scholarly journals Antioxidant enzyme cycling over reproductive lunar cycles in Pocillopora damicornis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James WA Murphy ◽  
Abby C Collier ◽  
Robert H Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Lethal Level ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Enzymes ◽  
Coral Health ◽  
Reproductive Cycles ◽  
Physical Environmental Factors

The impacts of continued degradation of watersheds on coastal coral reefs world-wide is alarming. Action addressing anthropogenic stressors and subsequent rehabilitation of watersheds and adjacent reefs is an urgent priority. The aim of this study is to develop and improve the use of antioxidant enzymes as biomarkers in coral species. In order to fully develop such tools, it is necessary to perform sampling of coral tissues over reproductive cycles to determine variations from baseline. By developing a greater understanding of biochemical markers of stress in corals, specifically antioxidant defense enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), we have provided molecular tools that identify thresholds of stress on coral reefs. Our results suggest that the coral reproductive state is a significant factor affecting the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Specifically, CAT (65.92 mmol/min/mg protein, p = 0.0177) and GR (12.64 nmol/min/mg protein, p < 0.0001) display maximum activity during peak reproductive state. Whereas significant maximal SOD (154.92 nmol/min/mg protein, p < 0.0454) and Se-independent GPx (5.35 nmol/min/mg protein, p = 0.0001) activity was measured during off-peak reproductive cycles. Such insight into the cyclical variation of the activity of these enzymes should be applied towards differentiating the influence of natural biological activity cycling in diagnostic tests identifying the effects of different physical environmental factors and chemical pollutants on coral health. Through the development and application of these molecular biomarkers of stress, we look to improve our ability to identify problems at the sub-lethal level, when action can be taken to mitigate a/biotic impacts.

scholarly journals Antioxidant enzyme cycling over reproductive lunar cycles in Pocillopora damicornis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James WA Murphy ◽  
Abby C Collier ◽  
Robert H Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Lethal Level ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Enzymes ◽  
Coral Health ◽  
Reproductive Cycles ◽  
Physical Environmental Factors

The impacts of continued degradation of watersheds on coastal coral reefs world-wide is alarming. Action addressing anthropogenic stressors and subsequent rehabilitation of watersheds and adjacent reefs is an urgent priority. The aim of this study is to develop and improve the use of antioxidant enzymes as biomarkers in coral species. In order to fully develop such tools, it is necessary to perform sampling of coral tissues over reproductive cycles to determine variations from baseline. By developing a greater understanding of biochemical markers of stress in corals, specifically antioxidant defense enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), we have provided molecular tools that identify thresholds of stress on coral reefs. Our results suggest that the coral reproductive state is a significant factor affecting the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Specifically, CAT (65.92 mmol/min/mg protein, p = 0.0177) and GR (12.64 nmol/min/mg protein, p < 0.0001) display maximum activity during peak reproductive state. Whereas significant maximal SOD (154.92 nmol/min/mg protein, p < 0.0454) and Se-independent GPx (5.35 nmol/min/mg protein, p = 0.0001) activity was measured during off-peak reproductive cycles. Such insight into the cyclical variation of the activity of these enzymes should be applied towards differentiating the influence of natural biological activity cycling in diagnostic tests identifying the effects of different physical environmental factors and chemical pollutants on coral health. Through the development and application of these molecular biomarkers of stress, we look to improve our ability to identify problems at the sub-lethal level, when action can be taken to mitigate a/biotic impacts.

scholarly journals Antioxidant enzyme cycling over reproductive lunar cycles in Pocillopora damicornis

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W.A. Murphy ◽  
Abby C. Collier ◽  
Robert H. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Lunar Cycles ◽  
Lethal Level ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Enzymes ◽  
Reproductive Cycles

The impacts of continued degradation of watersheds on coastal coral reefs world-wide is alarming, and action addressing anthropogenic stressors and subsequent rehabilitation of watersheds and adjacent reefs is an urgent priority. The aim of this study is to develop and improve the use of antioxidant enzymes as bioindicators of stress in coral species. In order to fully develop such tools, it is necessary to first understand baseline cycling of these enzymes within coral tissues. Due to inherent links between reproduction and oxidative stress, these aims may be facilitated by sampling coral tissues over reproductively-linked lunar cycles to determine variations from baseline. By developing a greater understanding of biochemical markers of stress in corals, specifically antioxidant defense enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Hawaiian Pocillopora damicornis, we have provided molecular tools that identify thresholds of stress on coral reefs. Our results suggest that the coral reproductive state is a significant factor affecting the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Specifically, CAT and GR display maximum activity during peak reproductive state. Whereas significant maximal Se-independent GPx and SOD activity was measured during off-peak reproductive cycles. Such insight into the cyclical variation of the activity of these enzymes should be applied towards differentiating the influence of natural biological activity cycling in diagnostic tests identifying the effects of different physical environmental factors and chemical pollutants on coral health. Through the development and application of these molecular biomarkers of stress, we look to improve our ability to identify problems at the sub-lethal level, when action can be taken to mitigate a/biotic impacts.

