Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 269-282
Author(s):  
Tobias Boes
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Thomas Mann ◽  
First Century ◽  
Republic Of Letters ◽  
Literary Community ◽  
Literary Celebrity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Second World

This concluding chapter considers the continuing importance of Thomas Mann in the world republic of letters. It explains how the parameters that conditioned Mann's rise to the status of literary celebrity and antifascist icon in the United States of the 1930s and 1940s foreshadowed developments in the world republic of letters. These developments, moreover, did not fully come to fruition until after the Second World War. Furthermore, they continue to affect global literary production in the twenty-first century. In many respects, Thomas Mann was a forerunner for experiences that have become commonplace for writers in our own day, especially those that hail from the periphery of the global literary community.

America Abroad

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kal Raustiala
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Role ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Second World

The single most important feature of American history after 1945 was the United States’s assumption of hegemonic leadership. Europeans had noted America’s enormous potential since at least the nineteenth century. After the Civil War the United States had one of the largest economies in the world, but, as noted earlier in this book, in geopolitical terms it remained a surprisingly minor player. By 1900 the United States was playing a more significant political role. But it was only after 1945 that the nation’s potential on the world stage was fully realized. Victory in the Second World War left the United States in an enviable position. Unlike the Soviet Union, which endured devastating fighting on its territory and lost tens of millions of citizens, the United States had experienced only one major attack on its soil. Thanks to its actions in the war America had great influence in Europe. And the national economy emerged surprisingly vibrant from the years of conflagration, easily dominant over any conceivable rival or set of rivals. When the First World War ended the United States ultimately chose to return to its hemispheric perch. It declined to join the new League of Nations, and rather than maintaining engagement with the great powers of the day, America generally turned inward. The years following the Second World War were quite different. In addition to championing—and hosting—the new United Nations, the United States quickly established a panoply of important institutions aimed at maintaining and organizing international cooperation in both economic and security affairs. Rising tensions with the Soviet Union, apparent to many shortly after the war’s end, led the United States to remain militarily active in both Europe and Asia. The intensifying Cold War cemented this unprecedented approach to world politics. The prolonged occupations of Germany and Japan were straightforward examples of this newly active global role. In both cases the United States refashioned a conquered enemy into a democratic, free-market ally—a significant feat. The United States did not, however, seek a formal empire in the wake of its victory.

Trends, Events, and Centres, 1993–2006

2020 ◽  
pp. 130-150
Author(s):  
Ranald C. Michie
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Second World War ◽  
First Century ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
The World ◽  
Uncertain Future ◽  
And Control ◽  
Second World

At the beginning of the 1990s banks, exchanges, and regulators were all in a state of flux, facing a very uncertain future. The certainties of the past had been removed as internal and external barriers crumbled, destroying the world within which they had operated since the end of the Second World War. In its place the world was moving towards global 24-hour financial markets and an elite grouping of megabanks. These developments were driven by global economic integration, developments in technology, the retreat of government from policies favouring ownership and control, and the search by regulators for strategies that could cope with the end of compartmentalization. Though these trends continued in the 1990s and into the twenty-first century they faced numerous obstacles and experienced significant twists and turns that were instrumental in shaping the outcome. Even though barriers to international financial flows were reduced or removed the result was not a seamless global market, as major differences in language, cultures, laws, and taxes remained. These all contributed to the segregation of markets. Though many prophesied that the revolution in communications spelt the death of distance or the end of geography, when it came to the location of financial markets that ignored the fact that time was not absolute but relative. The effect was to generate a continued clustering of financial markets

The American YMCA and its physical education program – first steps to world expansion

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Tomáš Tlustý
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Education Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Us Army ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Second World

This paper looks at the fi rst steps taken by the American YMCA to expand its physical education program across various countries in South and Central America, Asia and Europe. The YMCA was established in 1844 in London. However, it particularly fl ourished in the United States of America, building large physical education facilities, setting up its fi rst physical education institute and developing new sports. Their schools were attended by people from all over the world, who went on to promote the organisation’s physical education program. Due to cooperation with the US army, the organisation saw further expansion and its secretaries began to operate in other countries. They were instrumental in establishing the fi rst local YMCA groups, often provided with material and fi nancial support by the United States. Local groups began to build their own physical education facilities and adopt new “American” sports. Elwood S. Brown was a pioneer in the promotion of the American YMCA’s physical education program. He worked for the organisation on several continents, signifi cantly assisting the organisation of big sporting events which were always attended by sportsmen from several countries. Unfortunately,many of the national YMCA groups were later paralysed by the Second World War. Despite that, theYMCA has become the largest voluntary youth organisation in the world.

