scholarly journals Choosing favorites: the host preference of a vascular epiphyte (Didymoglassum tahitense)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Klein
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Native Trees ◽  
Invasive Trees ◽  
Mass Volume ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vascular Epiphyte

Background. The specific relationships between hosts and epiphytes are fairly unknown. Biotic factors contributing to epiphytic distribution have generally been considered secondary predictors to epiphyte growth and range. Invasive species pose risk to the biodiversity of epiphytes by altering the very specific environments epiphytes require to grow, which could ultimately harm the ecosystem as a whole. This study investigates the relationship between a tropical island vascular epiphyte, Didymoglassum tahitense, to wood density, bark phosphorus and host species in order to understand the specific interactions between host and epiphyte. Methods. Epiphytic surveys were conducted on the two native trees N. forsteri and I. fagifer and two invasive trees S. campanulata and P. falcataria to test for D. tahitense abundance and presence. Wood density for all tree species was calculated with the equation density=mass/volume, where volume was found using the displacement method and the mass by calculating dry mass. Phosphorus concentrations in the bark and epiphyte were found using an elemental analyzer. Results. The study found that D. tahitense preferred to live on the two native species N. forsteri and I. fagifer and that no D. tahitense grew on the invasive trees S. campanulata and P. falcataria. Of these four tree species, the two native trees had lower bark density and higher phosphorus concentrations where the invasive trees had higher bark density and lower phosphorus amounts. Discussion. With these findings, I assume that D. tahitense is host specific to species with high phosphorus in their wood.

scholarly journals Choosing favorites: the host preference of a vascular epiphyte (Didymoglassum tahitense)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Klein
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Native Trees ◽  
Invasive Trees ◽  
Mass Volume ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vascular Epiphyte

Background. The specific relationships between hosts and epiphytes are fairly unknown. Biotic factors contributing to epiphytic distribution have generally been considered secondary predictors to epiphyte growth and range. Invasive species pose risk to the biodiversity of epiphytes by altering the very specific environments epiphytes require to grow, which could ultimately harm the ecosystem as a whole. This study investigates the relationship between a tropical island vascular epiphyte, Didymoglassum tahitense, to wood density, bark phosphorus and host species in order to understand the specific interactions between host and epiphyte. Methods. Epiphytic surveys were conducted on the two native trees N. forsteri and I. fagifer and two invasive trees S. campanulata and P. falcataria to test for D. tahitense abundance and presence. Wood density for all tree species was calculated with the equation density=mass/volume, where volume was found using the displacement method and the mass by calculating dry mass. Phosphorus concentrations in the bark and epiphyte were found using an elemental analyzer. Results. The study found that D. tahitense preferred to live on the two native species N. forsteri and I. fagifer and that no D. tahitense grew on the invasive trees S. campanulata and P. falcataria. Of these four tree species, the two native trees had lower bark density and higher phosphorus concentrations where the invasive trees had higher bark density and lower phosphorus amounts. Discussion. With these findings, I assume that D. tahitense is host specific to species with high phosphorus in their wood.

scholarly journals Biotic threats for 23 major non-native tree species in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Pötzelsberger ◽  
Martin M. Gossner ◽  
Ludwig Beenken ◽  
Anna Gazda ◽  
Michal Petr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Native Trees ◽  
Native Tree ◽  
Native Tree Species

AbstractFor non-native tree species with an origin outside of Europe a detailed compilation of enemy species including the severity of their attack is lacking up to now. We collected information on native and non-native species attacking non-native trees, i.e. type, extent and time of first observation of damage for 23 important non-native trees in 27 European countries. Our database includes about 2300 synthesised attack records (synthesised per biotic threat, tree and country) from over 800 species. Insects (49%) and fungi (45%) are the main observed biotic threats, but also arachnids, bacteria including phytoplasmas, mammals, nematodes, plants and viruses have been recorded. This information will be valuable to identify patterns and drivers of attacks, and trees with a lower current health risk to be considered for planting. In addition, our database will provide a baseline to which future impacts on non-native tree species could be compared with and thus will allow to analyse temporal trends of impacts.

Costs and benefits of gas inside wood and its relationship with anatomical traits: a contrast between trees and lianas

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 856-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arildo Souza Dias ◽  
Rafael Silva Oliveira ◽  
Fernando Roberto Martins
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Gas inside wood plays an important role in plant functioning, but there has been no study examining the adaptive nature of gas inside wood across plants differing in biomechanical demands. Using a comparative approach, we measured gas volumetric content, xylem’s anatomical traits and wood density of 15 tree and 16 liana species, to test whether gas content varies between these plant types strongly differing in their biomechanical demands. We asked (i) whether trees and lianas differ in gas content and (ii) how anatomical traits and wood density are related to gas content. Lianas had significantly less gas content in their branches compared with tree species. In tree species, gas content scaled positively with fiber, vessel and xylem cross-sectional area and fiber and vessel diameter, and negatively with dry-mass density. When pooling trees and lianas together, fiber cross-sectional area was the strongest predictor of gas content, with higher xylem cross-sectional area of fiber associated with higher gas content. In addition, we showed, through a simple analytical model, that gas inside wood increases the minimum branch diameter needed to prevent rupture, and this effect was stronger on trees compared with lianas. Our results support the view that gas inside wood plays an important role in the evolution of biomechanical functioning in different plant forms. Gas inside wood may also play an important role in physiological activities such as water transport, storage, photosynthesis and respiration, but it is still unknown whether these roles are or are not secondary to the mechanical support.

