua o nueva creación, la cual postula que el cosmos, y todo cuanto contiene, es creado y recreado sin cesar a cada instante. Se trata de una visión caleidoscópica de la existencia que se enmarca dentro de lo que se ha dado en llamar «filosofías del acto», y más concretamente del acto creador divino, que contrastan poderosamente con las denominadas filosofías del ser, representadas por el pensamiento helénico y su concepción del ser como un principio inmutable. Revisaremos los antecedentes históricos de esta doctrina, tanto fuera como dentro del marco cultural del islam, y también las razones que la justifican, como, por ejemplo, el origen, en los nombres divinos, de los cambios que se producen en el exterior y el interior del ser humano o la indigencia ontológica de todo lo creado, que obliga a que su existencia se vea renovada de continuo por medio del Aliento del Todo-Misericordioso. De esta concepción dinámica de la realidad, en la que se precisa la intervención directa de la misericordia divina para el mantenimiento del mundo, se derivan diferentes consecuencias, como la insustancialidad, la inconsistencia y el carácter imaginal de las cosas que consideramos sólidas, el movimiento incesante de todo cuanto existe y la trascendencia de nuestra concepción habitual de la ley de causa y efecto. Por otro lado, el término «creación» es sinónimo de «teofanía» o manifestación divina. A pesar de las manifestaciones teofánicas son infinitas, todas ellas son irrepetibles. Además de otros textos, Ibn ʿArabī dedica gran parte del capítulo 12 de Los engarces de las sabidurías al tema que nos ocupa, vinculando la nueva creación a las fluctuaciones experimentadas por el corazón, las manifestaciones teofánicas y la pluralidad de las creencias que, acerca de la realidad, albergamos los seres humanos. La imaginación desempeña un papel crucial en esta perspectiva vertiginosa de la existencia, en la que ninguna realidad está, por así decirlo, plenamente cerrada o constituida. La facultad de la imaginación, tan importante en la cosmovisión akbarí, también es el principal intérprete de los signos que Dios ha diseminado en el exterior y el interior del ser humano, signos que siempre remiten al divino acto creador. La función suprema de la imaginación es hacer del mundo y de nosotros mismos un lugar de revelación teofánica, es decir, llevarnos a descubrir la presencia divina en todos los seres. Para ello, el sabio debe aplicar el doble ojo que contempla, al unísono, lo absoluto y lo relativo, la luz y la oscuridad, la unidad y la multiplicidad. La doctrina de la nueva creación nos presenta, en suma, una visión abierta de la realidad que nos asegura que no estamos condenados a repetir nuestro pasado y de que siempre tenemos la posibilidad de reconocer la irrupción continua de lo «radicalmente nuevo» en nuestra historia social y personal. La nueva creación también evoca la idea de que el mundo y las vidas de los seres humanos son una obra inconclusa. Corresponde, pues, a cada uno de nosotros, y en la medida de las posibilidades de nuestra imaginación creadora, darle el desenlace final.Palabras clave: nueva creación, filosofías del acto, ser, aliento del Todo-Misericordioso, cambio, indigencia ontológica, imaginación creadora. Abstract: In Ibn ʿArabī, the doctrine known as “unity of being” has his counterpart in the dynamic view of the continuous creation or new creation, which postulates that the universe and all it contains is created and recreated constantly to each instant. It is a kaleidoscopic view of life that is part of what has been called “philosophies of the act”, and more specifically of the divine creative act, which contrast strongly with the so-called philosophies of being, represented by the Greek thought and his conception of the being as an immutable principle. We will review the historical background of this doctrine, both outside and within the cultural framework of Islam, and the underlying reasons for it, like its origin in the divine names, the changes that occur on the outside and the inside the human being or the ontological indigence of all creation, which requires that its existence needs be continuously renewed by the breath of the All-Merciful. This dynamic conception of reality, which needs the direct intervention of divine mercy for the maintenance of world, has also different consequences: insubstantiality, inconsistency and imaginal character of things we consider as solid, the movement relentless of all that exists and the transcendence of our usual conception of the law of cause and effect. The doctrine of the new creation presents us, in short, an open view of reality that assures us that we are not doomed to repeat our past, and we always have the possibility of recognizing the continuing emergence of the “radically new” in our history social and personal. The new creation also evokes the idea that the world and the lives of human beings are a work in progress. Therefore, it is up to each of us, and to the extent of our creative imagination, gives it the final outcome. Keywords: new creation, philosophies of the act, being, breath of the All-Merciful, change, ontological indigence, creative imagination. 

