scholarly journals Mammalian bone palaeohistology: new data and a survey

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kolb ◽  
Torsten M. Scheyer ◽  
Kristof Veitschegger ◽  
Analia M. Forasiepi ◽  
Eli Amson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Microstructure ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Bone Cortex ◽  
Primary Bone ◽  
Mammalian Bone

The interest in mammalian palaeohistology has increased dramatically in the last two decades. Starting in 1849 via descriptive approaches, it has been demonstrated that bone tissue and vascularisation types correlate with several biological variables such as ontogenetic stage, growth rate, and ecology. Mammalian bone displays a large variety of bone tissues and vascularisation patterns reaching from lamellar or parallel-fibred to fibrolamellar or woven-fibred bone, depending on taxon and individual age. Here we systematically review the knowledge and methods on mammalian bone and palaeohistology and discuss potential future research fields and techniques. We present new data on the bone microstructure of two extant marsupial species and of several extinct continental and island placental mammals. Three juvenile specimens of the dwarf island hippopotamid Hippopotamus minor from the Late Pleistocene of Cyprus show reticular to plexiform fibrolamellar bone. The island murid Mikrotia magna from the Late Miocene of Gargano, Italy displays parallel-fibred primary bone with reticular vascularisation being pervaded by irregular secondary osteons in the central part of the cortex. Leithia sp., the dormouse from the Pleistocene of Sicily, is characterised by a primary bone cortex consisting of lamellar bone and low vascularisation. The bone cortex of the fossil continental lagomorph Prolagus oeningensis and three fossil species of insular Prolagus displays parallel-fibred primary bone and reticular, radial as well as longitudinal vascularisation. Typical for large mammals, secondary bone in the giant rhinocerotoid Paraceratherium sp. from the Miocene of Turkey is represented by dense Haversian bone. The skeletochronological features of Sinomegaceros yabei, a large-sized deer from the Pleistocene of Japan closely related to Megaloceros, indicate a high growth rate. These examples and the critical summary of existing data show how bone microstructure can reveal essential information on life history evolution. The bone tissue and the skeletochronological data of the sampled island species show that there is no universal modification of bone tissue and life history specific to insular species.

scholarly journals Mammalian bone palaeohistology: new data and a survey

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kolb ◽  
Torsten M. Scheyer ◽  
Kristof Veitschegger ◽  
Analia M. Forasiepi ◽  
Eli Amson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Microstructure ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Bone Cortex ◽  
Primary Bone ◽  
Mammalian Bone

The interest in mammalian palaeohistology has increased dramatically in the last two decades. Starting in 1849 via descriptive approaches, it has been demonstrated that bone tissue and vascularisation types correlate with several biological variables such as ontogenetic stage, growth rate, and ecology. Mammalian bone displays a large variety of bone tissues and vascularisation patterns reaching from lamellar or parallel-fibred to fibrolamellar or woven-fibred bone, depending on taxon and individual age. Here we systematically review the knowledge and methods on mammalian bone and palaeohistology and discuss potential future research fields and techniques. We present new data on the bone microstructure of two extant marsupial species and of several extinct continental and island placental mammals. Three juvenile specimens of the dwarf island hippopotamid Hippopotamus minor from the Late Pleistocene of Cyprus show reticular to plexiform fibrolamellar bone. The island murid Mikrotia magna from the Late Miocene of Gargano, Italy displays parallel-fibred primary bone with reticular vascularisation being pervaded by irregular secondary osteons in the central part of the cortex. Leithia sp., the dormouse from the Pleistocene of Sicily, is characterised by a primary bone cortex consisting of lamellar bone and low vascularisation. The bone cortex of the fossil continental lagomorph Prolagus oeningensis and three fossil species of insular Prolagus displays parallel-fibred primary bone and reticular, radial as well as longitudinal vascularisation. Typical for large mammals, secondary bone in the giant rhinocerotoid Paraceratherium sp. from the Miocene of Turkey is represented by dense Haversian bone. The skeletochronological features of Sinomegaceros yabei, a large-sized deer from the Pleistocene of Japan closely related to Megaloceros, indicate a high growth rate. These examples and the critical summary of existing data show how bone microstructure can reveal essential information on life history evolution. The bone tissue and the skeletochronological data of the sampled island species show that there is no universal modification of bone tissue and life history specific to insular species.

