scholarly journals The Flow of Financial Resources to Developing Countries in 1961, par l’O.C.D.E. Une brochure, 6 po. X 9¼, 92 pages. — O.C.D.E., Paris (16), 1963

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 453
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Financial Resources

13 Enforcement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Thomas K
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
General Public ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Competition Law Enforcement ◽  
The Government ◽  
Judicial Expertise ◽  
Policy Failures

This chapter explores the myriad difficulties and obstacles for competition law enforcement in developing countries and suggests possible solutions to some of these difficulties. Competition culture is generally lacking in developing countries. In addition, developing country authorities often face a particularly challenging enforcement environment due to past policy failures by the government, especially in the context of privatization. Another major external impediment to effective competition law enforcement is the lack of political will on the part of the government to enforce the law. The chapter also looks at the lack of authority independence, financial resources, enforcement powers, availability of data, and judicial expertise. Institutional design can have a bearing on setting of enforcement priorities. Poor institutional design may take flexibility away from the authority and make it impossible for the authority to set enforcement priorities. Apart from enforcement, however, another very important part of an authority’s work is advocacy. It is through advocacy with the general public that the authority can hope to build a competition culture. Meanwhile, it is through advocacy with the government that the authority can ensure government policies do not create intractable competition problems that are beyond the capability of the authority to solve. The chapter then considers the benefits and limitations of a regional approach to competition law enforcement. Enforcement and procedure

ON THE INCENTIVE COMPATIBILITY OF FUNDING ADAPTATION

2013 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 1350005 ◽  
Author(s):  
SERAINA BUOB ◽  
GUNTER STEPHAN
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Incentive Compatibility ◽  
Strategic Interaction ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
Ambiguous Effect

Voluntary contributions of the industrialized countries are small compared to the financial resources, the developing countries need for adapting efficiently to global climate change. This leads to the conjecture that under the current climate policy architecture industrialized countries lack incentive for funding adaptation in developing ones. This paper discusses the incentive compatibility of funding adaptation. Focusing on the strategic interaction between mitigation and adaptation in a post Kyoto world it is shown that as long as the industrialized countries' adaptation funding as well as the developing countries' contributions to mitigation are voluntary, industrialized countries have only weak incentive to fund adaptation. Moreover tightening the industrialized countries' mitigation targets has an ambiguous effect on global mitigation if the industrialized countries voluntarily fund adaptation. This confirms the above mentioned conjecture and provides insight relevant for the design of future climate policies, which include adaptation funding as an instrument.

Outsourcing Law Reform in Developing Countries to Private Contractors: A Human Rights Perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilias Bantekas ◽  
Christos Kypraios ◽  
Kebreab Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Funding Policies

The financial resources available for the pursuit of human rights objectives has given rise to an entire industry that is reliant on human rights consultancies. This is fed by tied or other forms of development aid and there exist few controls to assess the work of the actors that make their living from this industry. To a large degree, this privatisation of law reform is exacerbated by the fact that developing countries agree to the multitude of conditions set upon them by multilateral donors, one of which is said privatisation. In this manner, donors may adversely intervene in the relevant processes and distort a situation on the ground by, for example, painting a picture that does not accord with reality solely to justify their funding policies and recommendations to the recipient State.

Counseling in Developing Countries: Turkey and India as Examples

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shonali Raney ◽  
Deniz Canel Çinarba s
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mental Health Counseling ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Mental Health Counselors ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Health Counseling ◽  
Current State

Turkey and India are developing countries with unique cultural characteristics. The current state of mental health counseling in Turkey and India necessitates new laws, indigenous approaches, adaptations of culture-sensitive approaches, and research projects to validate such approaches. It is the job of mental health counselors to accomplish such complicated and trying tasks in the absence of social and financial resources.

