The sovereign seeress

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mads Dengsø Jessen ◽  
Kamilla Ramsøe Majland
Keyword(s):  
Northern Europe ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
Sovereign Power ◽  
The South ◽  
Symbolic Understanding ◽  
Historical Presence ◽  
The Chairs ◽  
Main Attribute

The South Scandinavian chair pendants of the late Viking Age form a famous and much debated find category. They have been associated with the cult of Odin as well as female seeresses. However, their find contexts clearly link the amulets intimately to a female use-sphere and their condition shows that they have been worn intensely. With a new pendant emerging from the detector finds from Gudme, Denmark, the connection between chair amulets and dominant settlements is further strengthened. The female prerogative, the locational aristocratic reference in combination with the chairs association with royal privileges lead to the argument that the amulets must be connected with the deep historical presence of the seeress as a sovereign power across Northern Europe. Her position is explained as a triangulation of Seeress, Odin and King which are all represented as being seated. Consequently, seating is regarded as a main attribute and a recurring and noticeable privilege for all three characters. Thus, the chair en miniature is argued to function as a material anchoring of the socio-symbolic understanding of the seated sovereign seeress.

The Origin of Neolithic Culture in Northern Europe

Antiquity ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 23 (91) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Childe
Keyword(s):  
Northern Europe ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Neolithic Culture ◽  
Northwest Germany ◽  
Shell Mounds ◽  
Expansive Group ◽  
Megalithic Tombs

Till 1948 the coherent record of farming in Northern Europe began with the neolithic culture represented in the Danish dysser (‘dolmens’) and most readily defined by the funnel-necked beakers, collared flasks and ‘amphorae’ found therein. As early as 1910 Gustav Kossinna had remarked that these distinctive ceramic types, and accordingly the culture they defined, were not confined to the West Baltic coastlands, but recurred in the valleys of the Upper Vistula and Oder to the east, to the south as far as the Upper Elbe and in northwest Germany and Holland too. He saw in this distribution evidence for the first expansion of Urindogermanen from their cradle in the Cimbrian peninsula. In the sequel Åberg filled in the documentation of this expansion with fresh spots on the distribution map and Kossinna himself distinguished typologically four main provinces or geographical groups—the Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western. Finally Jazdrzewski gave a standard account of the whole content of what had come to be called Kultura puharów lejkowatych, Trichterbecherkultur, or Tragtbaegerkulturen. As ‘Funnel-necked-beaker culture’ is a clumsy expression and English terminology is already overloaded with ‘beakers’, I shall use the term ‘First Northern’.The orgin of this vigorous and expansive group of cultivators and herdsmen has always been an enigma. Not even Kossinna imagined that the savages of the Ertebølle shell-mounds spontaneously began cultivating cereals and breeding sheep in Denmark. As dysser were regarded as megalithic tombs and as megaliths are Atlantic phenomena, he supposed that the bases of the neolithic economy were introduced from the West together with the ‘megalithic idea’. But the First Northern Farmers of the South and East groups did not build megalithic tombs. Moreover, in the last ten years an extension of the North group across southern Sweden as far as Södermannland has come to light, and these farmers too, though they used collared flasks and funnel-necked beakers, built no dolmens either. In any case there was nothing Western about the pottery from the Danish dysser, and Western types of arrow-head are conspicuously rare in Denmark.

Rural Centres, Trade, and Non-Agrarian Production

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Hamerow
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Craft Production ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Trade And Exchange ◽  
High Level

In contrast to the relative scarcity of publications dealing with the buildings and layouts of rural settlements, many volumes have been devoted to the development of early medieval trade and craft production (e.g. Jankuhn et al. 1981; 1983; K. Düwel et al. 1987, vols. 1–4; Hodges and Whitehouse 1983). Archaeological research into these topics has been made more fruitful—as well as more complex—by the contributions of neighbouring disciplines such as history, geography, and numismatics. It has, however, tended to focus almost exclusively on towns, monasteries, and royal centres, yet craft production, trade, and exchange also played a significant role in farming communities before and after the emergence of such specialized centres. Indeed, the rural settlements of northwest Europe were already significantly differentiated in their economies in the Migration period, suggesting a high level of socio-economic complexity several centuries earlier than has generally been supposed. The evidence now available for trade and non-agrarian production, which derives almost wholly from archaeology, calls for a thoroughgoing reassessment of when and how centralized authorities emerged in northern Europe after the collapse of the western Empire. This is particularly true for northern Germany and southern Scandinavia, where early state formation has conventionally been dated to the late Viking period. Research into state formation has in the past focused on the origins of towns and market centres, the latter usually seen as arising from participation in long-distance trade which was controlled by kings or magnates. Yet, several centuries before there were kings or towns in northern Europe, rural settlements emerged which point to a degree of political centralization. This chapter considers the evidence for these rural centres and the role of non-agrarian production and exchange in rural settlements generally: what was the scale and context of the production, distribution, and consumption of non-agrarian goods? Who controlled these activities, and how, if at all, did the long-distance trade networks which fuelled the nascent towns of Merovingian and Viking Age Europe affect the economies of the communities which lay in their hinterlands?

