Fatal Optimism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Orbach
Keyword(s):  
Meiji Japan ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Japanese Military ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

This chapter focuses on one episode in the history of Japanese military insubordination: the emergence of rebels and assassins in Meiji Japan. In October 1876, almost nine years after the Meiji Restoration, there were signs that people were unhappy and imminent rebellion seemed evident. As the Meiji reforms endangered and at times even destroyed the livelihood of many, they often encountered resistance from peasants, shizoku, and former shishi. The chapter examines early Meiji rebellions and conspiracies led by figures such as Takechi Kumakichi and Saigō Takamori in order to understand the patterns of escape to the front, reliance on the hazy center, and the optimism that gave rise to active rebellions. It also considers the failure of Shizoku rebellions and why this enabled the government to enjoy more than half of a century without further military uprisings.

Samurai Status, Class, and Bureaucracy: A Historiographical Essay

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas R. Howland
Keyword(s):  
Class Conflict ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Public Office ◽  
Meiji Japan ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sociopolitical History ◽  
The 1950S

Historically, tokugawa Samurai were a legal creation that grew out of the landed warriors of the medieval age; they came to be defined by the Tokugawa shogunate in terms of hereditary status, a right to hold public office, a right to bear arms, and a “cultural superiority” upheld through educational preferment (Smith 1988, 134). With the prominent exception of Eiko Ikegami's recentThe Taming of the Samurai(1995), little has been written in English in the past two decades regarding the sociopolitical history of the samurai in Tokugawa and Meiji Japan. E. H. Norman's seminal work,Japan's Emergence as a Modern State, established the parameters of debate among American historians of Japan from the 1950s through the 1970s. Drawing on the Marxist historiography of prewar Japan, Norman interpreted the Meiji Restoration in terms of class conflict: a modified bourgeois revolution directed against a feudal Tokugawa regime, led by a coalition of lower samurai and merchants, and supported by a peasant militia (Norman [1940] 1975).

scholarly journals Palembang Shi pada Masa Pemerintahan Militer Jepang Tahun 1942-1945

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Arma Mita
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Japanese Government ◽  
Military Rule ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Japanese Military ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Government Development

This study investigated about the Japanese military rule in the city of Palembang in 1942 to 1945, especially regarding the rule of Palembang Shi (Municipality). In this study, it will cover some of the main points of the study those are how the Japanese military rule formed the Palembang Shi rule, the structure of Palembang Shi rule and the policies that were passed during that reign. Therefore, the period of Japanese government in Indonesia it had a unique distinction that must have been different during the colonization of the earlier Dutch Indian government and its civil society. The differences in those government that was also became a distinct feature of this study which is centaintly very interesting  for us to consider and to learn more carefully. Naturally this study aims to add our insight into the history of the government development in the city of Palembang.

scholarly journals JUGUN IANFU : DERITA PEREMPUAN DALAM PUSARAN PERANG

KIRYOKU ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Titik Suliyati
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Japanese Military ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

(Title: Jugun Ianfu: Woman Suffering In War). The formation of the Jugun Ianfu system was motivated by the war in the context of the Japanese military invasion of other countries. The war has made the physical and mental exhaustion of the Japanese army. This condition resulted in the Japanese army carrying out sexual exploitation brutally by carrying out mass rapes in the territories that were colonized by them. Although Japanese occupation in Indonesia was only 3.5 years, the suffering for Jugun Ianfu lasting forever. Even though most Jugun Ianfu has passed away and the relation between Indonesia and Japan is in a good diplomacy, it does not mean that the events experienced by Jugun Ianfu in the past can be forgotten. The history of Jugun Ianfu can provide pictures that position of women in the past was lower than man and there is no law can protect them. Because there is no legal protection, women are helpless when they experience sexual violence. For this reason, in the present, the government should make legal regulations that to protect women from various violence. In addition, the government is expected to provide the widest opportunity for women to get an education so that in the future women can have advanced thoughts.

International Law as Memorial Sites: The “Comfort Women” Lawsuits Revisited

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-187
Author(s):  
Kohki Abe
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Comfort Women ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Japanese Military ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Memorial Sites

Abstract This article revisits the legal and philosophical frontiers passionately explored in the “comfort women” lawsuits in Japan. The epoch-making judicial battle challenging the legality and legitimacy of Japanese military sexual slavery has created an innovative space for combining justice and history. Of enormous practical import are a series of lower court judgments that determined the wrongfulness of Japan’s shameful involvement in the heinous abusive practices during the wartime period. Invoking the nebulous concept of the “Framework” of the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951, the Supreme Court rendered a decision in 2007 to procedurally shut the door to the war reparation claims. The decision, however, may not be sustained from the perspective of contemporary international law that is increasingly infused with the quality of trans-temporal justice. The author argues that the Government of Japan should discharge its responsibility by faithfully adopting measures required under international law, an act powerfully called for in the “Age of Apology” and within a new global paradigm against violence against women.

Making It Count

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arunabh Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Great Leap Forward ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Statistics ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Great Leap Forward

In 1949, at the end of a long period of wars, one of the biggest challenges facing leaders of the new People's Republic of China was how much they did not know. The government of one of the world's largest nations was committed to fundamentally reengineering its society and economy via socialist planning while having almost no reliable statistical data about their own country. This book is the history of efforts to resolve this “crisis in counting.” The book explores the choices made by political leaders, statisticians, academics, statistical workers, and even literary figures in attempts to know the nation through numbers. It shows that early reliance on Soviet-inspired methods of exhaustive enumeration became increasingly untenable in China by the mid-1950s. Unprecedented and unexpected exchanges with Indian statisticians followed, as the Chinese sought to learn about the then-exciting new technology of random sampling. These developments were overtaken by the tumult of the Great Leap Forward (1958–1961), when probabilistic and exhaustive methods were rejected and statistics was refashioned into an ethnographic enterprise. By acknowledging Soviet and Indian influences, the book not only revises existing models of Cold War science but also globalizes wider developments in the history of statistics and data. Anchored in debates about statistics and its relationship to state building, the book offers fresh perspectives on China's transition to socialism.

