scholarly journals Rīgas Politehniskā institūta absolventa igauņu arhitekta Karla Tarvasa (1885–1975) ieguldījums Igaunijas arhitektūrā starpkaru laikā

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 63-89
Author(s):  
Sandra Mälk
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Technical Education ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Insight Into

Rīgas Politehnikums (RP) / Rīgas Politehniskais institūts (RPI) 19. gadsimtā un 20. gadsimta sākumā bija vienīgā augstākās izglītības iestāde tagadējo Baltijas valstu teritorijā, kur bija iespējams iegūt augstāko tehnisko izglītību. Tajā studēja arī pazīstami igauņu arhitekti, inženieri un rūpnieki. Viņu vidū – pazīstamais igauņu arhitekts Karls Tarvass (Karl Tarvas; 1885–1975), kurš studēja RPI no 1906. līdz 1915. gadam. Viņa radošais mantojums būtiski ietekmēja un veidoja Tallinas un tās priekšpilsētu arhitektūru 1920.–1940. gadā. Starpkaru laikā Igaunijas Republikā K. Tarvass apzināti izvēlējās uzlabot mazāk turīgo iedzīvotāju dzīves apstākļus, projektējot tipveida koka ēkas, ko mūsdienās pazīstam ar nosaukumu Tallinas māja (igauņu val. – Tallina maja). Pētījuma rezultātā sniegts ieskats K. Tarvasa studiju gados un izvērtēta viņa profesionālā darbība. K. Tarvass bija viens no Rīgas Igauņu studentu biedrības (igauņu val. – Riia Eesti Üliõpilaste Selts ( REÜS); dib. 1909) dibinātājiem, kas apvienoja RPI igauņu studentus, kuri 1921. gadā piedalījās Igaunijas Arhitektu asociācijas izveidē (igauņu val. – Eesti Arhitektide Ühing). Arī viņa trīs dēli Pauls, Pēteris un Pertels izvēlējās arhitekta profesiju, pazīstamākais no dēliem ir Pēteris Tarvass (Peeter Tarvas; 1916–1987). Riga Polytechnicum (RP) / Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI) was the only higher education institution in the territory of the present Baltic States where it was possible to obtain higher technical education in the 19th century and early 20th century. Well-known Estonian architects, engineers and industrialists also studied there. Karl Tarvas (1885–1975), a famous Estonian architect, studied at RPI from 1906 to 1915. His creative heritage significantly influenced and shaped the architecture of Tallinn and its suburbs in the 1920s and 1940s. During the Interwar period in the Republic of Estonia, K. Tarvas deliberately chose to i mprove the living conditions of the less affluent population by designing standard wooden buildings, which we now know as the Tallinn House (Estonian: Tallinna maja). This research provides an insight into the study years of K. Tarvas and critically evaluates his professional activity. K. Tarvas w as one of the founders of Riga Estonian Students’ Society (Estonian: Riia Eesti Üliõpilaste Selts; REÜS) established in 1909, which united Estonian students at RPI. He also was among the creators of the Estonian Association of Architects (Estonian: Eesti Arhitektide Ühing) in 1921. His three sons Paul, Peeter and Pärtel also chose the profession of an architect, Peeter Tarvas (1916–1987) was the most prominent of the three.

scholarly journals Contribution of Estonian Architect Karl Tarvas (1885–1975), a Graduate of Riga Polytechnic Institute, to Estonian Housing During the Interwar Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 65-92
Author(s):  
Sandra Mälk
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Technical Education ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Polytechnic Institute ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Insight Into