scholarly journals Mammalian bone palaeohistology: a survey and new data with emphasis on island forms

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kolb ◽  
Torsten M. Scheyer ◽  
Kristof Veitschegger ◽  
Analia M. Forasiepi ◽  
Eli Amson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Bone Microstructure ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Bone Cortex ◽  
Primary Bone ◽  
History Evolution ◽  
Mammalian Bone

The interest in mammalian palaeohistology has increased dramatically in the last two decades. Starting in 1849 via descriptive approaches, it has been demonstrated that bone tissue and vascularisation types correlate with several biological variables such as ontogenetic stage, growth rate, and ecology. Mammalian bone displays a large variety of bone tissues and vascularisation patterns reaching from lamellar or parallel-fibred to fibrolamellar or woven-fibred bone, depending on taxon and individual age. Here we systematically review the knowledge and methods on cynodont and mammalian bone microstructure as well as palaeohistology and discuss potential future research fields and techniques. We present new data on the bone microstructure of two extant marsupial species and of several extinct continental and island placental mammals. Extant marsupials display mainly parallel-fibred primary bone with radial and oblique but mainly longitudinal vascular canals. Three juvenile specimens of the dwarf island hippopotamidHippopotamus minorfrom the Late Pleistocene of Cyprus show reticular to plexiform fibrolamellar bone. The island muridMikrotia magnafrom the Late Miocene of Gargano, Italy displays parallel-fibred primary bone with reticular vascularisation and strong remodelling in the middle part of the cortex.Leithiasp., the dormouse from the Pleistocene of Sicily, is characterised by a primary bone cortex consisting of lamellar bone and a high amount of compact coarse cancellous bone. The bone cortex of the fossil continental lagomorphProlagus oeningensisand three fossil species of insularProlagusdisplays mainly parallel-fibred primary bone and reticular, radial as well as longitudinal vascularisation. Typical for large mammals, secondary bone in the giant rhinocerotoidParaceratheriumsp. from the Late Oligocene of Turkey is represented by dense Haversian bone. The skeletochronological features ofSinomegaceros yabei, a large-sized deer from the Pleistocene of Japan closely related toMegaloceros, indicate a high growth rate. These examples and the synthesis of existing data show the potential of bone microstructure to reveal essential information on life history evolution. The bone tissue and the skeletochronological data of the sampled island species suggest the presence of various modes of bone histological modification and mammalian life history evolution on islands to depend on factors of island evolution such as island size, distance from mainland, climate, phylogeny, and time of evolution.

scholarly journals Variation and mechanisms of life history evolution in insular dwarfism as revealed by a natural experiment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoji Hayashi ◽  
Mugino O. Kubo ◽  
Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra ◽  
Hiroyuki Taruno ◽  
Masako Izawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Bone Microstructure ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Parent Population ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

AbstractIslands offer a classic topic for evolutionary studies. Few other subjects have historically raised as much fascination as the island large mammals that having evolved into dwarfs. Consensus has been gained that multivariate ecological causes are behind those changes, but what remains largely unexplored are the mechanisms behind them: how life history (age of reproduction, growth rate, longevity) change with insular dwarfism. Previous studies produced contrasting results difficult to compare, as they concerned different species in single islands. The Japanese Archipelago offers worldwide a unique natural experiment, as in its numerous islands of different sizes the same group of organisms, deer, have evolved into different sizes. Using an extensive examination of bone microstructure, statistical modelling of growth rate and demography, we demonstrate different degrees of change in life history in different islands. We discovered how different life parameters amount to a new, K-strategy contrasting to that of the parent population.

