scholarly journals Neural mechanisms of modulations of empathy and altruism by beliefs of others' pain

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yu ◽  
Shihui Han
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Multimodal Neuroimaging ◽  
The Core ◽  
Subjective Estimation ◽  
Show Evidence

Perceived cues signaling others' pain induce empathy which in turn motivates altruistic behavior toward those who appear suffering. This perception-emotion-behavior reactivity is the core of human altruism but does not always occur in real life situations. Here, by integrating behavioral and multimodal neuroimaging measures, we investigate neural mechanisms underlying modulations of empathy and altruistic behavior by beliefs of others' pain. We show evidence that lack of beliefs of others' pain reduces subjective estimation of others' painful feelings and decreases monetary donations to those who show pain expressions. Moreover, lack of beliefs of others' pain attenuates neural responses to their pain expressions within 200 ms after face onset and modulates neural responses to others' pain in the insular, post-central, and frontal cortices. Our findings suggest that beliefs of others’ pain provide a cognitive basis of human empathy and altruism and unravel the intermediate neural mechanisms.

scholarly journals Neural mechanisms underlying regulation of empathy and altruism by beliefs of others' pain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yu ◽  
Shihui Han
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
Subjective Estimation ◽  
Show Evidence

Perceived cues signaling others' pain induce empathy that in turn motivates altruistic behavior toward those who appear suffering. This perception-emotion-behavior reactivity is the core of human altruism but does not always occur in real life situations. Here, by integrating behavioral and multimodal neuroimaging measures, we investigate neural mechanisms underlying the functional role of beliefs of others' pain in modulating empathy and altruism. We show evidence that decreasing (or enhancing) beliefs of others' pain reduces (or increases) subjective estimation of others' painful emotional states and monetary donations to those who show pain expressions. Moreover, decreasing beliefs of others' pain attenuates neural responses to perceived cues signaling others' pain within 200 ms after stimulus onset and modulate neural responses to others' pain in the frontal cortices and temporoparietal junction. Our findings highlight beliefs of others' pain as a fundamental cognitive basis of human empathy and altruism and unravel the intermediate neural architecture.

scholarly journals Magnetoencephalographic Signals Identify Stages in Real-Life Decision Processes

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Braeutigam ◽  
John F. Stins ◽  
Steven P. R. Rose ◽  
Stephen J. Swithenby ◽  
Tim Ambler
Keyword(s):  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Brand Choice ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Motor Speech ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Shopping Experience ◽  
Life Decision ◽  
High Salience

We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study the dynamics of neural responses in eight subjects engaged in shopping for day-to-day items from supermarket shelves. This behavior not only has personal and economic importance but also provides an example of an experience that is both personal and shared between individuals. The shopping experience enables the exploration of neural mechanisms underlying choice based on complex memories. Choosing among different brands of closely related products activated a robust sequence of signals within the first second after the presentation of the choice images. This sequence engaged first the visual cortex (80-100 ms), then as the images were analyzed, predominantly the left temporal regions (310-340 ms). At longer latency, characteristic neural activetion was found in motor speech areas (500-520 ms) for images requiring low salience choices with respect to previous (brand) memory, and in right parietal cortex for high salience choices (850-920 ms). We argue that the neural processes associated with the particular brand-choice stimulus can be separated into identifiable stages through observation of MEG responses and knowledge of functional anatomy.