Riga Polytechnicum (RP) / Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI) was the only higher education institution in the territory of the present Baltic States where it was possible to obtain higher technical education in the 19th century and early 20th century. Well-known Estonian architects, engineers and industrialists also studied there. Karl Tarvas (1885–1975), a famous Estonian architect, studied at RPI from 1906 to 1915. His creative heritage significantly influenced and shaped the architecture of Tallinn and its suburbs in the 1920s and 1940s. During the Interwar period in the Republic of Estonia, K. Tarvas deliberately chose to improve the living conditions of the less affluent population by designing standard wooden buildings, which we now know as the Tallinn House (Estonian: Tallinna maja). This research provides an insight into the study years of K. Tarvas and critically evaluates his professional activity. K. Tarvas was one of the founders of Riga Estonian Students’ Society (Estonian: Riia Eesti Üliõpilaste Selts; REÜS) established in 1909, which united Estonian students at RPI. He also was among the creators of the Estonian Association of Architects (Estonian: Eesti Arhitektide Ühing) in 1921. His three sons Paul, Peeter and Pärtel also chose the profession of an architect, Peeter Tarvas (1916–1987) was the most prominent of the three.

scholarly journals The founding of the University of Belgrade and the controversy over the Faculty of Theology 1905-1920

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-149
Author(s):  
Marinko Lolic
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Higher Learning ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Crucial Problem ◽  
The One ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper presents and sheds light on a 1919 controversy unfolding in the periodical Demokratija. Its main protagonists were the notable Serbian philosopher Branislav Petronijevic, theologist Radovan Kazimirovic and physiologist Ivan Djaja, and it concerned the proposal to establish a Faculty of Theology in Belgrade. The debate reflects in fact the conflict among Serbian intellectuals over fundamental principles of the university. We believe this is a most important intellectual dispute taking place in our academic public in the early 20th century. Although historical records indicate that the position of the Faculty of Theology within the future University was discussed as early as the 19th century, when the first ideas of founding a University in Serbia had been put forward, with discussions culminating on the occasion of the establishment of the first Serbian University in 1905, the questions raised then remained mainly unsolved and marked the one-century of the Belgrade University, the most prestigious Serbian institution of higher learning. Turbulent changes in our society in the 1990s announced new searches and radical reevaluation of the condition of our higher education. The problem of the Faculty of Theology thus resurfaced within not just academic but also broader political and cultural public. Unfortunately, some participants in this debate, disregarding the complexity of the issue, have focused their attention on the communist period alone, when the Faculty of Theology was separated from the University. In this way they avoid facing the crucial problem of the contemporary Serbian society - the problem of building modern secular educational and political institutions. .

Latviešu valodas kā svešvalodas apguve Āzijā

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Inga Laizāne
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
State University ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Study Programs ◽  
Directed Learning ◽  
The Republic

The Latvian language as a foreign language (LATS) is learned both in Latvia and abroad. It can be done in higher education institutions, as well as in different courses and self-directed learning. Outside Latvia, there are many countries and higher education institutions where it is possible to acquire LATS. In some higher education institutions, the Latvian language has been taught since the beginning of the 20th century. The oldest LATS teaching traditions are in North America, Germany, Sweden, Lithuania and Australia. In some universities, such as Stockholm University, Masaryk University, Saint Petersburg State University, etc., academically strong study programs in Baltic Studies were established. Over time, study programs have been closed for various reasons, at most leaving the Latvian language as an optional course. At some universities, the Latvian language course has been discontinued. Although in some higher education institutions outside Latvia LATS could be acquired starting from the beginning of the 20th century, the most significant interest in the Latvian language was after the restoration of independence of the Republic of Latvia. Then many higher education institutions in Europe established Latvian language and culture study programs. This interest was related to the geopolitical situation. People tried to get to know the post-Soviet countries through the language. When Latvia joined the European Union, interest in the Latvian language decreased in Europe. Nowadays, interest in the Latvian language has increased in Asia, especially in China. In Asia, it is possible to acquire the Latvian language in China and Japan. There are established different Latvian language bachelor programs in universities of China while in Japan the Latvian language is taught for somebody interested in Latvian culture and traditions more than in the Latvian language.