scholarly journals NGO Regulation: Themes and Debates with Reference to Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (43) ◽  
pp. 109-124
Author(s):  
Mukesh Kumar Bastola
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Resource Dependence Theory ◽  
Resource Dependency ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Dependence Theory ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Donor Agencies

Since the 1980s, due to the failure of previous development strategies, nongovernmental organizations have emerged as major actors in development, particularly in developing countries like Nepal. However, in recent years, most countries have perceived that NGOs are not operating genuinely to fulfill their expected goals.  In this context, this paper set out to answer two questions: why NGOs tend to represent donors' preferences and why developing countries like Nepal become unable to adopt strict NGO regulations. It is based on the analysis of archival documents and review of previous study findings and draws insights from resource dependence theory. It concludes that when NGOs depend on external donors for financial resources, they are compelled to represent donor's interests. Similarly, aid-dependent developing countries like Nepal often hesitate to adopt strict NGO regulations because of the fear of external pressure from their donor agencies. Thus, resource dependency makes both NGOs and the governments unable to resist the pressure of donor agencies. Its conclusions can be useful to adopt an appropriate framework to regulate NGOs in Nepal.

scholarly journals The Mobilization and Utilization of Scientific and Technological Human Resources in Developing Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Michel J Moravscik
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Crucial Ingredient ◽  
Do So

Human resources (henceforth abbreviated as "manpower") in the development and the functioning of science and technology in developing countries is the most crucial ingredient, and forms, most often, the bottleneck in evolution. This is so because it takes an extended period of time (decades) to establish an indigenous scientific and technological manpower of sufficient quality and quantity, and because it is a much more difficult and uncertain undertaking to do so than to asquire sufficient financial resources. For this reason problems related to the generation and utilization of scientific and technological manpower are at the very centre of attantion when it comes to managing science and technology in developing countries.

scholarly journals Centralization of the Global REDD+ Financial Network and Implications under the New Climate Regime

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do-hun Kim ◽  
Dong-hwan Kim ◽  
Dong-Ho Lee ◽  
Sunjoo Park ◽  
Seong-il Kim
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Climate Regime ◽  
Financial Network ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Donor Numbers ◽  
Major Donors

With the institutionalization of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+), the global REDD+ financial network has been formed to support the implementation of REDD+ in developing countries. Although the rapid expansion of the network made it decentralized, it is still a highly centralized network in terms of the distribution of financial resources, revolving around only a few major actors. While the source of financing was diversified due to an increase in influential donors, the majority of financing still came from a few constant major donors, and a few constant major developing countries received most of the financial support. Although increases in donor numbers and the amount of finance received can provide more chances to support developing countries, it may cause inefficiency due to overlaps and duplications. Also, over-centralization of financial resources can be ineffective in terms of achieving maximum greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction, and can broaden gaps between developing countries’ ability to cope with climate change and deforestation. Lack of coordination among donors and the differing capacity of developing countries may have caused centralization of financial resources in the global REDD+ financial network. To minimize this problem, a comprehensive monitoring system and platforms for information sharing are needed.

International Trade Cooperation and Exogenous Economic Shocks in Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 097674792094518
Author(s):  
Sena Kimm Gnangnon
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Method Of Moments ◽  
Trade Liberalisation ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Economic Shocks ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Aid For Trade ◽  
Generalised Method Of Moments

This article explores whether the World Trade Organization (WTO), through its role of promoting multilateral trade liberalisation and mobilising greater financial resources (i.e., Aid for Trade [AfT] flows) in favour of the trade sector in developing countries, contributes to reducing the size of external economic shocks experienced by these countries. An empirical analysis is carried out using a sample of 111 countries over the period 1996–2016 and relying on the two-step system generalised method of moments (GMM) approach. The findings indicate that taken separately, multilateral trade liberalisation and AfT flows reduce the size of shocks. While the two factors are substitutable in negatively influencing countries’ size of shocks, it also appears that multilateral trade liberalisation always results in smaller shocks, irrespective of the amount of AfT that accrues to countries.

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