scholarly journals Evolutionary patterns of range size, abundance and species richness in Amazonian trees

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Dexter ◽  
Jérôme Chave
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Amazonian Trees

Amazonian tree species vary enormously in their total abundance and range size, while Amazonian tree genera vary greatly in species richness. Here, we construct a phylogenetic hypothesis that represents half of Amazonian tree genera in order to analyse evolutionary patterns of range size, abundance, and species richness. We find several clear, broad-scale patterns. Firstly, there is significant phylogenetic signal for all three characteristics, i.e. closely related genera tend to have similar numbers of species and similar mean range size and abundance. Additionally, the species richness of genera shows a significant, negative relationship with the mean range size and abundance of their constituent species, while mean range size and abundance are significantly, positively correlated. These correlations are stronger in the raw data, but still significant when using phylogenetically independent contrasts. We suggest that tree stature and/or other phylogenetically related biological traits underlie these results. Lineages comprised of small-statured trees show greater species richness and smaller range sizes and abundances. Lastly, the phylogenetic signal that we evidence for range size suggests that should many small ranged species go extinct, greater phylogenetic diversity may be lost than expected if range size were distributed randomly across the phylogeny.

scholarly journals Evolutionary patterns of range size, abundance and species richness in Amazonian trees

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Dexter ◽  
Jérôme Chave
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Amazonian Trees

Amazonian tree species vary enormously in their total abundance and range size, while Amazonian tree genera vary greatly in species richness. Here, we construct a phylogenetic hypothesis that represents half of Amazonian tree genera in order to analyse evolutionary patterns of range size, abundance, and species richness. We find several clear, broad-scale patterns. Firstly, there is significant phylogenetic signal for all three characteristics, i.e. closely related genera tend to have similar numbers of species and similar mean range size and abundance. Additionally, the species richness of genera shows a significant, negative relationship with the mean range size and abundance of their constituent species, while mean range size and abundance are significantly, positively correlated. These correlations are stronger in the raw data, but still significant when using phylogenetically independent contrasts. We suggest that tree stature and/or other phylogenetically related biological traits underlie these results. Lineages comprised of small-statured trees show greater species richness and smaller range sizes and abundances. Lastly, the phylogenetic signal that we evidence for range size suggests that should many small ranged species go extinct, greater phylogenetic diversity may be lost than expected if range size were distributed randomly across the phylogeny.

scholarly journals Evolutionary patterns of range size, abundance and species richness in Amazonian angiosperm trees

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Dexter ◽  
Jérôme Chave
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Amazonian Trees

Amazonian tree species vary enormously in their total abundance and range size, while Amazonian tree genera vary greatly in species richness. The drivers of this variation are not well understood. Here, we construct a phylogenetic hypothesis that represents half of Amazonian tree genera in order to contribute to explaining the variation. We find several clear, broad-scale patterns. Firstly, there is significant phylogenetic signal for all three characteristics; closely related genera tend to have similar numbers of species and similar mean range size and abundance. Additionally, the species richness of genera shows a significant, negative relationship with the mean range size and abundance of their constituent species. Our results suggest that phylogenetically correlated intrinsic factors, namely traits of the genera themselves, shape among lineage variation in range size, abundance and species richness. We postulate that tree stature may be one particularly relevant trait. However, other traits may also be relevant, and our study reinforces the need for ambitious compilations of trait data for Amazonian trees. In the meantime, our study shows how large-scale phylogenies can help to elucidate, and contribute to explaining, macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns in hyperdiverse, yet poorly understood regions like the Amazon Basin.

Influence of habitat on home-range size in the short-beaked echidna

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Sprent ◽  
Stewart C. Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Spatial Ecology ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Home Range Size ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Solitary Species