scholarly journals Multi-domain probiotic consortium as an alternative to chemical remediation of oil spills at coral reefs and adjacent sites

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise P. Silva ◽  
Helena D. M. Villela ◽  
Henrique F. Santos ◽  
Gustavo A. S. Duarte ◽  
José Roberto Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Oil Contamination ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Corexit 9500 ◽  
Coral Health ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Beginning in the last century, coral reefs have suffered the consequences of anthropogenic activities, including oil contamination. Chemical remediation methods, such as dispersants, can cause substantial harm to corals and reduce their resilience to stressors. To evaluate the impacts of oil contamination and find potential alternative solutions to chemical dispersants, we conducted a mesocosm experiment with the fire coral Millepora alcicornis, which is sensitive to environmental changes. We exposed M. alcicornis to a realistic oil-spill scenario in which we applied an innovative multi-domain bioremediator consortium (bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeast) and a chemical dispersant (Corexit® 9500, one of the most widely used dispersants), to assess the effects on host health and host-associated microbial communities. Results The selected multi-domain microbial consortium helped to mitigate the impacts of the oil, substantially degrading the polycyclic aromatic and n-alkane fractions and maintaining the physiological integrity of the corals. Exposure to Corexit 9500 negatively impacted the host physiology and altered the coral-associated microbial community. After exposure, the abundances of certain bacterial genera such as Rugeria and Roseovarius increased, as previously reported in stressed or diseased corals. We also identified several bioindicators of Corexit 9500 in the microbiome. The impact of Corexit 9500 on the coral health and microbial community was far greater than oil alone, killing corals after only 4 days of exposure in the flow-through system. In the treatments with Corexit 9500, the action of the bioremediator consortium could not be observed directly because of the extreme toxicity of the dispersant to M. alcicornis and its associated microbiome. Conclusions Our results emphasize the importance of investigating the host-associated microbiome in order to detect and mitigate the effects of oil contamination on corals and the potential role of microbial mitigation and bioindicators as conservation tools. Chemical dispersants were far more damaging to corals and their associated microbiome than oil, and should not be used close to coral reefs. This study can aid in decision-making to minimize the negative effects of oil and dispersants on coral reefs.

scholarly journals Effect of melatonin on antioxidant enzyme activities in blood erythrocytes of rats during acute emotional stress

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Pertsov ◽  
L.S. Kalinichenko ◽  
E.V. Koplik ◽  
L.G. Nagler ◽  
E.S. Alinkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Emotional Stress ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Defense Enzymes ◽  
Experimental Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Enzymes ◽  
Induced Changes

The effect of the epiphyseal hormone melatonin on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) was studied in peripheral blood erythrocytes of behaviorally passive and active Wistar rats. Acute emotional stress was modeled by immobilization of animals for1 h with simultaneous electrocutaneous stimulation. Basal activity of antioxidant glutathione enzymes in erythrocytes of behaviorally passive rats was higher than that in active animals. Administration of melatonin (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was accompanied by a decrease in the activity of GPx and GR in erythrocytes from non-stressed passive animals. After experimental stress, passive rats demonstrated a significant increase in the activity of Cu/Zn-SOD and GPx in peripheral blood erythrocytes. The absence of stress-induced changes in functional activity of antioxidant defense enzymes in the blood of behaviorally active animals suggests a relatively constant oxidative status of tissues in these animals under stress conditions. Melatonin administration had little effect on stress-induced changes in functional activity of the erythrocyte antioxidant system in passive rats. Active specimens pretreated with melatonin before stress exposure were characterized by activation of study antioxidant enzymes. Quantitative parameters of the erythrocyte antioxidant defense enzymes did not differ in behaviorally active and passive rats subjected to experimental stress after melatonin injection. Thus, exogenous melatonin abolishes differences in the activity of study antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes of animals with different behavioral parameters under basal conditions and after experimental stress. In passive rats melatonin mainly reduced the initial tension of oxidative processes. By contrast, administration of this hormone to active specimens is followed by an increase in functional activity of the antioxidant enzyme system under conditions of acute stress.