The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal History ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
First Century ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Critical Account ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Practical Level

This second edition of The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law provides a wide-ranging and highly diverse survey as well as a critical assessment of comparative law at the beginning of the twenty-first century. In the current era of globalization, this discipline is more relevant than ever, both on an academic and practical level. The book contains forty-eight essays, each of which provides an accessible, original, and critical account of comparative law in its respective area. Each essay also includes a short bibliography referencing the definitive works in the field. The book is divided into three main sections. Section I shows how comparative law has developed and where it stands today in various parts of the world. This includes not only traditional model jurisdictions, such as France, Germany, and the United States, but also other regions like Eastern Europe, East Asia, Latin America, and the Islamic countries. Section II discusses the major approaches to comparative law—its methods, goals, and its relationship with other fields, such as legal history, economics, and linguistics. Finally, Section III deals with the status of comparative studies over a range of subject matter areas, including the major categories of private, economic, public, and criminal law.

Orpheus in Tennis Sneakers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hicks ◽  
Christian Asplund
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Informal Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
John Cage ◽  
World War ◽  
Christian Wolff ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Unrest ◽  
Second World

This chapter describes Wolff's childhood and formative years in the world of music. Born to cellist Kurt Wolff and his wife Helen in 1934, Christian Wolff grew up during an era of political unrest, which later culminated in the Second World War. Though born in France to German parents, Wolff would spend a significant part of his life in the United States, where he had begun an informal education in music, and where he would eventually study under his mentor John Cage, from whom Wolff would draw the fundamental ideas, habits, and relationships that would guide the rest of his compositional career. Here, the chapter shows how Wolff's early opus—which set the pattern for all his subsequent compositional periods—were formed and influenced through Cage's instruction. Yet the chapter shows that this influence proved reciprocal, with Wolff likewise leaving his own lasting impacts upon Cage's compositional career.

Youth Culture on Screens Big and Small

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helle Strandgaard Jensen ◽  
Gary Cross
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
Youth Identity ◽  
The World ◽  
Youth Media ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
To Come ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World

Motion pictures and television have shaped youth identity while also evoking anxiety from adults concerned about the influence of this media on the young. Within different media systems, this phenomenon has had different trajectories, which becomes clear in a comparison of the United States and Scandanavia. In both regions, adults’ anxiety about the influence of films on the young was a dominant issue from the birth of the medium, accompanied by recurrent discussions of censorship and age classifications. After the Second World War, and particularly the 1960s, commercialized youth media in America attempted to directly appeal to youth, often through fantasy and romance. By contrast, publicly funded agencies in Scandinavia and elsewhere in Europe invited young people to influence how television and film could be used to advance their own agendas and aesthetics. With the expansion of the World Wide Web, youth were able to come together from all over the world to discuss and celebrate their favorite television series on dedicated fan pages and social media.

Psychiatric nursing techniques

2012 ◽  
pp. 1403-1408
Author(s):  
Kevin Gournay
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Psychiatric Nursing ◽  
Psychiatric Nurses ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Second World

Psychiatric nursing as an entity has really only evolved since the Second World War. Psychiatric nurses (now often referred to as mental health nurses in the United Kingdom and Australasia) can now be found in most countries of the developed world, although in the developing world, psychiatric nursing is still not defined as a specific discipline. In many countries, psychiatric hospitals are still staffed by untrained ‘Attendants’ who may have some supervision from general trained nurses. Nevertheless, a number of initiatives, notably those of the Geneva Initiative in Psychiatry in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union and the World Health Organization in African countries, have provided specific training in psychiatric nursing techniques. The development of psychiatric nursing across the world needs to be seen in the context of changing and evolving patterns of mental health care. De-institutionalization, with the attendant setting up of community mental health teams, has prompted a range of innovations in psychiatric nursing and the psychiatric nurse of today, who in the United States and Europe is likely to be a university graduate, is a very different person to that of the nurse working in the post-Second World War asylums of 40 years ago. In this chapter, we examine the development of psychiatric nursing in some detail and particularly emphasize the role of psychiatric nurses working in the community. Community psychiatric nursing first developed in the United Kingdom nearly 50 years ago and this model has been followed in countries such as Australia and New Zealand. However, this community role has not developed to any great extent in the United States, where the main presence of psychiatric nursing remains in hospital-based care. Furthermore, in the United Kingdom and Australasia, the development of community initiatives has seen the role of the psychiatric nurse blurring with that of other mental health professionals. Chapters such as this cannot really do justice to the whole range of techniques used by psychiatric nurses; neither can it examine in any detail the differences between psychiatric nursing practices across the world. However, a description of psychiatric nursing in six important areas will provide the reader with an appreciation of the range and diversity of psychiatric nursing skills:♦ Inpatient care ♦ Psychosocial interventions in the community ♦ Prescribing and medication management ♦ Cognitive behaviour therapy ♦ Primary care ♦ Psychiatric nursing in the developing world.

scholarly journals Military aeronautical charts in the past and today

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-30
Author(s):  
Eugeniusz Sobczyński ◽  
Jerzy Pietruszka
Keyword(s):  
Reference System ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Local Source ◽  
Small Range ◽  
World War ◽  
Mercator Projection ◽  
The World ◽  
Second World