scholarly journals O Autoritarismo Latino-Americano: Uma Discussão Acerca Dos Mecanismos De Legitimação E As Heranças Autoritárias No Brasil (1964-1985) e No Chile (1973-1990)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gastón Ernesto Passi Livacic ◽  
José Carlos Martines Belieiro Jr
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Sovereign Power ◽  
The South ◽  
Institutional Economic ◽  
Global Dynamic ◽  
The Sixties

O presente artigo tem por objetivo refletir acerca dos mecanismos de legitimação das novas formas de dominação autoritária na região que emergiram nos anos 60 e 70. Tais formas de governo emergem e se explicam por variáveis que respondem a uma legitimidade histórica, política e socioeconômica. Em tal sentido, tanto a emergência como o rumo de tais regimes se estabelecem desde uma dinâmica global, para tais efeitos, o seguinte trabalho analisará a estrutura fundacional das novas formas de dominação autoritária mediante a explicação teórico-analítica de legitimação mista do cientista político chileno Carlos Huneeus, posteriormente caracterizando cada uma das áreas de legitimação (histórica, política-institucional, econômica) entre os casos do Brasil e o Chile. A primeira parte do artigo pode se denominar como um estudo da memria política dos autoritarismos do Brasil e o Chile mediante uma perspectiva comparada, porém, ao mesmo tempo, se pretende comparar as heranças institucionais que emergem na consolidação de cada contexto autoritário por meio do que Carlos Huneeus chama de Presidencialismo semisoberano. Promove-se assim um debate acerca dos possíveis limites ao soberano poder que se instauram nos processos autoritários e sua relação com o retorno à democracia.Palavras-chave: Legitimação em contextos autoritários; Brasil; Chile; Presidencialismo Semisoberano.ABSTRACTThis article aims to reflect on the mechanisms for legitimizing the new forms of the authoritarian domination in the south-America in the sixties, seventies and eighties. Such forms of government emerge and are explained by variables that respond to the historical, political and socioeconomic legitimacy. In this sense, both the emergence ant the course of such regimes is established from a global dynamic, for such purposes, the following work will analyze the foundational structure of the new forms of authoritarian domination through the theoretical-analytical explanation of mixed legitimation and that of the political scientist Chilean Carlos Huneeus, later characterizing each of the areas of legitimation (historical, political-institutional, economic) between the cases of Brazil and Chile. The first part of the article can be called a study of the political memory of the authoritarianisms of Brazil and Chile through a comparative perspective, but at the same time, it is intended to compare the institutional inheritances that emerge in the consolidation of each authoritarian context through what Carlos Huneeus calls it semi-sovereign presidentialism. This promotes a debate about the possible limits to the sovereign power that are installed in authoritarian processes and their relationship with the return to democracy.           Keywords: Legitimation in Authoritarian contexts; Brazil; Chile; Semi-Sovereign Presidentialism.

I.—A Comparison between the Oldest Fossiliferous Rocks of Northern Europe

1876 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Linnarsson
Keyword(s):  
Northern Europe ◽  
The South ◽  
Lower Silurian ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
The North ◽  
European Area ◽  
South West ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Organic Remains

In a paper on “The Physical Conditions under which the Cambrian and Lower Silurian Rocks were probably deposited over the European Area,” Mr. Hicks has recently put forth some opinions on the lowest fossiliferous rocks of Scandinavia and Russia, and their relations, as to age and stratigraphical characters, to those of Britain, which I think ought to be somewhat modified. The chief assertions in Mr. Hicks's paper are, that at the Pre-Cambrian period a large continent existed in Europe; that a subsidence began in the south-western part, and gradually extended to the north-eastern, which was not submerged until the Tremadoc group had been deposited over the western areas; and, finally, that the marine faunas migrated from the south-west. In order to prove these generalizations, Mr. Hicks makes a comparison between the most important Cambrian districts of Europe. He thinks that the British Cambrian rocks are the oldest, that the lowest Swedish beds are probably equivalent to the British Menevian group, and that the Russian are not older than the Arenig. Though the scantiness of the organic remains in some instances makes it very difficult, or, indeed, impossible to parallelize with certainty the oldest deposits of the various countries, it seems, however, from the palæontological facts already known, quite unquestionable that the lowest rocks of Scandinavia and Russia are older than Mr. Hicks has supposed them to be in comparison to those of Britain.