Author(s):  
T. M. Robinson

If in the context of early and classical Greek thought, the term “theology” is taken to mean “of God/gods/the gods and his/their putative relationship, causal and directive, to the world and its operations, and to ourselves within that world,” or something of that order, the first ascription of such a notion to a Presocratic philosopher is to be found in Aristotle's comment that “Thales thought that all things are full of gods”. The Presocratic period ends with no neat causal sequence. If one train of thinking was moving in the direction of a divinely guided, teleologically explicable universe, another was moving in exactly the opposite direction. For the atomists Democritus and Leucippus, the ever-changing universe is an infinity of space in which, across eternity, chance agglomerations of ever-moving atoms produce and will forever go on producing those contents of the universe that we call realities, from gazelles to galaxies.


Author(s):  
Abdul Rasheed

"The history of religion is as old as the world itself. That is why from Hazrat Adam to date, we find no age without divine guidance.Guidance is necessary for all human beings as the Creator of the universe, Almighty Allah addressed the first human couple while sending it to this earth:"We said," Get down from here, all of you. So, whenever 'the guidance' from ME comes to you; and whoever follows MY' guidance', they do not have to fear and they do not have to regret".Meaning: "Gm here; ate you down all frond if, as is sure, there comes to you guidance from Me, whosoever follows My guidance, on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve". It means the success of Allah's vicegerents, human beings, depends on their following the laws given by the creator of this world.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
Dong Zhu ◽  
Wei Ren

Abstract Tao Te Ching, the masterpiece of Laozi the renowned philosopher of Pre-Imperial China, plays an important role in Chinese history. Laozi’s philosophy centres on such concepts as ming (names), li (rituals), and dao (the way). Ming, originally developed as a result of human beings’ endeavours to understand the world in which they live and to bring order to their society, has degenerated into the sources of evils and the reason for turbulence when people stop at nothing for fame and fortune; Li, an effective and efficient means for the kings of West Zhou Dynasty to maintain social stability, has become but a collection of empty sign vehicles with the disintegration of rituals and music; Dao concerns Laozi’s metaphysical reflection on the origin of the universe and its ultimate laws. Ming and li are but artificial restraints imposed on human intelligence whereas dao provides the way out. Therefore, to lead a simple and natural life, it is advisable to eliminate ming and li, and worship dao. In semiotic terms, this means that desemiotisation is the solution to the crisis.


2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-102
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Baczewski

This paper deals with the connection between the origin of the human race and the evolving universe in the works of Teilhard de Chardin, the French thinker analysed this problem from different points of view: scientific, philosophical and theological, showing its different aspects.The results of his reflections on this topic form a system of thought in which Teilhard tried to explain the mystery of man and the universe, the main concept of this system is the evolution of the whole universe from a material into a spiritual reality. Part of this cosmic evolutionary process is also the origin of the human race (considered by Teilhard as a species of living creatures and only accidentally as individual human beings). Creation of the world and man according to Teilhard is also a continual process in which God uses the natural law of evolution. Man is the best part and the summit of this cosmic process, the human race has been craeted by God as one philum (monophiletism) and not as a couple (Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden) or many phila (poliphiletism). While creating human souls, God also uses the material elements of the world, sublimating them into spirit, these opinions created many problems for the Catholic Church and were not accepted. Teilhardian analyses of the future of the universe and mankind are very interesting and inspiring and have been used by many modern thinkers. Teilhard wrote about one global society united by science and technology (globalisation). In the future people will also form one sphere of human spirit, the sphere of common information (noosphere). Eschatologically, the whole universe along with the human race will be united with God as the mover and final cause of the cosmic evolution (its point Alpha and Omega).The end of the history of all created reality will be the transformation into spiritual reality of the Cosmic Christ, thus anthropogenesis will be fulfilled in cosmogenesis and finally in Christogenesis.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (02) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Achmad Asrori

The study of humans is a very interesting study, because besides being approachable from various aspects, it also concerns us as human beings. This study of humans has been done for a long time since the time of the ancient philosophers in Greece. They have started talking about humans, besides talking about God and the universe. This study of humans also eventually gave birth to various scientific disciplines, such as sociology, anthropology, biology, psychology, and other sciences.Religion is a part that cannot be separated from humans, considering that since humans were born into the world, God has actually been equipped with religion. For this reason, the relationship between humans and religion will be explained in this section so that it becomes clear that religion is an absolute necessity for humans and humans cannot live in order and prosperity in this world without religion. In other words, human nature is religious, so when a human claims to be non-religious means he has lied to himself and at the same time has done wrong against him.


