Informed but Insecure

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-81
Author(s):  
Erynn Masi de Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Considerable Improvement ◽  
Extensive Survey ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Main Barrier ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Better Than

This chapter analyzes the most extensive survey to date of domestic workers in Ecuador, with four hundred women sharing information about their working conditions, benefits, and social security. Most useful for informing policy and organizing strategies are the insights about which workers are most likely to know and demand their rights and the evidence that working conditions of current workers are better than those of former workers, which could indicate change over time. Efforts to inform workers of their right to social security seem to have been successful: 88 percent of the survey participants knew that domestic workers are entitled to join the Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social (IESS). The main barrier to coverage, however, is the reluctance of employers to enroll workers and contribute on their behalf: nearly a third of survey respondents who were not enrolled reported that their employers' opposition was the reason why. Confirming research findings from around Latin America, working conditions reported by the survey participants are not good. However, they seem to be improving somewhat over time. More than twice as many current workers reported receiving overtime pay when compared with former workers. For vacation time and bonuses, more than four times as many current workers reported receiving these benefits. Despite this considerable improvement, there is still a long way to go for today's domestic workers.

Social Security

2019 ◽  
pp. 652-656
Author(s):  
Katharina Müller
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Global South ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Paradigm Shifts ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Global North ◽  
Over Time

Social security is the protection provided by a given society to individuals and households, particularly in the case of old age. The design and scope of social security protection differs significantly across geographical regions, countries, and population groups, while also undergoing constant transformation over time. On a global scale, the area of social security witnessed three major paradigm shifts over the past 125 years: (1) formalization, sparked by Bismarck’s social insurance legislation in the 1880s; (2) privatization, initiated in the 1980s in Latin America and subsequently spreading to other regions, mainly Eastern Europe; and (3) universalization, as exemplified by the proliferation of non-contributory benefits in the Global South since the 2000s. This chapter outlines these trends to illustrate the transformation of social security in both the Global North and the Global South.

Paid domestic work and the struggles of care workers in Latin America

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merike Blofield ◽  
Merita Jokela
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Care Workers

About 30% of households are intimately involved in paid domestic work in Latin America, either as employers or as workers. Paid domestic workers overwhelmingly are female, from racial and ethnic minorities, and earn low wages. Labour codes have historically accorded them fewer rights and protections. Domestic workers have organized to demand equal rights, and recently, this organizing has begun to pay off. This article discusses the dynamics of paid domestic work through the themes of commodification and changes in government policies. Through a comparison of post-millennium Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico and Peru, the article compares the working conditions and struggles of domestic workers and highlights the factors that explain different outcomes in terms of labour rights and protections across these countries. It is argued that stronger rights and protections were made possible by the interactive effects of domestic workers organizing, more sympathetic left-wing governments, and the watershed ILO 2011 Convention on Domestic Workers.

Combating Crime in Latin America and the Caribbean: What Public Policies Do Citizens Want?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando G. Cafferata ◽  
Carlos Scartascini
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Private Security ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Crime Policy ◽  
Extensive Survey ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Better Than

Crime is a major problem in Latin America and the Caribbean. With 9 percent of the world's population, the region accounts for 33 percent of global homicides. Using new, extensive survey data, we endeavor to identify what anti-crime policies citizens in the region demand from their governments. We also analyze who is demanding what and why. We find that harsher penalties appear to be the preferred weapon in the anti-crime arsenal but people are willing to spend public moneys not only for punishment, but also for anti-poverty and detection policies. Citizens recognize that allocating resources to the police is better than subsidizing private security for citizens. Nevertheless, most oppose raising taxes to fund the police, a reluctance that might stem from mistrust in governments' ability to manage these resources. Mistrust, misinformation, and impatience combine to create flawed anti-crime policy. Educating citizens both about crime and about the fiscal consequences of their policy preferences may help move the region's public opinion toward a better policy equilibrium. Governments should also invest in their capability to design and deliver evidence-based solutions for fighting crime, and work to increase trust levels among citizens.

scholarly journals Is there an imbalance in the supply and demand for universal accessibility knowledge? Twenty years of UAIS papers viewed through the lens of WCAG