INFLUENCE OF THE TAX SYSTEM ON POLITICAL LIFE IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE KOKAND KHANATE

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Ilyoskhon Burhanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
Tax System ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

The article begins with writing about the scientists who conducted a study on the history of the Kokand Khanate. The article writes the taxation of the Kokand Khan and raising taxes, people protest against the government of Kokand, as a result it had a significant impact on political life

The Mortality Rate of COVID-19 in Iraq Compare with Iran and Turkey, its Association with the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and the Iraqi Preparedness Plan Prior to Pandemics. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rawand Essa
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Critical Position ◽  
Preparedness Plan ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

BACKGROUND In the span of COVID-19, the mortality rate has been different from one country to another. As a country in the Middle East Iraq has a critical position, lies between Iran and Turkey while both countries coronavirus cases increase on daily basis, while Iranian mortality rate record is high similar to Turkey. After Wuhan city of China, Lombard of Italy, Qum city in Iran has the highest number of COVID-19 as a first country in the Middle East. OBJECTIVE aim of this study is to show the effect of BCG vaccine during pandemic diseases, especially nowadays at the time of COVID-19. One of the crucial observations is the government preparedness and strategic planning prior pandemics, in which the BCG vaccine is an attenuated live vaccine for control of tuberculosis (TB). BCG vaccine has a non-specific immune effect that is used against pathogens like bacteria and viruses, through the promotion of pro-inflammatory cytokines' secretion. METHODS An epidemiological study has been performed, and it shows that some countries are more prone to contagious diseases like COVID-19, regardless of the main cultural, religious, societal similarities among the three mentioned countries. The information data has been collected from WHO reports and worldometer in 18 February 2020 to 10 May 2020. Regarding the efficacy of the BCG vaccine, relevant data has been retrieved from Google scholar, Pub-med and BCG world-atlas. RESULTS COVID-19 mortality rates are at peak in Iran and Turkey while the mortality rate is very low in Iraq, while the patients that died in Iraq all had history of other long-term diseases as heart disease, blood pressure, cancer etc. CONCLUSIONS From the experiences of the three countries in the life span of COVID-19, the historical plan of BCG vaccine in Iraq in cooperation with WHO since the last decades it shows that COVID-19 mortality rate is lower than other countries due to the early vaccination of the Iraqis, otherwise Iraq is more fragile than Iran and Turkey due to the poor conditions of Iraq in terms of economics, politics, war and other aspects.

Truth to Power

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
Intelligence Community ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Intelligence Support ◽  
The Cold War

This first-ever history of the US National Intelligence Council (NIC) is told through the reflections of its eight chairs in the period from the end of the Cold War until 2017. Coeditors Robert Hutchings and Gregory Treverton add a substantial introduction placing the NIC in its historical context going all the way back to the Board of National Estimates in the 1940s, as well as a concluding chapter that highlights key themes and judgments. The historic mission of this remarkable but little-understood organization is strategic intelligence assessment in service of senior American foreign policymakers. It has been at the center of every critical foreign policy issue during the period covered by this volume: helping shape America’s post–Cold War strategies, confronting sectarian conflicts around the world, meeting the new challenge of international terrorism, and now assessing the radical restructuring of the global order. Each chapter places its particular period of the NIC’s history in context (the global situation, the administration, the intelligence community) and assesses the most important issues with which the NIC grappled during the period, acknowledging failures as well as claiming successes. With the creation of the director of national intelligence in 2005, the NIC’s mission mushroomed to include direct intelligence support to the main policymaking committees in the government. The mission shift took the NIC directly into the thick of the action but may have come at the expense of weakening its historic role of providing over-the horizon strategic analysis.

Poetics of the Pillory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Keymer
Keyword(s):  
English Literature ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Government Control ◽  
History And Criticism ◽  
Romantic Period ◽  
Restoration Measure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Argument Proceeds ◽  
Prior Restraint

On the lapse of the Licensing Act in 1695, Thomas Macaulay wrote in his History of England, ‘English literature was emancipated, and emancipated for ever, from the control of the government’. It’s certainly true that the system of prior restraint enshrined in this Restoration measure was now at an end, at least for print. Yet the same cannot be said of government control, which came to operate instead by means of post-publication retribution, not pre-publication licensing, notably for the common-law offence of seditious libel. For many of the authors affected, from Defoe to Cobbett, this new regime was a greater constraint on expression than the old, not least for its alarming unpredictability, and for the spectacular punishment—the pillory—that was sometimes entailed. Yet we may also see the constraint as an energizing force. Throughout the eighteenth century and into the Romantic period, writers developed and refined ingenious techniques for communicating dissident or otherwise contentious meanings while rendering the meanings deniable. As a work of both history and criticism, this book traces the rise and fall of seditious libel prosecution, and with it the theatre of the pillory, while arguing that the period’s characteristic forms of literary complexity—ambiguity, ellipsis, indirection, irony—may be traced to the persistence of censorship in the post-licensing world. The argument proceeds through case studies of major poets and prose writers including Dryden, Defoe, Pope, Fielding, Johnson, and Southey, and also calls attention to numerous little-known satires and libels across the extended period.

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