The size of an animal’s home range is strongly influenced by the resources available within it. In productive, resource-rich habitats sufficient resources are obtainable within a smaller area, and for many species, home ranges are smaller in resource-rich habitats than in habitats with lower resource abundance. Location data on 14 male and 27 female echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) fitted with tracking transmitters, in the southern midlands of Tasmania, were used to test the influence of habitat type on home-range size. We hypothesised that as woodland should offer more shelter, food resources and refuges than pasture, echidnas living in woodland would have smaller home ranges than those living in pasture areas. We found significant differences between the sexes. Male echidnas had a significantly larger mean home range than females and a quite different relationship between home-range size and habitat type from females. There was no relationship between the proportion of woodland within male home ranges and home-range size whereas female echidnas had a highly significant negative relationship. This suggests that home-range size of female echidnas is highly influenced by the amount of woodland within it, but the home-range size of male echidnas is controlled by factors other than habitat. This pattern is consistent with the spatial ecology of many other solitary species with a promiscuous mating system. The home ranges of females are scaled to encompass all necessary resources for successfully raising their young within a minimal area, whilst the large home ranges of males are scaled to maximise access to females.

Studies on the habits of zebu cattle. III. Water consumption of Zebu cattle

1955 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. L. Rollinson ◽  
K. W. Harker ◽  
J. I. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean

In continuation of a series of studies on the habits of Zebu cattle, records for the quantities of water consumed every hour by ten cattle during twenty periods of 24 hr. observations have been analysed.A large variation in day-to-day consumption was evident, but water was taken on an average during 8 hr. of the day with only a small amount of water consumed during darkness. The mean consumption per animal per 24 hr. period was 9·04 kg. (1·9 gal.). The range was 5·1–12·7 kg. (1·1–2·8 gal.).The water consumption records were subdivided into those days on which water was drunk during a small number of hours and those days when water was drunk during many hours. Although the hourly consumption differed markedly the end result showed a similar intake.A significant negative relationship was found between water consumed and grazing counts, and for one group a significant positive correlation was found between water consumption and dry air temperature.

scholarly journals Association of Serum Magnesium Levels with Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) Urine in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease Stage 1 and 2

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
M. Hashemi Rafsanjani ◽  
Sony Wibisono ◽  
Chandra Irwanadi
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Diabetic Kidney Disease ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Metalloproteinase 9

Introduction: The progressiveness of stage 1 and 2 kidney disease is indicated by an increase in matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is characterized by a thuckening of the glomerular basement membrane followed ultimately by progression to glomerular sclerosis and fibrosis. One of the factors that contribute is magnesium levels. This study aimed to determine the association between serum magnesium levels and MMP-9 urine in patients with stage 1 and 2 DKD.Methods: This was a cross sectional study from stage 1 and 2 DKD patients. Patients were examined for serum magnesium levels and urine MMP-9. Urine MMP-9 examination was taken from the middle portion urine collection and examined using Sandwich-ELISA method then normalized with urine creatinine. The correlation between magnesium and MMP-9 urine was analyzed by the Spearman rank test.Results: This study involved 56 subjects. The mean serum magnesium level was 1.8 ± 0.26 mg/dL. The mean MMP-9 was 120 ng/g creatinin. The mean value of FBG (fasting blood glucose) in patients in the study was 153.29±50.22 mg/dL. The mean value of PPG (post prandial glucose) was 233.61±71.3 mg/dL. The mean HbA1c value was 7.6±1.13%. The mean creatinin serum value was 1.1±0.43 mg/dL. There was a significant negative relationship with a moderate correlation between serum magnesium levels and urine MMP-9 (p = 0.000, r -0.512).Conclusion: There was a significant negative relationship between serum magnesium levels and urine MMP-9 in stage 1 and 2 DKD patients.

scholarly journals Patient-Reported Allergies, a Marker of Preoperative Pain and Disability in Elective Spine Surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-597
Author(s):  
Keith W. Lyons ◽  
Tracy M. Borsinger ◽  
Adriana P. Lucas ◽  
Kevin J. McGuire ◽  
Adam M. Pearson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Neck Disability Index ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Preoperative Pain ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Study Design: Retrospective review. Objective: Previous literature demonstrates mixed results regarding the relationship between patient-reported allergies and pain, function, and satisfaction scores. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between patient-reported allergies and preoperative Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement System (PROMIS) scores. Methods: All patients undergoing elective cervical, lumbar procedures between May 2017 and October 2018 were included. Baseline demographic information was recorded, as well as all reported allergies or adverse reactions. Preoperative PROMIS, ODI, and NDI scores were recorded. Hierarchical multiple linear regressions were used to assess the relationship between total number of allergies and the preoperative pain and function scores. Results: A total of 570 patients were included (476 lumbar, 94 cervical). The mean number of allergies reported was 1.89 ± 2.32. The mean preoperative ODI and NDI scores were 46.39 ± 17.67 and 43.47 ± 16.51, respectively. The mean preoperative PROMIS Physical Health and PROMIS Mental Health scores were 37.21 ± 6.54 and 43.89 ± 9.26, respectively. Hierarchical multiple linear regression showed that total number of reported allergies shared a statistically significant negative relationship with all of the following scores: ODI ( B = 0.83, P = .02), NDI ( B = 1.45, P = .02), PROMIS Physical Health ( B = −0.29, P = .013), and PROMIS Mental Health ( B = −0.38, P = .024). Conclusions: Patient-reported allergies share a statistically significant negative relationship with preoperative pain and function scores; as patients have increasing total number of allergies, the ODI/NDI scores become worse (increase) and the PROMIS scores become worse (decrease).

