Vision of conspecifics decreases the effectiveness of ethanol on zebrafish behaviour

Aquatic organisms in pharmacology and toxicology research are often exposed to compounds in isolation prior to physiological or behavioural testing. Recent evidence suggests that the presence of conspecifics during a stressful event can modulate behavioural outcomes (called ‘social buffering’) when testing occurs within the same context. It is unknown, however, whether the social environment during exposure interacts with the efficacy of anxiety-altering substances when subsequently tested in the absence of conspecifics. In this study, zebrafish were individually exposed to habitat water or ethanol (1.0% vol/vol) while untreated conspecifics were visually present or absent during dosing. Using the novel object approach test, a validated test of boldness and anxiety-like behaviour, we observed significantly greater effects of ethanol in isolated fish, compared to fish with a view of conspecifics during dosing. These results were not explained by altered locomotion during exposure, which might otherwise increase drug uptake. This highlights the need to consider the social environment during exposure when conducting and interpreting behavioural research involving drug or toxicant exposure.

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Social buffering in horses (Equus caballus): Influence of context, companion familiarity and companion habituation

10.21203/rs.3.rs-266932/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Claire Ricci-Bonot ◽

Teresa Romero ◽

Christine Nicol ◽

Daniel Mills

Keyword(s):

Social Factors ◽

Stressful Event ◽

The Novel ◽

Physiological Measures ◽

Contextual Influences ◽

Novel Object ◽

Contextual Processing ◽

Social Buffering ◽

Behavioural Effects ◽

The Subject

Abstract Social buffering occurs when the presence of one animal attenuates another’s stress response during a stressful event and/or helps the subject to recover more quickly after a stressful event. Inconsistent previous results might reflect previously unrecognised contextual influences, such as the nature of the stimulus presented or social factors. We addressed these issues in a two-part study of horses paired with familiar (16 subjects) or unfamiliar (16 subjects) companions. Each subject performed 4 tests in a counterbalanced order: novel object test (static ball) – alone or with companion; and umbrella opening test – alone or with companion. Social buffering was significantly influenced by the nature of the stimulus presented, but not by companion’s habituation status or familiarity. Importantly, the stimulus used produced differential effects on behavioural and physiological measures of buffering. A companion significantly reduced behavioural response (reactivity) in the novel object test but not in the umbrella test. However, heart rate recovered more quickly for subjects with a companion in the umbrella test but not in the novel object test. We propose that circumstances which permit greater contextual processing may facilitate demonstration of behavioural effects of social buffering, whereas buffering in response to startling events may be manifest only during post-event physiological recovery.

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NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM NOVEL PAK GURU KARYA AWANG SURYA DAN NOVEL AYAH KARYA ANDREA HIRATA

EDU-KATA ◽

10.52166/kata.v5i2.1775 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 105-112

Author(s):

Rohmat Hadi Kuswoyo

Keyword(s):

Character Education ◽

Social Environment ◽

The Novel ◽

Relationship With God ◽

The Social

The purpose of this study was to determine the values of character education relationship with God, themselves, the social environment in the novel Pak Guru by Awang Surya and novel Ayah by Andrea Hirata. Sources of the data in this research are the values of character education contained in the both of the novel. The results showed that the values contained in the novel character education novel Pak Guru by Awang Surya and novel Ayah by Andrea Hirata. first, consisting of the values of character education relationship with God. Second, they are also contains the values of character education to do with themselves. Third, they are also contains the values of character education to do with the social environment.

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THE ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIO-POLITICAL FICTION NOVELS UNDER BINARY OPPOSITION (CASE STUDY OF INDONESIAN NOVEL ENTITLED "ORANG-ORANG PROYEK" BY AHMAD TOHARI)

INFORMASI ◽

10.21831/informasi.v49i1.23728 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 65-76

Author(s):

Abdul Muqit

Keyword(s):

Social Environment ◽

Literary Work ◽

The Novel ◽

Binary Opposition ◽

Real Condition ◽

The Real ◽

The Social ◽

Correct Reading ◽

Insight Into

The socio-political fiction novel is generally realistic and gives an implicit picture of the social environment of a place. This type of reading is less popular because it is difficult to interpret and is also of less interest to readers than other literature. One of the works that can reflect this literary type is the novel entitled “Orang-Orang Proyek” by Ahmad Tohari, which represents the real condition of the Indonesian community under their politic and social circumstances. This paper tries to break down the literary work using the deconstructive-reading method to read a text with multi-interpretation understanding where the version contains many probabilities of meaning. This study will be able to provide insight into the correct reading method according to the purpose and type of literacy used in literary works. Novel fiksi sosial-politik umumnya realistis dan memberikan gambaran implisit tentang lingkungan sosial suatu tempat. Jenis bacaan ini kurang populer karena sulit untuk ditafsirkan dan juga kurang menarik bagi pembaca daripada literatur lainnya. Salah satu karya yang dapat mencerminkan jenis sastra ini adalah novel berjudul “Orang-Orang Proyek” oleh Ahmad Tohari, yang mewakili kondisi nyata masyarakat Indonesia di bawah kondisi sosial dan politik mereka. Makalah ini mencoba untuk memecah karya sastra menggunakan metode membaca dekonstruktif untuk membaca teks dengan pemahaman multi-interpretasi di mana representasi mengandung banyak kemungkinan makna. Penelitian ini akan dapat memberikan wawasan tentang metode membaca yang benar sesuai dengan tujuan dan jenis literasi yang digunakan dalam karya sastra.

