scholarly journals Single-cell Protein and Single-cell Oil Production from Agro-industrial By-products

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Krišs Spalviņš
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Aquaculture Industry ◽  
Fish And Shellfish ◽  
By Products

The aquaculture industry has been the fastest growing food production industry in the world for the last 25 years. In turn, wild capture has been stagnant for the last 20 years. As a result, in 2014 the aquaculture industry outpaced wild capture and today most fish and shellfish products are farmed in aquaculture rather than caught. Although aquaculture has a number of advantages over wild capture, the rapid development of aquaculture has led to a shortage of fish feeds. The aquaculture industry has tried to solve the feed shortage by replacing traditional feed ingredients with ones derived from agriculture, but this solution is inappropriate because plant-based ingredients are not suitable for the intestinal tract of farmed carnivorous fish, they lack several essential amino acids, and vegetable fats do not contain Omega-3 fatty acids essential in human diet. Therefore, it is necessary to find new raw materials that are suitable for use in fish feed, do not create additional burdens on the environment as wild capture and agriculture do, and also ensure that fish products fed with new raw materials are healthy for human consumption. The most suitable ingredients for these requirements are single-cell proteins (SCP) and single-cell oils (SCO). SCP and SCO are derived from microorganisms that are able to produce large amounts of proteins or oils in their cells. Currently, SCP and SCO production technologies are already used to produce high value-added products, such as pharmaceuticals, building-block chemicals, baby food, etc. However, these technologies involve the cultivation of the relevant microorganisms using refined sugars, which are relatively expensive and the use of such raw materials in the production of fish feed is not competitive. Therefore, in order to implement SCP and SCO technologies in the production of fish feeds, it is necessary to find cheap raw materials for the cultivation of microorganisms. The most suitable raw materials for the cultivation of microorganisms are biodegradable by-products of various industries. The aim of the work is to analyse the most suitable by-products for the cultivation of SCP and SCO producing microorganisms. The analysis includes: (1) literature analysis on all suitable by-products, describing the characteristics, availability and reported SCP and SCO yields when using by-products as substrates; (2) the development of a by-product supply optimization model and a case study for one by-product using the developed model; (3) creation of a laboratory stand for practical experiments; (4) experiment where SCP is produced from a previously unexplored by-product and a microorganism strain combination. The dissertation is created as a set of publications, which combines parts of scientific publications written during doctoral studies. The introduction to the work describes the aims and tasks of the work, as well as a description of scientific and practical significance. The first chapter describes the current situation in the aquaculture industry, the causes of fish feed shortages, possible solutions and the rationale for the production of SCP and SCO from by-products as the best alternative for the production of fish feed ingredients. The second chapter reviews the by-products that are suitable for the production of SCP and SCO, as well as describes the development of a by-product procurement model and a case study. The third chapter describes the creation of a laboratory stand. The fourth chapter describes practical experiments for obtaining SCP from waste cooking oil. At the end of the work, conclusions are made and recommendations are given.

Genetically modified plants as fish feed ingredients

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nini Hedberg Sissener ◽  
Monica Sanden ◽  
Åshild Krogdahl ◽  
Anne-Marie Bakke ◽  
Lene Elisabeth Johannessen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Current State ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Novel Protein

Genetically modified (GM) plants were first grown commercially more than 20 years ago, but their use is still controversial in some parts of the world. Many GM plant varieties are produced in large quantities globally and are approved for use in fish feeds both in Norway and the European Union. European consumers, however, are skeptical to fish produced by means of GM feed ingredients. Concerns have been raised regarding the safety of GM plants, including potential toxicity and (or) allergenicity of the novel protein, potential unintended effects, and risk of horizontal gene transfer to other species. This review will present the current state of knowledge regarding GM plants as fish feed ingredients, focusing on fish performance and health as well as the fate of the GM DNA fragments in the fish, identifying limitations of the current work and areas where further research is needed.

scholarly journals Assessment of growth performance of African catfish (Clariasgariepinus) fed with feed produced from blend of pigeon pea (Cajanuscajan) bambara groundnut (Vignasubterranea) and fish meal

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
C.N. Ishiwu ◽  
A.G. Opara ◽  
J.E. Obiegbuna ◽  
P.A. Okeke
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Fish Feeds

A 3-factor -factorial experiment (2K) was designed to produce fish feeds from mixture of pigeon pea, bambara groundnut and fish meal as major ingredients, while maize, red palm oil, salt and micro nutrient pre-mix were added as minor ingredients. The raw materials were processed into flours. The ingredients were weighed out in various ratios and mixed. The mixture was extruded; sun-dried and packaged and labeled F1-F8 and a commercial feed labeled F9 served as control. The feeds were feed to juvenile Clariasgariepinus kept in 9 separate plastic bowels and fed for 42 days. The forty-five fish of uniform weight and age were grouped into 9 and stocked in the nine artificial ponds, each pond contained five fish. The feeds were analyzed for proximate composition, while the growth performance of the fish was evaluated at the end of the feeding period. Result showed that F3 (20g pigeon pea, 20g Bambara ground nut and 16g fish meal) contains the highest protein (33.14 %) and F1(20g pigeon pea, 30g bambara ground nut and 16g fish meal) the least (23.13 %). F3 exhibited the highest specific growth rate (1.14 %) followed by the F9 (control) which contains 1.09%. The highest weight gain (16 g) was observed in the fish fed the control feed. However, F3 and F4 (20g pigeon pea, 30g bambara ground nut and 18g fish meal) ranked next to the control with respect to growth performance. It is therefore possible to produce quality catfish feed from bend of pigeon pea, Bambara ground nut and fish meal. Keywords: catfish, fish feed, bambara groundnut, pigeon pea, fish meal

scholarly journals Review on Production of Single-Cell Protein from Food Wastes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 968-974
Author(s):  
Nura Abdullahi ◽  
Munir Abba Dandago ◽  
Alkasim Kabiru Yunusa
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Single Cell Protein ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
World Population ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Preparation Methods

