Brain Drain from Israel and Skill-Biased Global Immigration Policy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assaf Razin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Skill Bias ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Generous Welfare

A more generous welfare state (particularly with an aging population) has financing needs that immigrants could fill. With high-skilled immigrants more likely to pay in rather than draw on the welfare state, more generous welfare states are more inclined to try to attract high skilled. Israel ranks third in the world in the number of university graduates per capita, after the United States and the Netherlands. It possesses the highest per capita number of scientists in the world, with 135 for every 10,000 citizens (compared to 85 per 10,000 in the United States). Israelis took full advantage of the immigration skill bias. When examining the index for educated émigrés, i.e., those with a college degree, the average index is 12.41 and Israel's index is more than three times higher, 41.45. Using this index, Israel is higher than Portugal and the gap between Israel and Ireland (49.09) narrows considerably.

The Politics of the Welfare State: Canada, Sweden, and the United States

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 748-750
Author(s):  
Linda A. White
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
The United States ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Global Integration ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Welfare State

The Politics of the Welfare State: Canada, Sweden, and the United States, Gregg M. Olsen, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. vi, 258This book presents a familiar puzzle in comparative politics: how are we to understand variation in the design and scope of social programs and substantive outcomes for citizens in the three welfare states under scrutiny. As Olsen argues, all three cases are “advanced, industrialized, and highly affluent capitalist nations…. and all three nations enjoy average per capita incomes and standards of living that are among the highest in the world” (10). Yet we find great variation on a number of social indicators such as poverty levels, and income and wealth disparities. All three have also “experienced marked increases in inequality and welfare state retrenchment in recent years” (11) but yet “they continue to differ along these dimensions, even in the face of similar domestic strains and other exogenous pressures related to global integration” (11). The question is how do we account for the variation in the use of social policy to assuage inequalities and respond to these exogenous pressures.

scholarly journals The Bias of American Federalism: The Limits of Welfare-State Development in the Progressive Era

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brian Robertson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
The United States ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Welfare State Development ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
State Programs ◽  
American Federalism ◽  
European Welfare States

Welfare state programs developed later in the United States than in other nations. Today, American programs are less widely accessible, less uniform, and often less generous than programs abroad. Explanations for this relative conservatism usually focus on the lack of a socialist movement or a socialist ideological tradition in the United States. Yet during the Progressive Era, when the gap between the American and European welfare states widened significantly enough for contemporaries to acknowledge it, the forces for social reform had never been stronger in the United States. In many ways these forces resembled those in England, which at the time was laying the foundations for a model welfare state.

Gender and the Origins of Modern Social Policies in Britain and the United States

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theda Skocpol ◽  
Gretchen Ritter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Working Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Security Act ◽  
Modern Welfare State

Comparative research on the origins of modern welfare states typically asks why certain European nations, including Great Britain, enacted pensions and social insurance between the 1880s and the 1920s, while the United States “lagged behind,” that is did not establish such policies for the entire nation until the Social Security Act of 1935. To put the question this way overlooks the social policies that were distinctive to the early twentieth-century United States. During the period when major European nations, including Britain, were launching paternalist versions of the modern welfare state, the United States was tentatively experimenting with what might be called a maternalist welfare state. In Britain, male bureaucrats and party leaders designed policies “for the good” of male wage-workers and their dependents. Meanwhile, in the United States, early social policies were championed by elite and middle-class women “for the good” of less privileged women. Adult American women were helped as mothers, or as working women who deserved special protection because they were potential mothers.

scholarly journals COVID-19 – A Tale of Two Cities: Seattle and Vancouver

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Ben Yuk Fai Fong ◽  
Vincent T. S. Law
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
The Sacrifice

The coronavirus pandemic has been affecting many countries in the world over the past six months. Nowhere sees the light at the end of the tunnel. Precautionary measures, lockdown, as well as control of crowd gathering and movement have been implemented by all governments, with the sacrifice of economic activities. It is interesting to review how things were happening in North America where the United States has been hard hit by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), scoring over two million confirmed cases and about 120 thousand deaths at the top of the list of the world. Canada ranked eighteenth with about 100 thousand cases and just about 8 thousand deaths. Both the cases and deaths per capita are lower in Canada, which shares the same border and similar culture with the United States. Seattle and Vancouver have some of the highest incomes and educational levels in both countries. These two West coast cities are only 200 kilometres apart and are near the U.S.-Canada border. They are selected for this review to study the different approaches in managing the COVID-19 pandemic.

France at a Crossroads

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Leruth
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Generous Welfare ◽  
The Welfare State

France has established itself as one of the most ‘generous’ welfare states in the world. The Great Recession of 2007–8 confronted French social policy with escalating unemployment and deepening inequalities. Combined with major pension reforms, these led to strong levels of dissatisfaction across the country, exacerbated by tensions over immigration, Euroscepticism, and internal security problems. This chapter examines how these issues developed in political context and uses material from attitude surveys to analyse existing and future challenges for the welfare state in France. It assesses recent reforms: governments of right and left offered contrasting programmes but failed to win public trust. France now stands at a cross-roads, facing a strong presidential challenge from the anti-immigrant, anti-EU right.