scholarly journals New formula and conversion factor to compute tree species basic wood density from a global wood technology database

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghislain Vieilledent ◽  
Fabian Jörg Fischer ◽  
Jérôme Chave ◽  
Daniel Guibal ◽  
Patrick Langbour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Conversion Factor ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Exact Formula ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Wood Technology ◽  
Conversion Factors ◽  
Living Tree

AbstractPremise of the studyBasic wood density is an important ecological trait for woody plants. It is used to characterize species performance and fitness in community ecology, and to compute tree and forest biomass in carbon cycle studies. While wood density has been historically measured at 12% moisture, it is convenient for ecological purposes to convert this measure to basic wood density, i.e. the ratio of dry mass over green volume. Basic wood density can then be used to compute tree dry biomass from living tree volume.MethodsHere, we derive a new, exact formula to compute the basic wood density Db from the density at moisture content w denoted Dw, the fibre saturation point S, and the volumetric shrinkage coefficient R. We estimated a new conversion factor using a global wood technology database where values to use this formula are available for 4022 trees collected in 64 countries (mostly tropical) and representing 872 species.Key resultsWe show that previous conversion factors used to convert densities at 12% moisture into basic wood densities are inconsistent. Based on theory and data, we found that basic wood density could be inferred from the density at 12% moisture using the following formula: Db = 0.828D122. This value of 0.828 provides basic wood density estimates 4-5% smaller than values inferred from previous conversion factors.ConclusionsThis new conversion factor should be used to derive basic wood densities in global wood density databases. This would prevent overestimating global forest carbon stocks and allow predicting better tree species community dynamics from wood density.

scholarly journals A taxonomically detailed and large-scale view of the factors affecting the distribution and abundance of tree species planted in private gardens of Christchurch city, New Zealand

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10588
Author(s):  
Wei Quan ◽  
Jon J. Sullivan ◽  
Colin D. Meurk ◽  
Glenn H. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Native Trees

A city’s planted trees, the great majority of which are in private gardens, play a fundamental role in shaping a city’s wild ecology, ecosystem functioning, and ecosystem services. However, studying tree diversity across a city’s many thousands of separate private gardens is logistically challenging. After the disastrous 2010–2011 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, over 7,000 homes were abandoned and a botanical survey of these gardens was contracted by the Government’s Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA) prior to buildings being demolished. This unprecedented access to private gardens across the 443.9 hectares ‘Residential Red Zone’ area of eastern Christchurch is a unique opportunity to explore the composition of trees in private gardens across a large area of a New Zealand city. We analysed these survey data to describe the effects of housing age, socio-economics, human population density, and general soil quality, on tree abundance, species richness, and the proportion of indigenous and exotic species. We found that while most of the tree species were exotic, about half of the individual trees were local native species. There is an increasing realisation of the native tree species values among Christchurch citizens and gardens in more recent areas of housing had a higher proportion of smaller/younger native trees. However, the same sites had proportionately more exotic trees, by species and individuals, amongst their larger planted trees than older areas of housing. The majority of the species, and individuals, of the larger (≥10 cm DBH) trees planted in gardens still tend to be exotic species. In newer suburbs, gardens in wealthy areas had more native trees than gardens from poorer areas, while in older suburbs, poorer areas had more native big trees than wealthy areas. In combination, these describe, in detail unparalleled for at least in New Zealand, how the tree infrastructure of the city varies in space and time. This lays the groundwork for better understanding of how wildlife distribution and abundance, wild plant regeneration, and ecosystem services, are affected by the city’s trees.

Gebirgswaldpflege – es kommt auf den Standort an | Mountain silviculture – it all depends on the site

2001 ◽  
Vol 152 (5) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Frehner
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Snow Mould ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Protection Forests

The article shows that knowledge of the site of a particular forest stand, together with research results and experience, can provide information that is important for the cultivation of mountain forests, including knowledge of the composition of the tree species and the structure and growth capacity of natural forest. Furthermore, certain sites can, thus, be characterized by factors that influence restocking, such as snow mould,lush ground vegetation or low temperature. The guidelines«minimale Pflegemassnahmen» – «Minimal tending of protection forests» (WASSER und FREHNER, 1996) are based on this principle. For individual sites, warnings about natural dangers such as rock fall or statements concerning nature conservation can be made (e.g., the occurrence of tree species, suitability as a biotope for Capercaille). In conclusion, two research projects on the relationship between site and natural dangers will be presented.