The roles of protein in bodybuilding and the regulation of biological processes are important in sustaining life. A large amount of protein is required by both humans and animals and this cannot be supplied by only conventional sources. This is because of the rapid increase in world population. The present sources of protein will not meet global protein demand in years to come. Scientists explore the production of single-cell protein (SCP), as an alternative source of protein, through the utilization of wastes and low-value materials. SCP can supply high-quality protein containing both essential and non-essential amino acids that can be utilized by humans and animals. Protein from microbial biomass is cheaper than animal proteins because the substrates used in the production are generally cheaper and more readily available. Moreover, the production process does not require arable land and the entire process can be completed within a short time. This article reviewed the process of SCP production. Different raw materials used in the production and variations in growth media preparation methods were discussed. Various sources of fermentation microorganisms and their potential substrate were reviewed. Growth media enrichment using different carbon, nitrogen, and mineral sources was also discussed.

Solid-state fermentation for single-cell protein enrichment of guava and cashew by-products and inclusion on cereal bars

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 101576
Author(s):  
Cecília Elisa S. Muniz ◽  
Ângela Maria Santiago ◽  
Thaisa Abrantes Souza Gusmão ◽  
Hugo Miguel Lisboa Oliveira ◽  
Líbia de Sousa Conrado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Single Cell Protein ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Protein Enrichment ◽  
Cereal Bars ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Valorisation of by-products from food industry, for the production of single cell protein (SCP) using microalgae

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. S262 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. González-Benito ◽  
V. Barrocal ◽  
S. Bolado ◽  
M. Coca ◽  
M.T. García-Cubero
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Single Cell Protein ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Contemporary issues in fisheries and aquaculture: a review on non – conventional feed ingredients for fish feed in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
R. Audu ◽  
I.A. Yola
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Fiber Protein ◽  
Brewery Wastes ◽  
Animal Consumption

In Africa, Nigeria offers the largest market for fisheries products. Fish culture is gaining importance in Nigeria as locally available raw materials such as yam, plantain, banana, cowpeas, mucuna, maize, cassava, millet, sorghum, groundnut, sunhemp seed and brewery wastes are considered as potential materials for fish feed. Non–conventional feeds are locally available feedstuff which are not standardized and the usage is not widely-spread. In most cases, they are not consumed by man. Sadly, Nigerian economy had depended on imported feedstuffs to supplement the domestic conventional feedstuffs, however, the country is currently looking into a way of improving local feedstuffs production to minimize importation. In Fisheries and Aquaculture, there are many contemporary issues but this paper focuses on the use of non–conventional feed ingredients like Typha flour in fish feed. Several parts of Typha are edible including the rhizome. Research has shown that the plant is rich in energy, carbohydrates, sugars, dietary fiber, protein, vitamins, minerals and water. The competition for the conventional feed ingredients for human and animal consumption has resulted in significant price escalations hence the need for on-going research on alternativeingredients for use in aquafeed. Thus, great attention is given to the production of effective and cheap feed that will benefit fish farmers in Africa because fish feed is very important. Despite the fact that several studies have been done in Nigeria to replace fishmeal with other proteins of plant & animal origin but the results have been range from poor to very good in terms of fish growth and fish conversion efficiency.

scholarly journals Life cycle assessment of seabass and meagre in marine cage farming: From feeding plant to harvesting

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
EVANGELOS KONSTANTINIDIS ◽  
COSTAS PERDIKARIS ◽  
KONSTANTINOS GANIAS
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Impact Indicators ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Environmental Impact Indicators

Aquaculture is related to environmental impacts locally and globally. The purpose of this study was to identify environmental hotspots in fish feeds of various granulations in seabass and meagre farming, by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), given that recent studies suggested fish feed as the predominant factor affecting environmental impacts in marine fish farming. This, in turn enabled a detailed comparison of the environmental performance throughout the rearing cycle, in both species. LCA was applied on the production process of fish feeds taking into account the amount of raw materials, heat and energy needed for the production of feed. Similarly, LCA was applied in cage farms in Greece, involving the amount of feeds per size class, energy and fuel needed for the production of one tonne of seabass and meagre, respectively. The smaller size feed (SSF) class distributed to the fry, performed better compared to medium (MSF) and large size feed (LSF) classes provided to juveniles/adults, in relation to various environmental impact indicators. In medium and large size feeds, the main negative contributor was the use of sunflower meal, while small size feed affected these indicators through higher electricity demands and the inclusion of higher fishmeal level. The comparison between seabass and meagre revealed that meagre had significantly lower impact in all eighteen environmental impact indicators. This should be attributed to the reduced feed conversion ratio and the lower fry requirements compared to seabass. Improvements in cultivation methods of raw materials, optimized reductions in the inclusion of marine origin raw materials and improved feeding management could contribute to the overall ecological sustainability of the sector.

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