scholarly journals Filling the gaps: first record of the Crown-of-thorns Starfish, Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758) (Spinulosida: Acanthasteridae), at Gorgona Island, Colombia, Tropical Eastern Pacific

Check List ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 2112
Author(s):  
Fernando A. Zapata ◽  
María Del Mar Palacios ◽  
Valentina Zambrano ◽  
Melina Rodríguez-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
First Record ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Acanthaster Planci ◽  
Tropical Eastern Pacific

We report the occurrence of a major corallivore, the Crown-of-thorns Starfish Acanthaster planci, on the coral reefs of Gorgona Island, Tropical Eastern Pacific. Three individuals were sighted on opposite sides of the island, where they fed on small coral colonies of Pavona varians and Pocillopora damicornis. These sightings are noteworthy in light of reports that have demonstrated that the geographic distribution of A. planci is gradually increasing in the equatorial eastern Pacific, particularly south of the Gulf of Chiriquí (Panama) where it was previously absent.

scholarly journals Status of Coral Health and Disease in Kessilampe Waters, Kendari, South East Sulawesi

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Ratna Diyah Palupi ◽  
Rahmadani Rahmadani ◽  
Ira Ira
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Coral Disease ◽  
White Spot ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Coral Diseases ◽  
White Syndrome ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Coral Health ◽  
Global Threat

Diseases of coral reef organisms have become a global threat to coral reefs and a major cause of reef deterioration. The presence of coral diseases influence marine resources productivity that interact with coral reefs. The purpose of this research is to identify coral disease types and prevalence which include coral health compromiser. Data collection was done by using 40 m2 belt transects at three observation stations. The result showed that the White Syndrome (WS), Bleaching, Ulcerative White Spot (UWS), Skeleton Eroding Band (SEB), White Patch (WP), and Non Focal Bleaching were found at research sites, while the coral health compromisers were Sediment damage, fish bite, invertebrate galls, flatworm infestation, and pigmentation response. In addition disease of White Syndrome (WS), Bleaching, and Ulcerative White Spot (UWS) were the main disease with prevalence of disease is approximately 4%, while the others were lower than 1%. Overall the prevalence of diseases (14,52%) is higher than compromise health (13,98%). A total of 186 coral colonies observed with 27 colonies were affected by diseases. Meanwhile, the waters quality (salinity, pH, and nitrate) were below the threshold quality standards for marine aquatic animal and not supported of coral organism was presume organisms against pathogens bacterial. Although the prevalence of coral disease is still in normal condition but the decrease of water quality can lead the risk. Good management is required from local government to improve the water quality especially from terrestrial impact.

scholarly journals A study of the antioxidants in Oxytropis pilosa (L.) DC.

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragoljub Miladinovic ◽  
Ljiljana Miladinovic ◽  
Stevo Najman
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B ◽  
Catalase Peroxidase ◽  
High Antioxidant Activity

The objective of this study was to estimate the antioxidative potential of Oxytropis pilosa (L.) DC. during the active vegetative period. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase), the quantities of malonyldialdehyde, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and reduced glutathione and the content of total flavonoids, chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids and soluble proteins were determined. The results showed that extracts from all plant organs exhibited antioxidant activity. The highest antioxidant ability was observed in the leaves where all the investigated antioxidant enzymes were active in a specific way: During the spring season, peroxidase showed the maximum activity 18.54 U mg-1 prot., catalase peaked in summer 9.04 U mg-1 prot, whereas, during the autumn season, superoxide dismutase showed maximum activity, 54.28 U mg-1 prot. Reduced glutathione, pigments and carotenoids present in the leaves contribute to the high antioxidant activity. Furthermore, inhibition of chemiluminiscence activity of Balb/c mice blood phagocytes by crude leaf extracts were 30.2 % and 36.5 %.

scholarly journals Mitigation of bacterial spot disease induced biotic stress in Capsicum annuum L. cultivars via antioxidant enzymes and isoforms

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Musarrat Ramzan ◽  
Sundas Sana ◽  
Nida Javaid ◽  
Anis Ali Shah ◽  
Samina Ejaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Spot Disease ◽  
Defensive Role ◽  
Bacterial Spot Disease