The importance of wood density in determining the phenology of tree species in a coastal rain forest

Biotropica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Gomes Galvão ◽  
André Luiz Alves de Lima ◽  
Clemir Candeia de Oliveira ◽  
Valdemir Fernando Silva ◽  
Maria Jesus Nogueira Rodal
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Rain Forest

scholarly journals Partitioning mortality into growth-dependent and growth-independent hazards across 203 tropical tree species

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (49) ◽  
pp. 12459-12464 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Camac ◽  
Richard Condit ◽  
Richard G. FitzJohn ◽  
Lachlan McCalman ◽  
Daniel Steinberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Species Traits ◽  
Barro Colorado Island ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Hazards Model ◽  
Variation Explained

Tree death drives population dynamics, nutrient cycling, and evolution within plant communities. Mortality variation across species is thought to be influenced by different factors relative to variation within species. The unified model provided here separates mortality rates into growth-dependent and growth-independent hazards. This model creates the opportunity to simultaneously estimate these hazards both across and within species. Moreover, it provides the ability to examine how species traits affect growth-dependent and growth-independent hazards. We derive this unified mortality model using cross-validated Bayesian methods coupled with mortality data collected over three census intervals for 203 tropical rainforest tree species at Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. We found that growth-independent mortality tended to be higher in species with lower wood density, higher light requirements, and smaller maximum diameter at breast height (dbh). Mortality due to marginal carbon budget as measured by near-zero growth rate tended to be higher in species with lower wood density and higher light demand. The total mortality variation attributable to differences among species was large relative to variation explained by these traits, emphasizing that much remains to be understood. This additive hazards model strengthens our capacity to parse and understand individual-level mortality in highly diverse tropical forests and hence to predict its consequences.

scholarly journals Alien Species vs. Native Species: From Community Ecology to Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andersonn Silveira Prestes
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Individualized Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The establishment and spread of exotic species is a contemporary major concern. Alien species may become invasive in their new habitat, leading to both/either environmental and/or economic impacts. I briefly reviewed the literature in the last decade about the relationship of exotic species and native communities. I identified that professionals usually approach the subject in two main points of view: (1) researchers tend to point out the impacts of alien species on entire communities, evaluating if the relationship is positive, negative or neutral; (2) they focus on the eco-evolutionary processes involved in the introductions, the dynamics of invasion, and individual study cases. When evaluating the response of introductions to entire communities, evidence seems to be ambiguous and may support positive, negative or neutral relationship, especially depending on the scale approached. The unique eco-evolutionary pathways of each introduction may be a great shortcoming in the searching for generalities. On the other hand, advances have been made in understanding the dynamics of invasion on different lineages through a more selective/individualized approach. I suggest that the dynamics of invasion might be studied through a perspective in which different eco-evolutionary processes, levels of organization (from gene to entire communities), the history of the organism(s) and time are taken into account. Individual cases might be compared in attempt to understand how the relationship exotic and native works and in the search for generalities.

scholarly journals Response of Chinese Tallow (Triadica sebifera) and Coexisting Natives to Competition, Shade, and Flooding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaniyi O Ajala ◽  
Kathryn R Kidd ◽  
Brian P Oswald ◽  
Yuhui Weng ◽  
Jeremy P Stovall
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Triadica Sebifera ◽  
Chinese Tallow ◽  
Growth Metrics ◽  
Water Tupelo

Abstract A greenhouse experiment was designed to determine the interactive effect of light, flooding, and competition on the growth and performance of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera [L.] Roxb.) and three tree species native to the southeastern United States: water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.), sugarberry (Celtis occidentalis L.), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall). The experiment used a factorial design that received two treatments: light (low irradiance or high irradiance) and flood (nonflooded and flooded) regimes. In the nonflooded and high irradiance treatment, changes in the growth (ground diameter, number of leaves, and total biomass) indicated that growth metrics of tallow were highest when growing with sugarberry and water tupelo but decreased when tallow was in competition with green ash. In contrast, competition with tallow reduced the height, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of water tupelo. The results showed that tallow had lower growth metrics when in competition with green ash at no apparent decrease in the growth of green ash except for growth rate. Our results suggest that tallow may be less competitive with certain native species and underplanting may be a possible opportunity for improving the success rates of native trees species establishment in areas prone to tallow invasion. Study Implications: Chinese tallow is a highly invasive tree species in the southeastern coastal states and in this study, we examined the growth and survival of tallow in competition with tree species native to the southeastern coastal states, USA. The growth of tallow differed greatly among native species in well-drained environments lacking forest overstory with lower growth metrics when grown with green ash but higher growth metrics when grown with water tupelo and sugarberry. Following density reduction treatments, we recommend management actions that promote the regeneration of native tree species to occupy the open vegetation canopy and suppress reestablishment of tallow.

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