The Ismaili Tradition in Iran: 13th Century to the Present

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Beben
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
To Receive

The Ismailis are a minority community of Shiʿi Muslims that first emerged in the 8th century. Iran has hosted one of the largest Ismaili communities since the earliest years of the movement and from 1095 to 1841 it served as the home of the Nizārī Ismaili imams. In 1256 the Ismaili headquarters at the fortress of Alamūt in northern Iran was captured by the Mongols and the Imam Rukn al-Dīn Khūrshāh was arrested and executed, opening a perilous new chapter in the history of the Ismailis in Iran. Generations of observers believed that the Ismailis had perished entirely in the course of the Mongol conquests. Beginning in the 19th century, research on the Ismailis began to slowly reveal the myriad ways in which they survived and even flourished in Iran and elsewhere into the post-Mongol era. However, scholarship on the Iranian Ismailis down to the early 20th century remained almost entirely dependent on non-Ismaili sources that were generally quite hostile toward their subject. The discovery of many previously unknown Ismaili texts beginning in the early 20th century offered prospects for a richer and more complete understanding of the tradition’s historical development. Yet despite this, the Ismaili tradition in the post-Mongol era continues to receive only a fraction of the scholarly attention given to earlier periods, and a number of sources produced by Ismaili communities in this period remain unexplored, offering valuable opportunities for future research.

scholarly journals Examining the UK higher education sector through the network of institutional accounts on Twitter

First Monday ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katy Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
University Rankings ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Network Metrics ◽  
Uk Higher Education ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Gaining Insight

Web link mining has been previously used as a way of gaining insight into how the Internet may be replicating or reshaping connections between institutions within the higher education sector. Institutions are increasingly active on social media platforms, and these connections have not been studied. This paper presents an exploratory analysis of the network of UK higher education institutional accounts on Twitter. All U.K. institutions have a presence. Standing in recent university rankings is found to be a significant predictor of several network metrics. In examining the communities present within the network, a combination of ranking and geolocation play a role. Analysis of a sample of tweets which mention more than one U.K. higher education institution provides an indication of why the topics of tweets would reinforce prestige and location in the network structure.

scholarly journals Eduards Volters and the Institutionalization of Book Science in the Early 20th Century

Knygotyra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 230-263
Author(s):  
Aušra Navickienė
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
European Region ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Eduardas Volteris (1856‒1941) is one of the first book theorists in the Eastern European region and developer of the most important memory and higher education institutions of independent Lithuania. This article analyzes the early 20th c. phenomenon of the institutionalization of book science. It attempts to answer the question of how Eduardas Volteris contributed to establishing the very first Eastern European societies of book researchers, to consolidating the sciences of bibliography, bibliology and book science within the realm of academia, and to professionalising of book scholarship. The sources for examination of the social aspects of book science are: documents belonging to the Russian Society of Bibliology, which was active in St. Petersburg in 1899–1931, materials in scholarly serial publications on book science of the early 20th c., theoretical papers published by E. Volteris, and the results of the historical studies on the history of European book science.

scholarly journals Confessional conversions on the territory of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century: overview of historiography

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Marharyta M. Karol
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
General State ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the stages of the formation of historiography devoted to the problems of confessional conversions in the second half of the 19th century on the territory of the Belarusian provinces. The historiographic trends that formed from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century were identified and analysed. The authour studies the peculiarities of Belarusian and foreign historiography at the present stage, when a large number of works on religious issues has appeared, including confessional conversions. It is argued that in Soviet times, the issue of transitions from Catholicism to Orthodoxy was practically not touched upon. In their approaches and assessments, some researchers continue the traditions of pre-revolutionary historiography, but the majority of modern scientists strive to give an objective picture of religious processes on the Belarusian lands, to show them in the context of general state policy. The relevance of the article is due to the coverage of various points of view on the problem of confessional conversions. It is noted that pre-revolutionary researchers, first of all, sought to prove the voluntariness of conversions to Orthodoxy, but during this period, works were also created in which this thesis was questioned.