AbstractBacterial spot, caused by a group of Xanthomonads (Xanthomonas spp.), is a devastating disease. It can adversely affect the Capsicum annum productivity. Scientists are working on the role of antioxidants to meet this challenge. However, research is lacking on the role of antioxidant enzymes and their isoforms in the non-compatible pathogen and host plant interaction and resistance mechanisms in capsicum varieties. The present study was conducted to ascertain the defensive role of antioxidant enzymes and their isoforms in chilli varieties Hybrid, Desi, Serrano, Padron, and Shehzadi against bacterial spot disease-induced Xanthomonas sp. The seedlings were inoculated with bacterial pathogen @ 107 CFU/mL, and samples were harvested after regular intervals of 24 h for 4 days followed by inoculation. Total plant proteins were extracted in phosphate buffer and quantified through Bradford assay. The crude protein extracts were analyzed through quantitative enzymatic assays in order to document activity levels of various antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase (POD), Catalase (CAT), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, the profiles appearance of these enzymes and their isoforms were determined using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis. These enzymes exhibited maximum activity in Hybrid (HiR) cultivar followed by Desi (R), Serrano (S), Padron, and Shehzadi (HS). Both the number of isoforms and expression levels were higher in highly resistant cultivars compared to susceptible and highly susceptible cultivars. The induction of POD, CAT, and SOD occurs at the early stages of growth in resistant Capsicum cultivars. At the same time, APX seems to make the second line of antioxidant defense mechanisms. We found that modulating antioxidant enzymes and isoforms activity at the seedling stage was an important mechanism for mitigating plant growth inhibition in the resistant ones.

scholarly journals Microplastics ingestion and heterotrophy in thermally stressed corals

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy B. Axworthy ◽  
Jacqueline L. Padilla-Gamiño
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Global Change ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Montipora Capitata ◽  
Thermally Stressed

AbstractRising sea temperatures and increasing pollution threaten the fate of coral reefs and millions of people who depend on them. Some reef-building corals respond to thermal stress and subsequent bleaching with increases in heterotrophy, which may increase the risk of ingesting microplastics. Whether this heterotrophic plasticity affects microplastics ingestion or whether ingesting microplastics affects heterotrophic feeding in corals is unknown. To determine this, two coral species, Montipora capitata and Pocillopora damicornis, were exposed to ambient (~27 °C) and increased (~30 °C) temperature and then fed microplastics, Artemia nauplii, or both. Following thermal stress, both species significantly reduced feeding on Artemia but no significant decrease in microplastics ingestion was observed. Interestingly, P. damicornis only ingested microplastics when Artemia were also present, providing evidence that microplastics are not selectively ingested by this species and are only incidentally ingested when food is available. As the first study to examine microplastics ingestion following thermal stress in corals, our results highlight the variability in the risk of microplastics ingestion among species and the importance of considering multiple drivers to project how corals will be affected by global change.

scholarly journals Colorimetric Detection of Caspase 3 Activity and Reactive Oxygen Derivatives: Potential Early Indicators of Thermal Stress in Corals

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mickael Ros ◽  
Mathieu Pernice ◽  
Sebastien Le Guillou ◽  
Martina A. Doblin ◽  
Verena Schrameyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Colorimetric Detection ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Coral Host ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Coral Health ◽  
Early Indicators

There is an urgent need to develop and implement rapid assessments of coral health to allow effective adaptive management in response to coastal development and global change. There is now increasing evidence that activation of caspase-dependent apoptosis plays a key role during coral bleaching and subsequent mortality. In this study, a “clinical” approach was used to assess coral health by measuring the activity of caspase 3 using a commercial kit. This method was first applied while inducing thermal bleaching in two coral species,Acropora milleporaandPocillopora damicornis. The latter species was then chosen to undergo further studies combining the detection of oxidative stress-related compounds (catalase activity and glutathione concentrations) as well as caspase activity during both stress and recovery phases. Zooxanthellae photosystem II (PSII) efficiency and cell density were measured in parallel to assess symbiont health. Our results demonstrate that the increased caspase 3 activity in the coral host could be detected before observing any significant decrease in the photochemical efficiency of PSII in the algal symbionts and/or their expulsion from the host. This study highlights the potential of host caspase 3 and reactive oxygen species scavenging activities as early indicators of stress in individual coral colonies.

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