Abstract The history of the development of military aeronautical charts began immediately before the First World War. The first charts created at that time did not differ much from topographic maps. Air planes were fairly slow back then and had a small range of action, which meant that the charts were developed at the scale of 1:200,000. When speed of aircraft increased, it soon turned out that this scale was too large. Therefore, many countries began to create charts with smaller scales: 1:300,000 and 1:500,000. The International Map of the World 1:1,000,000 (IMW) was frequently used for continental flights prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, while 1:3,500,000 and 1:5,000,000 maps were commonly used for intercontinental flights. The Second World War brought a breakthrough in the field of aeronautical chart development, especially after 7 December 1941, when the USA entered into the war. The Americans created more than 6000 map sheets and published more than 100 million copies, which covered all continents. In their cartographic endeavours, they were aided foremost by the Brits. On the other hand, the Third Reich had more than 1,500 officers and about 15,000 soldiers and civil servants involved in the development of maps and other geographic publications during the Second World War. What is more, the Reich employed local cartographers and made use of local source materials in all the countries it occupied. The Germans introduced one new element to the aeronautical charts – the printed reference grid which made it easier to command its air force. The experience gained during the Second World War and local conflicts was for the United States an impulse to undertake work on the standardization of the development of aeronautical charts. Initially, standardization work concerned only aeronautical charts issued by the US, but after the establishment of NATO, standardization began to be applied to all countries entering the Alliance. The currently binding NATO STANAGs (Standardization Agreements) distinguish between operational charts and special low-flight charts. The charts are developed in the WGS-84 coordinate system, where the WGS-84 ellipsoid of rotation is the reference surface. The cylindrical transverse Mercator projection was used for the scale of 1:250,000, while the conformal conic projection was used for other scales. The first aeronautical charts issued at the beginning of the 20th century contained only a dozen or so special symbols concerning charts’ navigational content, whereas currently the number of symbols and abbreviations found on such charts exceeds one hundred. The updating documents are published every 28 days in order to ensure that aeronautical charts remain up-to-date between releases of their subsequent editions. It concerns foremost aerial obstacles and air traffic zones. The aeronautical charts published by NATO have scales between 1:50,000 and 1:500,000 and the printed Military Grid Reference System (MGRS), while the aeronautical charts at scales between 1:250,000 and 1:2,000,000 contain the World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF). Nowadays, modern military air planes are characterised by their exceptional combat capabilities in terms of speed, range and manoeuvrability. Aside from aircraft, contemporary armed forces make increasingly frequent use of aerial robots, drones and unmanned cruise missiles. This is why, there has been a noticeable increase, especially in NATO, in the amount of work devoted to the standardization and development of aeronautical charts, as well as deepening of knowledge of navigation and aeronautical information.

scholarly journals Impact of Women's Economic Activities in The Republic of Congo from 1990 to 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 191-203
Author(s):  
Oba Dominique
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Second World ◽  
Status Of Women

Since the XXth century, and especially after the Second World War, particular attention was given to the status of women who for many years was overs had owed. These different events led policy makers at the international level as well as in different countries of the world to make courageous decisions globally in favor of women globally. These decisions have enabled women to take flight both by integrating socially themselves and by taking beneficial actions that could contribute to the economic and social development of their respective countries. On the economic level in particular, Congolese women exercise many activities related to their own initiative or to collective action, these different activities contribute to the economic development of the Republic of Congo. In the economic field, the man alone cannot ensure the development of the country, the Congolese woman also contributes to this development. 

scholarly journals Health cooperatives - a forgotten treasure

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Мilorad Stamenovic
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
National Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Great Success ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Second World

The establishment of health cooperatives is the milestone in the development of the health system in the Kingdom of SCS and later in Yugoslavia. Healthcare cooperatives were applied for the first time in our area with joint efforts of the Ministry of National Health, national movements and International Organizations, and above all the United States Mission to help the Serbian people. The heavy public health image of the people after the First World War initiated healthcare cooperatives. Numerous obstacles were in the path of establishment and development of health cooperatives. However, due to good organization, mutual coordination of all important agents and also solidarity of the cooperative spirit, these problems were surpassed. The positive role of health cooperatives can best be seen in comparing the results of public health problems after the World War I and in the period before the Second World War, as shown in the paper. The first health cooperatives were established in 1922, and until the beginning of the Second World War, their number had grown, as well as the number of cooperatives and beneficiaries of services provided by health cooperatives. One of the most significant obstacles in the establishment and operation of health cooperatives is the financial nature, but also the problems of the uneducated population and numerous ?inherited? problems in the national health after the previous wars. However, by means of good work, cooperatives has been saving and every year they have more and more money reinvested in the desire to improve their position and provide better health care. The role of a physician has changed from a passive one ?waiting? at an outpatient clinic for the patients to be examined to active one in which a cooperative doctor travels to the patients? locations with his team. This approach has strengthened prevention, reduced the number of people infected with infectious and other diseases and influenced the education of the population, which was prone to illiterate and poor educational status. The ?spirit? of cooperatives was strong and it was also one of the reasons for the great success of healthcare cooperatives. After initial success, experts from around the world - from Japan, China, India and USA, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, France were interested in transferring knowledge about the development of this innovative movement. Numerous healthcare cooperatives in the world have been created just by the model that our experts have developed. This global importance should be emphasized and new models of health care cooperatives are worth exploring further.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document