scholarly journals Orthography of books and their authors at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Jurgita Venckienė
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
The Press ◽  
Prayer Books ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Research Period

During development of the Standard Lithuanian language at the end of the 19th century, the dialectal basis was chosen first, and the orthography varied yet for another twenty years. This article analyses the dual orthography – of books and personal orthography of their authors. The study is designed to find out whether the books published during that period reflect the orthographic model chosen by their authors; what factors, in addition to the author’s choice, may have influenced the orthography of the books.The influence of printers on the orthography of books during that period was smaller than before, as many authors did the proofreading themselves. Thus, printers were able to change the orthography in cases where books were printed without the author’s knowledge or consent, such as prayer books. If the author chose unusual, rare, or even self-invented characters, a limited inventory of prints could be a serious obstacle to keep their orthography in the book. As the case of Jonas Basanavičius shows, even when the author offered to finance the acquisition of the necessary prints, this was not necessarily done.At the end of the 19th century, books were published as supplements to periodicals. The editors of newspapers Ūkininkas and Tėvynės sargas adapted the orthography of such books to their periodicals. Under the terms of the press ban, it was often important for authors just to print a book, and the spelling model was chosen by the publisher. However, authors such as Basanavičius, who considered themselves the creators of the standard language, took care to present their chosen or created model of orthography in their books as well.As the cases of Liudvika Didžiulienė, Dominykas Tumėnas and Basanavičius show, two orthographic standards emerged during the research period: correspondence was written one way and books were printed another. Hence, it is not always possible to judge the orthographic model chosen by the authors in books published at the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century. 

scholarly journals Panorámica historiográfica de los estudios sobre el Mitra védico, avéstico y romano

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Israel Campos Méndez
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Global Understanding ◽  
Scientific Nature ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Accidental Discovery

Resumen: El interés que ha suscitado la figura del dios Mitra ha dejado como reflejo estudios que se remontan al periodo romano. Sin embargo, a partir del Renaci­miento el descubrimiento casual de piezas escul­tóricas de asunto mitraico, atrajo el interés de in­vestigadores que indagaron en sus escritos sobre la identidad de la divinidad que aparecía matando un toro. Durante los siglos XVI al XVIII, la temática solar y la identificación del Mitraísmo se convirtió en el contenido de estos estudios. A partir del s. XIX, empieza a tomar forma una investigación de carácter más científico sobre la cuestión mitraica, que encontrará su nacimiento formal con los tra­bajos de F. Cumont a principios del s. XX. Este si­glo pasado ha sido el que ha visto florecer el mayor y más profundo volumen de estudios desentrañan­do los misterios vinculados al dios Mitra, tanto en su vertiente de divinidad de los panteones védicos y avésticos, como en el ámbito del culto mistérico desarrollado en el marco del Imperio Romano. En los comienzos del siglo XXI, todavía permanecen abiertas algunas hipótesis iniciales, pero sí se cons­tata una vitalidad en los estudios para la compren­sión global del Mitraísmo.Palabras clave: Mitra, Mitraísmo, Avesta, Veda, Cumont.Abstract: One mark of the interest attached to the god Mithra is the line of studies dating back to the Ro­man period. It was, however, during the Renais­sance that the accidental discovery of sculptural pieces of a Mithraic subject attracted the interest of researchers, who sought to identify the bull-ki­lling divinity. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, this field of research re-oriented itself to the solar theme and the identification of Mithraism. In the 19th century, it took on a scientific nature, and the landmark the studies of F. Cumont saw the light of day in early 20th century. As the century progres­sed ambitious in-depth studies flourished, unra­velling the mysteries linked to the cult of the god Mithra, both in terms of the divinity of the Vedic and Avestan pantheons and of the sphere of the mystery cult established in the context of the Ro­man Empire. At the beginning of the 21st century, some initial hypotheses remain open, but the vi­tality of studies pursuing a global understanding of Mithraism remains unchallenged.Key words: Mithra, Mithraism, Avesta, Veda, Cumont.

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