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Ketidakadilan gender dalam budaya Jawa dan Papua yang tercermin lewat novel Gadis Pantai dan novel Tanah Tabu: Kajian sastra bandingan

AKSARA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra ◽

10.23960/aksara/v22i2.pp272-286 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 272-286

Author(s):

Maria Sthefanny Putri Dewanty ◽

Keyword(s):

Social Class ◽

Data Collection ◽

Qualitative Methods ◽

Social Environment ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Major Influence ◽

The Novel ◽

The Social ◽

Data Collection Technique

This article talks about the social class of women or what is commonly known as feminism that occurs in Java and Papua. The problem addressed in this article is to compare how gender injustice is experienced by women in Java and also in Papua. Where the geographical location of each region has a major influence on the value of feminism. The social environment in which they live greatly influences the life that is lived by women. This research was conducted using descriptive-qualitative methods. How does the author explain in detail that these women are described by each novel. How were women at that time very obedient to this gender inequality. It seems that their natures are very low compared to men. This difference is very obvious because indeed women are only used as a tool to satisfy lust. The data collection technique used was reading and listening through novels. With this data collection technique, conclusions will be drawn from the two contents of the novel. In these two novels, they are told in great detail about their struggle to get their rights as a woman. Women who are always looked down upon and weak. Their struggle to become other, which aims to strengthen themselves so that they are more familiar with and confident in themselves as a "woman". The author tries to describe the differences between the struggles of a woman in the two novels.

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What does cultural innovation stand for? Dimensions, processes, outcomes of a new innovation category

Science and Public Policy ◽

10.1093/scipol/scaa023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 425-433

Author(s):

Riccardo Pozzo ◽

Andrea Filippetti ◽

Mario Paolucci ◽

Vania Virgili

Keyword(s):

Social Environment ◽

Knowledge Flows ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Second Step ◽

The Novel ◽

Cultural Innovation ◽

Complex Processes ◽

The Social ◽

Definition Of ◽

Empirical Case Studies

Abstract This article introduces the notion of cultural innovation, which requires adapting our approach to co-creation. The argument opens with a first conceptualization of cultural innovation as an additional and autonomous category of the complex processes of co-creation. The dimensions of cultural innovation are contrasted against other forms of innovation. In a second step, the article makes an unprecedented attempt in describing processes and outcomes of cultural innovation, while showing their operationalization in some empirical case studies. In the conclusion, the article considers policy implications resulting from the novel definition of cultural innovation as the outcome of complex processes that involve the reflection of knowledge flows across the social environment within communities of practices while fostering the inclusion of diversity in society. First and foremost, cultural innovation takes a critical stance against inequalities in the distribution of knowledge and builds innovation for improving the welfare of individuals and communities.

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Social buffering in horses is influenced by context but not by the familiarity and habituation of a companion

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88319-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Claire Ricci-Bonot ◽

Teresa Romero ◽

Christine Nicol ◽

Daniel Mills

Keyword(s):

Social Factors ◽

Stressful Event ◽

The Novel ◽

Physiological Measures ◽

Contextual Influences ◽

Novel Object ◽

Contextual Processing ◽

Social Buffering ◽

Behavioural Effects ◽

The Subject

AbstractSocial buffering occurs when the presence of one animal attenuates another’s stress response during a stressful event and/or helps the subject to recover more quickly after a stressful event. Inconsistent previous results might reflect previously unrecognised contextual influences, such as the nature of the stimulus presented or social factors. We addressed these issues in a two-part study of horses paired with familiar (16 subjects) or unfamiliar (16 subjects) companions. Each subject performed 4 tests in a counterbalanced order: novel object test (static ball)—alone or with companion; and umbrella opening test—alone or with companion. Social buffering was significantly influenced by the nature of the stimulus presented, but not by companion’s habituation status or familiarity. Importantly, the stimulus used produced differential effects on behavioural and physiological measures of buffering. A companion significantly reduced behavioural response (reactivity) in the novel object test but not in the umbrella test. However, heart rate recovered more quickly for subjects with a companion in the umbrella test but not in the novel object test. We propose that circumstances which permit greater contextual processing may facilitate demonstration of behavioural effects of social buffering, whereas buffering in response to startling events may be manifest only during post-event physiological recovery.

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In or Out? The Existential Dilemma of Homosexuals in Iris Murdoch’s A Fairly Honorable Defeat

English Language and Literature Studies ◽

10.5539/ells.v9n4p78 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 78

Author(s):

Wei Guo

Keyword(s):

Gender Identity ◽

Sexual Identity ◽

Social Environment ◽

Moral Dilemmas ◽

Gender Performance ◽

Close Reading ◽

Moral Vision ◽

The Novel ◽

The Social ◽

Moral Weakness

A Fairly Honorable Defeat is one of Iris Murdoch’s best acclaimed novels. Critics generally regard it as a triumph of the evil over the good, as embodied in characters Julius King and Tallis Browne. It could also be read from a different perspective as a fairly honorable defeat of the heterosexual love by the homosexual love. But Simon and Axel only win a narrow victory. Their non-normative sexuality still entangles them in gender, social and moral dilemmas. A detailed and close reading of the novel shows Murdoch’s concern not only about how the existential dilemma of homosexuals has shaped their gender identity and limited their moral vision and choice, but also about the underlying social problems of power and violence. By bringing into conversation Goffman’s theory of stigma, Butler’s theory of gender performance and Foucault’s view of male friendship, the article argues that Simon and Axel have to struggle between secrecy and disclosure of their sexual identity because of the large homophobic social environment. The insecurity and anxiety engendered by their sexual identity makes it difficult for them to associate with others in sincerity. Their moral weakness and failures are largely occasioned by the social environment.

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