DAIRY SECTOR IN INDIA: PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS – A SHORT REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-50
Author(s):  
K. Kalidas ◽  
S. Deepak Kumar ◽  
P Priyadharshini ◽  
S Sasikumar ◽  
A Shamsia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Short Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Government Data ◽  
The Government

India is the leader in white revolution since 1998, India surpassed the United States and became the largest milk producer in the world by executing Operation ood and also the largest consumer of dairy products. Milk production in the country has increased from 146.3 million tonnes in 2014-15 to 198.4 million tonnes in 2019-20 (Economic Times, 2021). In comparison with 2018-19, the production has increased by 5.70 percent according to the government data. More than 75 percent of the households in the country are consuming milk. The per capita milk consumption is found to be much higher for the home-grown households than those which purchased in most of the state.

China’s Economic Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence J. Lau
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Free Markets ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
The World ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita

Chinese real gross domestic product (GDP) grew from US$369 billion in 1978 to US$12.7 trillion in 2017 (in 2017 prices and exchange rate), at almost 10% per annum, making the country the second largest economy in the world, just behind the United States. During the same period, Chinese real GDP per capita grew from US$383 to US$9,137 (2017 prices), at 8.1% per annum. Chinese economic reform, which began in 1978, consists of two elements—introduction of free markets for goods and services, coupled with conditional producer autonomy, and opening to international trade and direct investment with the rest of the world. In its transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, China employed a “dual-track” approach—with the pre-existing mandatory central plan continuing in force and the establishment of free markets in parallel. In its opening to the world, China set a competitive exchange rate for its currency, made it current account convertible in 1994, and acceded to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2001. In 2005, China became the second largest trading nation in the world, after the United States. Other Chinese policies complementary to its economic reform include the pre-existing low non-agricultural wage and the limit of one-child per couple, introduced in 1979 and phased out in 2016. The high rate of growth of Chinese real output since 1978 can be largely explained by the high rates of growth of inputs, but there were also other factors at work. Chinese economic growth since 1978 may be attributed as follows: (a) the elimination of the initial economic inefficiency (12.7%), (b) the growth of tangible capital (55.7%) and labor (9.7%) inputs, (c) technical progress (or growth of total factor productivity (TFP)) (8%), and (d) economies of scale (14%). The Chinese economy also shares many commonalities with other East Asian economies in terms of their development experiences: the lack of natural endowments, the initial conditions (the low real GDP per capita and the existence of surplus agricultural labor), the cultural characteristics (thrift, industry, and high value for education), the economic policies (competitive exchange rate, export promotion, investment in basic infrastructure, and maintenance of macroeconomic stability), and the consistency, predictability, and stability resulting from continuous one-party rule.

Fundamental Causes of Health Disparities: Stratification, the Welfare State, and Health in the United States and Iceland

2007 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrun Olafsdottir
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Good Health ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Fundamental Causes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Fundamental Causes Of Disease

Research has established that those with higher social status have better health. Less is known about whether this relationship differs cross-nationally and whether it operates similarly across different institutional arrangements. To examine the relationship between stratification and health, two Western, industrialized societies at opposite ends of an equal/unequal continuum are compared: the United States and Iceland. Using data from the 1998 General Social Survey and the 1998 Health and Living Standards of Adult Icelanders survey, I draw from two theoretical perspectives. First, I explore the notion of fundamental causes of disease by examining whether stratification has similar effects on health. Second, I examine whether the organization of welfare states affects this relationship. The results show that education, employment, and relative poverty have similar effects on health in both nations, thus supporting the notion of a fundamental cause. However, in Iceland relative affluence has a weaker relationship with health. Further, being a parent, regardless of marital status, has a stronger positive relationship with good health in Iceland. Welfare state intervention may be most successful in equalizing health outcomes by supporting families and by removing advantages traditionally accumulated by the wealthy in capitalist societies.

Technology and Gross World Product

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Angus Hooke ◽  
Lauren Alati
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
Income Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Gross World Product

This chapter divides the economic history of humans into technological eras and uses a population multiplied by per capita income approach to estimate gross world product in each era and, therefore, for the history of humankind. It also provides an overview of the major technologies that introduced each era and supported growth during the era. The chapter uses a model developed by the authors to predict gross world product during the remainder of the 21st century (2021-2100). It also considers which economies might have been the largest in the world since the dawn of civilisation about 6,000 years ago. The chapter concludes with the prediction that China, India, and the United States will remain the dominant economic powers during the remainder of the 21st century, that the gross domestic product (GDP) of India will pass that of the United States in the late 2030s and the GDP of China in the late 2040s, and will be more than 50% larger than that of second-placed China by 2100.

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