Acetaminophen Reduces Social Pain

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 931-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nathan DeWall ◽  
Geoff MacDonald ◽  
Gregory D. Webster ◽  
Carrie L. Masten ◽  
Roy F. Baumeister ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Social Rejection ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Social Pain ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Pain, whether caused by physical injury or social rejection, is an inevitable part of life. These two types of pain—physical and social—may rely on some of the same behavioral and neural mechanisms that register pain-related affect. To the extent that these pain processes overlap, acetaminophen, a physical pain suppressant that acts through central (rather than peripheral) neural mechanisms, may also reduce behavioral and neural responses to social rejection. In two experiments, participants took acetaminophen or placebo daily for 3 weeks. Doses of acetaminophen reduced reports of social pain on a daily basis (Experiment 1). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure participants’ brain activity (Experiment 2), and found that acetaminophen reduced neural responses to social rejection in brain regions previously associated with distress caused by social pain and the affective component of physical pain (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula). Thus, acetaminophen reduces behavioral and neural responses associated with the pain of social rejection, demonstrating substantial overlap between social and physical pain.

scholarly journals Functional Specialization of Medial Auditory Belt Cortex in the Alert Rhesus Monkey

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 1606-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Kuśmierek ◽  
Josef P. Rauschecker
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Level ◽  
Center Frequency ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
Band Pass ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
Medial Area

Responses of neural units in two areas of the medial auditory belt (middle medial area [MM] and rostral medial area [RM]) were tested with tones, noise bursts, monkey calls (MC), and environmental sounds (ES) in microelectrode recordings from two alert rhesus monkeys. For comparison, recordings were also performed from two core areas (primary auditory area [A1] and rostral area [R]) of the auditory cortex. All four fields showed cochleotopic organization, with best (center) frequency [BF(c)] gradients running in opposite directions in A1 and MM than in R and RM. The medial belt was characterized by a stronger preference for band-pass noise than for pure tones found medially to the core areas. Response latencies were shorter for the two more posterior (middle) areas MM and A1 than for the two rostral areas R and RM, reaching values as low as 6 ms for high BF(c) in MM and A1, and strongly depended on BF(c). The medial belt areas exhibited a higher selectivity to all stimuli, in particular to noise bursts, than the core areas. An increased selectivity to tones and noise bursts was also found in the anterior fields; the opposite was true for highly temporally modulated ES. Analysis of the structure of neural responses revealed that neurons were driven by low-level acoustic features in all fields. Thus medial belt areas RM and MM have to be considered early stages of auditory cortical processing. The anteroposterior difference in temporal processing indices suggests that R and RM may belong to a different hierarchical level or a different computational network than A1 and MM.

Supply Chain Modernization

2019 ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasin Galip Gencer
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chain Management ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Multinational Companies ◽  
Global Supply Chain ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
The Core ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
External Entity

The global supply chain applications are evolving and changing globally. In order to increase success, some processes are now transferred to other firms. By such implementations, it is aimed to focus on the core business and to be successful. 3PL is the use of an external entity to perform some or all of the operations. The 4PL approach is a revolutionary approach to supply chain management. 3PL and 4PL activities are used for many purposes by multinational companies for increasing the productivity and efficiency and for decreasing the overall operational costs. Like all countries, Turkey also faces strategic organizational changes in terms of logistics activities. Modernization of logistic professes are widely examined in the literature. The scope of this chapter is the logistics modernization processes of Turkish companies, and it aims to inform about the modernization processes in Turkey by examining successful real-life examples.

A Survey on Intelligence Tools for Data Analytics

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-95
Author(s):  
Shatakshi Singh ◽  
Kanika Gautam ◽  
Prachi Singhal ◽  
Sunil Kumar Jangir ◽  
Manish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Learning Tools ◽  
The Core ◽  
Training Mode ◽  
Real Life Situation ◽  
Selection Of

The recent development in artificial intelligence is quite astounding in this decade. Especially, machine learning is one of the core subareas of AI. Also, ML field is an incessantly growing along with evolution and becomes a rise in its demand and importance. It transmogrified the way data is extracted, analyzed, and interpreted. Computers are trained to get in a self-training mode so that when new data is fed they can learn, grow, change, and develop themselves without explicit programming. It helps to make useful predictions that can guide better decisions in a real-life situation without human interference. Selection of ML tool is always a challenging task, since choosing an appropriate tool can end up saving time as well as making it faster and easier to provide any solution. This chapter provides a classification of various machine learning tools on the following aspects: for non-programmers, for model deployment, for Computer vision, natural language processing, and audio for reinforcement learning and data mining.