scholarly journals Phylogenetic signal in extinction selectivity in Devonian terebratulide brachiopods

Paleobiology ◽  
10.1666/14006 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Harnik ◽  
Paul C. Fitzgerald ◽  
Jonathan L. Payne ◽  
Sandra J. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Extinction Selectivity

Determining which biological traits affect taxonomic durations is critical for explaining macroevolutionary patterns. Two approaches are commonly used to investigate the associations between traits and durations and/or extinction and origination rates: analyses of taxonomic occurrence patterns in the fossil record and comparative phylogenetic analyses, predominantly of extant taxa. By capitalizing upon the empirical record of past extinctions, paleontological data avoid some of the limitations of existing methods for inferring extinction and origination rates from molecular phylogenies. However, most paleontological studies of extinction selectivity have ignored phylogenetic relationships because there is a dearth of phylogenetic hypotheses for diverse non-vertebrate higher taxa in the fossil record. This omission inflates the degrees of freedom in statistical analyses and leaves open the possibility that observed associations are indirect, reflecting shared evolutionary history rather than the direct influence of particular traits on durations. Here we investigate global patterns of extinction selectivity in Devonian terebratulide brachiopods and compare the results of taxonomic vs. phylogenetic approaches. Regression models that assume independence among taxa provide support for a positive association between geographic range size and genus duration but do not indicate an association between body size and genus duration. Brownian motion models of trait evolution identify significant similarities in body size, range size, and duration among closely related terebratulide genera. We use phylogenetic regression to account for shared evolutionary history and find support for a significant positive association between range size and duration among terebratulides that is also phylogenetically structured. The estimated range size–duration relationship is moderately weaker in the phylogenetic analysis due to the down-weighting of closely related genera that were both broadly distributed and long lived; however, this change in slope is not statistically significant. These results provide evidence for the phylogenetic conservatism of organismal and emergent traits, yet also the general phylogenetic independence of the relationship between range size and duration.

scholarly journals The evolution of vocal duets and migration in New World warblers (Parulidae)

The Auk ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam R Mitchell ◽  
Lauryn Benedict ◽  
Jakica Cavar ◽  
Nadje Najar ◽  
David M Logue
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Explicit Correlation ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Vocal Duets

Abstract Vocal duets occur when 2 individuals vocalize in temporal coordination. In birds, duet participation functions to cooperatively defend shared resources, localize mates, and in some species, guard the mate. Previous work indicates that duetting tends to co-evolve with a non-migratory lifestyle, probably because the absence of migration facilitates greater cooperation between mates. We examined the evolution of duetting and migration in New World warblers (Parulidae), a group that has been largely ignored by duetting research. Of the 95 species in our analysis, we found evidence of duetting in 19 (20%) species, and evidence of migration in 45 (47.4%) species. Ancestral character reconstruction indicated that the last common ancestor of the New World warblers did not duet. Duetting evolved multiple times in this group, including 2 early origins and several more recent origins. Migration was present in the last common ancestor and was lost several times. Both duetting and migration exhibit phylogenetic signal. A phylogenetically explicit correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between duetting and migration, in keeping with findings from other avian taxa. This study, the first description of the evolution of duetting in a large avian family with a temperate-zone origin, supports the hypothesis that duetting co-evolves with a sedentary natural history in birds.

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