Bone microstructure: quantifying bone vascular orientation

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. de Boef ◽  
H.C.E. Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Bone Microstructure ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Primary Bone ◽  
Novel Methods ◽  
Radial Index ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nonlinear Pattern

Bone microstructure often preserves a temporal record of the life history of the animal to which it belongs. Previously used bone microstructure metrics to differentiate between primary bone types are reviewed and tested with a broad sample of bone types. Two new metrics, the radial index and the longitudinal index, are developed to quantitatively differentiate bone types based on bone vascular orientation in three dimensions. All previously used metrics described the bone microstructure in a nonlinear pattern and were unable to separate bone types satisfactorily. The radial index and longitudinal index effectively differentiated bone types and described bone microstructure within a linear continuum. The continuous nature of the range of vascular orientation in bone microstructure necessitates a quantitative approach rather than the commonly used qualitative classifications. The radial index and longitudinal index, which objectively detect small differences in vascular orientation in three dimensions, are therefore preferable to other metrics for inter- and intra-specific comparisons of bone microstructure. These metrics offer novel methods to facilitate examinations of the relationship between primary bone type and ontogeny, biomechanics, and phylogeny.

scholarly journals Biological Impact of Photoperiod on Fairy Shrimp (Branchinecta orientalis): Life History and Biochemical Composition

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 695
Author(s):  
Sara Farhadi ◽  
Behrooz Atashbar Kangarloei ◽  
Ahmad Imani ◽  
Kourosh Sarvi Moghanlou
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Fairy Shrimp ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine

B. orientalis, fairy shrimp, is often among the most conspicuous invertebrates inhabiting temporary aquatic habitats with a typical variation in environmental conditions. Its life history characteristics and biochemical composition were studied under four different photoperiodic regimes (24L:0D, 0L:24D, 16L:8D, and 12L:12D). The significantly highest cumulative and initial hatching rates (48 h) were obtained at 24L:0D (p < 0.05). Cultivating the larvae under different photoperiods did not significantly affect specific growth rate (SGR) (p > 0.05). However, higher final total body length and daily growth rate were recorded under constant darkness. Higher lipid content was found at 24L:0D to the extent that it was more than two times higher than that at 16L:8D and 12L:12D (p < 0.05). There was also a remarkable increase in body crude protein content at 24L:0D (p < 0.05). Body fatty-acid profiles of the fairy shrimps were also affected by culture condition (p < 0.05). Extension of lighting period resulted in a subtle increase in body contents of arginine, lysine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine, especially in the group kept under a 16L:8D regime. The highest and lowest digestive enzyme activity was observed at 0L:24D and 24L:0D, respectively (p < 0.05). In contrast, the highest and lowest soluble protein content was recorded at 24L:0D and 0L:24D, respectively (p < 0.05). Similarly, antioxidant status was significantly higher at 0L:24D (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a 16L:8D light–dark cycle might be an optimal condition in terms of growth performance and physio-biochemical characteristics. These findings could be helpful in optimizing the rearing conditions for upscaling B. orientalis production.

scholarly journals Asexual reproduction and growth rate: independent and plastic life history traits in Neurospora crassa

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 780-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Anderson ◽  
Bart P. S. Nieuwenhuis ◽  
Hanna Johannesson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Life History Traits

scholarly journals Indirect genetic control of migration in a salmonid fish

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 20200299
Author(s):  
Suzanne J. Kelson ◽  
Stephanie M. Carlson ◽  
Michael R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Large Genomic Region

Migration is a complex trait that often has genetic underpinnings. However, it is unclear if migratory behaviour itself is inherited (direct genetic control), or if the decision to migrate is instead the outcome of a set of physiological traits (indirect genetic control). For steelhead/rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), migration is strongly linked to a large genomic region across their range. Here, we demonstrate a shared allelic basis between early life growth rate and migratory behaviour. Next, we demonstrate that early life growth differs among resident/migratory genotypes in wild juveniles several months prior to migration, with resident genotypes achieving a larger size in their first few months of life than migratory genotypes. We suggest that the genetic basis of migration is likely indirect and mediated by physiological traits such as growth rate. Evolutionary benefits of this indirect genetic mechanism likely include flexibility among individuals and persistence of life-history diversity within and among populations.