Apt Emotions and Normative Continuity

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-101
Author(s):  
Jonathan Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
The Other ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
Relevant Concept ◽  
The Core ◽  
Continuity Thesis ◽  
Artistic Representations

This chapter characterizes a set of parallel assumptions. One, shared by many otherwise different contemporary philosophical treatments of the emotions, is that our affective responses are susceptible to assessments of rationality, fittingness, or some other notion of aptness. The other is that analogous norms of fittingness apply to those emotions directed at what is only fictional, or what is only imagined to be the case. This chapter identifies the relevant concept of emotional aptness that is at play in both kinds of assumptions, and which is at the core of the disagreement between the theses of normative continuity and normative discontinuity. The chapter then develops and assesses arguments in favor of the continuity thesis: the claim that the criteria determining such aptness of responses to contents of artistic representations apply invariantly to responses to analogous states of affairs in real life.

Effects of Aggressive and Prosocial Film Material on Altruistic Behavior of Children

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goody Teachman ◽  
Michael Orme
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Film Material ◽  
Television Programs

The effects of 3 (aggressive vs neutral vs prosocial) × 2 (real life vs cartoon) television programs on altruistic donating to charity of 120 8- to 10-yr.-olds were examined on both an immediate test and a 1-wk. retest. On the immediate test, exposure to aggressive television programs led to significantly less donating behavior than did exposure to neutral or prosocial programs. A negative relationship was found between the number of hours, averaged across viewing conditions, children reported they watched TV per week and the number of tokens they donated.

Oxford Case Histories in General Surgery

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Surgery ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Surgical Care ◽  
Diagnostic Information ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
The Core ◽  
Discussion Format ◽  
Case Based

Oxford Case Histories in General Surgery aims to bring the different subspecialties of general surgery to life for its readers by adopting a case-based discussion format around real-life cases. It is most relevant to those who are just starting out in general surgery, including medical students, surgical care practitioners, foundation doctors, and those entering core surgical training. Each case presents a clinical vignette comprising focussed and relevant clinical and diagnostic information followed by a cases-based discussion that covers relevant clinical material pertinent to the core surgical element of the Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum. The case-based discussion format is an important learning tool, as it allows focussed application of textbook knowledge to clinical practice and incorporates that with current evidence-based approaches to clinical and surgical management.

Managing Third Sector Organizations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Murdock ◽  
Stephen Barber
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
Third Sector Organizations ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Third Sector ◽  
High Level ◽  
Managerial Perspective ◽  
Stakeholder Environment

What is the state of what can be described as management in the third sector? At its heart, it discusses the long-held assertion that these organizations are reluctant to accept the need for ‘management’. After all, what makes third sector organizations different, by their own estimation, from their commercial equivalents is the deeply embedded concepts of mission and values together with a distinctly complex stakeholder environment. For all that, there are also “commercial” pressures and an instinct for survival. To serve the mission necessarily needs resources. And there is a perennial tension in high-level decision-making between delivery of the mission and maintaining solvency. Third-sector organizations, like any other, are innately concerned with their own sustainability. It is here that the analysis is located and there is an opportunity to examine the topic theoretically and empirically. By introducing the concept of the “Management See-Saw” to illustrate the competing drivers of values and commercialism before exploring these identified pressures through the lens of three real-life vignettes, it is possible to appreciate the current state of play. Given all this, it is important for modern organizations to be able to measure value and impact. From a managerial perspective, the reality needs to be acknowledged that this environment is complex and multi-layered. In drawing the strands together, the discussion concludes by illustrating the importance of leadership in the sector, which is a powerful indicator of effectiveness. Nevertheless, with a focus on management, the core contention is that management remains undervalued in the third sector. That said, commercial focus can increasingly be identified and the longer term trend is squarely in this direction.

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