Classics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Delcomminette

The Philebus is almost unanimously considered as one of Plato’s last dialogues, probably written around the same time as the Timaeus. Unlike other late dialogues, however, it takes the more conventional form of a conversation between Socrates and two interlocutors: Philebus and Protarchus. Philebus in fact refuses to discuss and remains silent for most of the dialogue, leaving to Protarchus the task of defending hedonism against the attacks of intellectualism championed by Socrates. The Philebus is a particularly rich and difficult work, which has often been viewed as messy. Although it has received the subtitle “On pleasure” since Antiquity, it contains, besides a lengthy examination of pleasure that notably argues for the possibility of false pleasures, a reflection on the relations between unity and plurality, an exposition of dialectic presented as a “god-given” and “heavenly” method, a fourfold classification of “all there is,” a cosmological argument purported to show that the world is governed by intelligence, and a hierarchical classification of the different kinds of knowledge. All these elements are integrated in a quest for “the good,” which at the beginning of the dialogue is identified to the best human life, but at the end seems to gain greater generality and concern not only human beings but also the whole or the universe. Are all these themes supposed to connect somehow, and if they are, in what manner? This question was already debated by the Neoplatonist commentators and was taken over by modern scholarship since the 19th century. Another question that has provoked scholars is the relation between the “metaphysics” exposed in the dialogue and Plato’s “unwritten doctrines” referred to by Aristotle. However, the greatest part of scholarship on the Philebus is currently devoted to scrutinize a theme or a portion of the text itself. After a relative neglect, this dialogue has indeed become the focus of much scholarly work during the last decades. The present bibliography had consequently to be highly selective and favors the most useful starting-points for further explorations of the wealthy literature devoted to this fascinating text.


Author(s):  
Patricia Curd

Anaxagoras of Clazomenae proposed a theory of everything. Like other Presocratics, Anaxagoras addressed topics that could now be placed outside the sphere of philosophical inquiry: not only did he explore metaphysics and the nature of human understanding but he also offered explanations in physics, meteorology, astronomy, physiology, and biology. His aim seems to have been to explain as completely as possible the world in which human beings live, and one's knowledge of that world; thus he seeks to investigate the universe from top to bottom. This article explores Anaxagoras's world from its basic foundations. It undertakes to show the connections among the metaphysical, epistemological, and cosmological parts of Anaxagoras's theory. The discovery and publication of new material has also enhanced the understanding of Presocratic thought. A spectacular example is the new material from Empedocles of Acragas that has become available.


Author(s):  
Matthew Puffer

Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s theology of creation is rooted in the confession that Jesus Christ is the mediator. Apart from Christ’s mediation human beings cannot perceive God’s creation, because our postlapsarian world manifests only a fallen creation in which good and evil are confused and intermixed. Whereas Bonhoeffer in his student years affirmed a limited role for the orders of creation, his subsequent writings on the theology of creation can be read as a response to and reaction against the orders of creation. Although human beings have no unmediated access to knowledge of God’s creation, and know the world as fallen creation only through Christ’s redemption, in Christ they are empowered by the Spirit, incorporated into Christ’s body the church, and made a new creation. Only in light of the hoped-for eschatological fulfilment of the new creation may Christian theology speak of the beginning of God’s ways as Creator.


2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naachimuthu K. P.

The five natural elements (earth, water, fire, air, and sky), the sun and the moon, plants, trees, birds, and animals, came into existence much ahead of the human beings. In fact, man, as a part of nature, was the last creation in the universe. Though, we (human beings) have been created with the superlative degree of intellect, there is so much that can be learnt from nature, traditions of wisdom from the world teach us that a divine essence flows through all creations. Together with nature, man can co-create groundbreaking ideas that would help create wealth and well-being, for nature offers solutions for inclusive growth and sustainable development. Food scarcity is the major issue concerning the developing countries these days, one out of every 8 person in the world goes to bed without food (FAO, 2012). Of the several hundred million hungry people in the world, 98 percent are in developing countries. There were several things done to alleviate this problem, but the consequences of those actions are even more costly. Usage of heavy machines, pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the soil created a lasting impact causing imbalance in ecosystem, degradation of soil, soil erosion and land degradation. Natural farming is an ancient form of agriculture which follows the principles of nature to develop systems for raising crops, and livestock that are self-sustaining. The present paper attempts to explicate the sustainable nature of natural farming, as against the quick fix solution agriculture of using fertilizers, and chemicals. This holistic learning outlook also tries to bring out the role of farm animals (and remain of farm animals, and farm produces), microorganisms in the soil, in creating food abundance, concerns about food loss and food wastage and its global impact.


SUHUF ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-94
Author(s):  
Efa Ida Amalia

The purpose of this research is to know about the process and the steps of the destruction of the Universe (kiamat) in the Qur'an. This phenomenon will be explained through cosmological perspective. Al-Qur'an mentions the phenomenon of the end of the world (universe) or (kiamat) in many verses for more than 700 times. Therefore, human beings are supposed to be able to “read” the phenomenon of the universe.   According to the Qur'an, destruction is divided into two categories: the first is total destruction of the universe and the second is the day of resurrection. The first one is the final destruction of the universe known as the doomsday. At this stage, the expansion of the universe is ceased and leaves the contraction space caused by gravitation. As the  result, all things are more closed to others and destruction cannot be avoided. The second destruction is the destruction of the earth which is caused by human beings attitude


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