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Eika Sandnes
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
North America ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Universal Accessibility ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Research Profile ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractPurpose: Some universal accessibility practitioners have voiced that they experience a mismatch in the research focus and the need for knowledge within specialized problem domains. This study thus set out to identify the balance of research into the main areas of accessibility, the impact of this research, and how the research profile varies over time and across geographical regions. Method: All UAIS papers indexed in Scopus were analysed using bibliometric methods. The WCAG taxonomy of accessibility was used for the analysis, namely perceivable, operable, and understandable. Results: The results confirm the expectation that research into visual impairment has received more attention than papers addressing operable and understandable. Although papers focussing on understandable made up the smallest group, papers in this group attracted more citations. Funded research attracted fewer citations than research without funding. The breakdown of research efforts appears consistent over time and across different geographical regions. Researchers in Europe and North America have been active throughout the last two decades, while Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Middle East became active in during the last five years. There is also seemingly a growing trend of out-of-scope papers. Conclusions: Based on the findings, several recommendations are proposed to the UAIS editorial board.

scholarly journals In-work Universal Credit: Claimant Experiences of Conditionality Mismatches and Counterproductive Benefit Sanctions

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
SHARON WRIGHT ◽  
PETER DWYER
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Benefit Sanctions ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Universal Credit is the UK’s globally innovative social security reform that replaces six means tested benefits with one monthly payment for working age claimants - combining social security and tax credit systems. Universal Credit expands welfare conditionality via mandatory job search conditions to enhance ‘progression’ amongst working claimants by requiring extra working hours or multiple jobs. This exposes low paid workers to tough benefit sanctions for non-compliance, which could remove essential income indefinitely or for fixed periods of up to three years. Our unique contribution is to establish how this new regime is experienced at micro level by in-work claimants over time. We present findings from Qualitative Longitudinal Research (141 interviews with 58 claimants, 2014-17), to demonstrate how UC impacts on in-work recipients and how conditionality produces a new coerced worker-claimant model of social support. We identify a series of welfare conditionality mismatches and conclude that conditionality for in-work claimants is largely counterproductive. This implies a redesign of the UK system and serves as an international warning to potential policy emulators.

The Analysis on the Tribological Properties of TPU/PVC Blends under Oil Lubrication

2013 ◽  
Vol 774-776 ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
Dao Yuan Pan ◽  
Peng Peng Wu ◽  
Zhong Xue Gao ◽  
Yu Zeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Oil Lubrication ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Hydraulic Steering ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Friction And Wear Properties ◽  
Lubrication Conditions ◽  
Better Than

Based on actual working conditions and parameters of the hydraulic steering gear, the purpose is optimizing the rubber seal of steering gear by different rubbers mixing technology. Compare the five kinds of rubber with metal of the friction characteristics in dynamic fit, it can obtain a performance excellent rubber real in the specific operation conditions. And then improve the overall service life of the steering gear. It is first prepared the same hardness TPU and PVC and blends that the ratio is 3:7, 5:5and7:3 in this article. The pros and cons of the five rubbers are analyzed in friction and wear properties of the above experimental. The test curve of coefficient friction and wear with time has been done under different load at constant low speed. It determines TPU/PVC = 3:7 blends through friction and wear and wear mechanism of five rubbers with steel comparatively analyses, and the heat resistance and wear resistance of them are better than the other TPU/PVC blends and PVC under oil lubrication conditions.

Accepting Regional Zero: Nuclear Weapon Free Zones, U.S. Nonproliferation Policy and Global Security, 1957–1968

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Stocker
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Nuclear Weapon ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nuclear Nonproliferation ◽  
Nuclear Strategy ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

Nuclear weapon free zones (NWFZs) were an important development in the history of nuclear nonproliferation efforts. From 1957 through 1968, when the Treaty of Tlatelolco was signed, the United States struggled to develop a policy toward NWFZs in response to efforts around the world to create these zones, including in Europe, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. Many within the U.S. government initially rejected the idea of NWFZs, viewing them as a threat to U.S. nuclear strategy. However, over time, a preponderance of officials came to see the zones as advantageous, at least in certain areas of the world, particularly Latin America. Still, U.S. policy pertaining to this issue remained conservative and reactive, reflecting the generally higher priority given to security policy than to nuclear nonproliferation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document