Seaweed-associated animal communities in the Firth of Clyde, with special reference to the population biology of the amphipod Hyale nilssoni (Rathke)

1986 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 271-286
Author(s):  
P. G. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
New Work ◽  
Animal Communities ◽  
Breeding Status

SynopisPresent knowledge of animal communities associated with the algae of the Firth of Clyde is briefly reviewed. New work is presented on Hyale nilssoni (Rathke), the commonest amphipod inhabiting high littoral seaweeds, which describes the life-history characteristics over three years of a population associated with Pelvetia. Seasonal changes in growth rate, sex ratio and breeding status are described. Fecundity is investigated and data on brood and egg sizes compared with populations from other latitudes. The dynamic equilibrium between the grazer (Hyale) and the grazed (Pelvetia) is described.

Families with Identical Twins Discordant for Schizophrenia

1971 ◽  
Vol 118 (542) ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren R. Mosher ◽  
William Pollin ◽  
James R. Stabenau
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Identical Twins ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Family Roles ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Sample Methodology

Recent clinical studies of families with schizophrenic offspring have reported a variety of abnormalities, some of which—such as abnormalities of individual development, family roles and cognitive processes—appear to relate to the development of schizophrenia in a given child. The precise nature and mechanism of these possible relationships, however, have not yet been definitively established. It is to this end that we have been studying a series of families with identical twins discordant for schizophrenia. Previous reports have described the sample, methodology, and findings with regard to life history differences between the schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic twins (Pollin et al., 1965, 1966), biological variables (Stabenau et al., 1968, 1969; Stabenau and Pollin, 1967b, 1968a), parental illness (Guggenheim et al., 1969), and the interaction of constitutional and psychological variables (Pollin and Stabenau, 1967, 1968, and Stabenau and Pollin, 1967a). This paper describes an attempt to further clarify the relationships among four variables in our sample of families: (a) psychopathology; (b) identification; (c) thinking and ‘cognitive’ style; and (d) dominance-submissiveness.

Control of Oriented Extracellular Matrix Similar to Anisotropic Bone Microstructure

2014 ◽  
Vol 783-786 ◽  
pp. 72-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayoshi Nakano ◽  
Aira Matsugaki ◽  
Takuya Ishimoto ◽  
Mitsuharu Todai ◽  
Ai Serizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Bone Microstructure ◽  
Bone Cell ◽  
Collagen Fibers

Bone microstructure is dominantly composed of anisotropic extracellular matrix (ECM) in which collagen fibers and epitaxially-oriented biological apatite (BAp) crystals are preferentially aligned depending on the bone anatomical position, resulting in exerting appropriate mechanical function. The regenerative bone in bony defects is however produced without the preferential alignment of collagen fibers and the c-axis of BAp crystals, and subsequently reproduced to recover toward intact alignment. Thus, it is necessary to produce the anisotropic bone-mimetic tissue for the quick recovery of original bone tissue and the related mechanical ability in the early stage of bone regeneration. Our group is focusing on the methodology for regulating the arrangement of bone cells, the following secretion of collagen and the self-assembled mineralization by oriented BAp crystallites. Cyclic stretching in vitro to bone cells, principal-stress loading in vivo on scaffolds, step formation by slip traces on Ti single crystal, surface modification by laser induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS), anisotropic collagen substrate with the different degree of orientation, etc. can dominate bone cell arrangement and lead to the construction of the oriented ECM similar to the bone tissue architecture. This suggests that stress/strain loading, surface topography and chemical anisotropy are useful to produce bone-like microstructure in order to promote the regeneration of anisotropic bone tissue and to understand the controlling parameters for anisotropic osteogenesis induction.

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