Board Games in Boat Burials: Play in the Performance of Migration and Viking Age Mortuary Practice

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A Hall
Keyword(s):  
Northern Europe ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
Mortuary Practice ◽  
Board Games ◽  
First Millennium

This contribution explores an aspect of boat burials in the second half of the first millennium AD across Northern Europe, specifically boat burials that included equipment for board games (surviving variously as boards and playing pieces, playing pieces only, or dice and playing pieces). Entangled aspects of identity, gender, cosmogony, performance, and commemoration are considered within a framework of cultural citation and connection between death and play. The crux of this article's citational thrust is the notion of quoting life in the rituals surrounding death. This was done both in the service of the deceased and in the service of those wanting to remember the deceased, the argument distills around the biographical trajectories or the different social and individual uses to which people put ostensibly simple things such as gaming pieces.

scholarly journals Palaeolithic implements found in Sweden

1921 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Montelius
Keyword(s):  
Northern Region ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Melting Period ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
Ice Period

The ingenious and persistent researches of the Swedish geologist, Baron Gerard de Geer, have taught us when the last Ice Period came to an end here in the north. The ice began to melt and retire from the southern coast of Scania 15,000 years before our time. There cannot be more than an error of a few centuries in this calculation.But the southern border of the enormous ice-masses covering the north of Europe in the last Ice Period was not on the south coast of Scania; it lay farther south, in Brandenburg. It is uncertain what length of time was necessary for the ice to retire from Brandenburg to Scania. However, if we consider how slowly the melting was going on in the first millenniums, and how long it took for the ice to melt in the southern part of Sweden, it is highly probable that about 5,000 years were required to transfer the ice border from its most southerly point to Scania. Consequently, the beginning of the melting period in our northern region, i.e. the end of the last Ice Period in northern Europe, must fall about 20,000 years before our time.

The Barnabas Altarpiece: A Possible Link with Southern France, St. Louis and Cyprus

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Art Museum ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
The South ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Large Panels ◽  
Mediterranean Areas ◽  
Long Line ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Made In

SummaryThe provenance and purpose of the Barnabas Altarpiece, acquired in 1971 by the Kimbell Art Museum and exceptional for being a large early gothic retable on panel, has baffled art historians since 1950, when it became better known;it has since been dated to 1250-60. It was catalogued in 1972 on rather slender grounds as being English (a view that has become increasingly suspect) and it was proposed in 1965 that a bishop Barnabas (at that time not identified) was the donor. The panels are of willow, a wood occasionally used in medieval times for large panels in Mediterranean areas around the Gulf of Lyons, but never in northern Europe or Spain. A priest named Barnabas was made bishop of Osma by King Alphonso of Castile to whom he was physician. He held the see until his death in c. 1351 and founded a chaplaincy in the cathedral in 1350. However, neither that date nor the identification of the panels as willow is consistent with the hypothesis that he was the donor. It is here proposed that the panels were made in the south of France and that the inscription—Barnabas: Eps—applied to St. Barnabas, the apostle born in Cyprus and the first of a long line of archbishops; furthermore that this altarpiece was painted by a southern French artist for a church in Cyprus, probably that dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul in the royal complex at Nicosia which included the castle/palace and Dominican monastery. It had been the wish of St. Louis, while making preparations in Cyprus in 1248/9 for his crusade, that a new monastic church should form the royal mausoleum for the Lusignan dynasty.

Effect of Interleukin-6 promoter polymorphisms in survivors of myocardial infarction and matched controls in the North and South of Europe

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 1122-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kelberman ◽  
E. Hawe ◽  
L. A. Luong ◽  
Vidya Mohamed-Ali ◽  
Pia Lundman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Regional Difference ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
The South ◽  
Promoter Polymorphisms ◽  
The North ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
North And South ◽  
South Of Europe ◽  
European Group

SummaryElevated plasma IL-6 levels have been implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease. We have investigated the association of two polymorphisms in the promoter of IL-6 (-572G>C and -174G>C) with levels of inflammatory markers and risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in a European study of MI survivors and age-matched controls from two high-risk centres in the North of Europe, and two low risk centres in the South. IL-6 and CRP levels were similar in controls in both regions, but were higher in cases. For the -174G>C polymorphism the rare -174C allele showed a regional difference in allele frequency, being more common in the North European group (0.43 vs 0.28; p < 0.0005), where -174C allele carriers showed an apparent reduced risk of MI compared to -174GG homozygotes (OR 0.53, 95%CI 0.32, 0.86). No such effect was observed in the South or with the -572G>C in either group. Neither genotype was associated with a significant effect on plasma IL-6 levels in either cases or controls. Furthermore, no regional difference was observed in the frequency of the -572G>C SNP, suggesting that these polymorphisms are unlikely to be contributing to the observed increased risk of cardiovascular disease in Northern Europe.

scholarly journals Northern agriculture: constraints and responses to global climate change

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo J. N. Mela
Keyword(s):  
Effective Temperature ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Temperature Sum ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Cattle Rearing

In the northern circumpolar zone, the area between the 600°Cd and 1200°Cd isopleths of effective temperature sum above 5°C, the annual receipt of solar energy is limited by the low angle of radiation arriving at the earth’s surface. This is the primary cause of the climatic constraints observed in the zone, such as low temperatures, a short growing season, frosts during the growing season, long and cold winters and thick snow cover. In Finland, the length of the growing season varies from 180 days in the south (60°N) to 120 days in the north (70°N). Consequently, the growing time for crops from sowing to ripening is also short, which limits their ability to produce high yields. The most advanced forms of farming in the high-latitude zone are encountered towards the south in Northern Europe, central Siberia and the prairies of Canada, i.e. mainly in the phytogeographical hemiboreal zone where the effective temperature sum is higher than 1200°Cd. Conditions for agriculture then deteriorate gradually further north with the cooling of the climate, and this is reflected as an increase in cattle rearing at the expense of grain cultivation. In northern Europe farming is practised as far north as to the Arctic Circle, at about 66°N latitude. In North America, fields extend to about 55°N, In Asia, there are few fields north of 60°N. Finland is the most northern agricultural country in the world, with all its field area, about 2.5 million hectares, located north of latitude 60°N. Changes in the climate and atmospheric CO2 predicted for the future are likely to have a strong influence, either beneficial or disadvantageous, on the conditions for growth in northern areas where the annual mean temperature is 5°C or less.

scholarly journals Decoration of bone and antler artefacts as an indication of Mesolithic networks (finds from a central Swedish Late Mesolithic site)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Lars Larsson ◽  
Fredrik Molin
Keyword(s):  
Northern Europe ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
The South ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
South Central ◽  
Southern Scandinavia ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Late Mesolithic

Our knowledge of Mesolithic decorated bone and antler tools from Scandinavia has mainly been based on finds from sites and single finds from Southern Scandinavia. However, recent excavations at a Late Mesolithic site at Strandvgen in Motala, south-central Sweden, have changed the state of research and revealed a large number of bone and antler tools, some of them with decorations. The site is located on the eastern shore of Lake Vttern, the second largest lake in the south of Sweden and at the only large outlet of the lake. The site was used during a number of centuries, with a concentration of radiocarbon dates around 7500-7000 cal. BP. The settlement at Strandvgen is the only site in this part of Scandinavia with a large number of finds of bone and antler. The location of the site was exceptional as it was easily available by contact links to the south and north as well as east and west. This is well manifested in the find material. Leister points are the single largest group of tools, with a total of more than 400 examples. A number of these are furnished with decoration in the form of small notches on the barbs more or less in systematic order, as well as cross-hatched motifs. A small number of other tools such as slotted daggers and antler objects with shaft holes are also decorated. In comparison with southern Sweden and Denmark, similarities are obvious concerning both the choice of motifs and the variety of their execution. The only other area in the Baltic region with a number of decorated objects is the East Baltic. However the chronological relevance is uncertain. For example one can find leister points with similarities to the finds at Strandvgen among the finds from Lake Lubāna in south-eastern Latvia. The question of how many of the motifs, and how they are executed is a pan-Mesolithic phenomenon within Northern Europe and how much can be related to specific regional markings.

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