scholarly journals Incomplete lineage sorting and ancient admixture, and speciation without morphological change in ghost-worm cryptic species

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10896
Author(s):  
José Cerca ◽  
Angel G. Rivera-Colón ◽  
Mafalda S. Ferreira ◽  
Mark Ravinet ◽  
Michael D. Nowak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Incomplete Lineage Sorting ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Amplification Method

Morphologically similar species, that is cryptic species, may be similar or quasi-similar owing to the deceleration of morphological evolution and stasis. While the factors underlying the deceleration of morphological evolution or stasis in cryptic species remain unknown, decades of research in the field of paleontology on punctuated equilibrium have originated clear hypotheses. Species are expected to remain morphologically identical in scenarios of shared genetic variation, such as hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting, or in scenarios where bottlenecks reduce genetic variation and constrain the evolution of morphology. Here, focusing on three morphologically similar Stygocapitella species, we employ a whole-genome amplification method (WGA) coupled with double-digestion restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD) to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the species complex. We explore population structure, use population-level statistics to determine the degree of connectivity between populations and species, and determine the most likely demographic scenarios which generally reject for recent hybridization. We find that the combination of WGA and ddRAD allowed us to obtain genomic-level data from microscopic eukaryotes (∼1 millimetre) opening up opportunities for those working with population genomics and phylogenomics in such taxa. The three species share genetic variance, likely from incomplete lineage sorting and ancient admixture. We speculate that the degree of shared variation might underlie morphological similarity in the Atlantic species complex.

scholarly journals Influence of Host Phylogeographic Patterns and Incomplete Lineage Sorting on Within-Species Genetic Variability in Wigglesworthia Species, Obligate Symbionts of Tsetse Flies

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (23) ◽  
pp. 8400-8408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Symula ◽  
Ian Marpuri ◽  
Robert D. Bjornson ◽  
Loyce Okedi ◽  
Jon Beadell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Incomplete Lineage Sorting ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Glossina Fuscipes Fuscipes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Single Host

ABSTRACTVertical transmission of obligate symbionts generates a predictable evolutionary history of symbionts that reflects that of their hosts. In insects, evolutionary associations between symbionts and their hosts have been investigated primarily among species, leaving population-level processes largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) bacterial symbiont,Wigglesworthia glossinidia, to determine whether observed codiversification of symbiont and tsetse host species extends to a single host species (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in Uganda. To explore symbiont genetic variation inG. f. fuscipespopulations, we screened two variable loci (lonandlepA) from theWigglesworthia glossinidiabacterium in the host speciesGlossina fuscipes fuscipes(W. g. fuscipes) and examined phylogeographic and demographic characteristics in multiple host populations. Symbiont genetic variation was apparent within and among populations. We identified two distinct symbiont lineages, in northern and southern Uganda. Incongruence length difference (ILD) tests indicated that the two lineages corresponded exactly to northern and southernG. f. fuscipesmitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups (P= 1.0). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) confirmed that most variation was partitioned between the northern and southern lineages defined by host mtDNA (85.44%). However, ILD tests rejected finer-scale congruence within the northern and southern populations (P= 0.009). This incongruence was potentially due to incomplete lineage sorting that resulted in novel combinations of symbiont genetic variants and host background. Identifying these novel combinations may have public health significance, since tsetse is the sole vector of sleeping sickness andWigglesworthiais known to influence host vector competence. Thus, understanding the adaptive value of these host-symbiont combinations may afford opportunities to develop vector control methods.

Identification of sibling species in the genus Eucyclops from water-bodies of Ukraine and Russia using crossbreeding studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. I. Monchenko ◽  
L. P. Gaponova ◽  
V. R. Alekseev
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Basin Water ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Baltic Sea Basin

Crossbreeding experiments were used to estimate cryptic species in water bodies of Ukraine and Russia because the most useful criterion in species independence is reproductive isolation. The problem of cryptic species in the genus Eucyclops was examined using interpopulation crosses of populations collected from Baltic Sea basin (pond of Strelka river basin) and Black Sea basin (water-reservoires of Dnieper, Dniester and Danube rivers basins). The results of reciprocal crosses in Eucyclops serrulatus-group are shown that E. serrulatus from different populations but from water bodies belonging to the same river basin crossed each others successfully. The interpopulation crosses of E. serrulatus populations collected from different river basins (Dnipro, Danube and Dniester river basins) were sterile. In this group of experiments we assigned evidence of sterility to four categories: 1) incomplete copulation or absence of copulation; 2) nonviable eggs; 3) absence of egg membranes or egg sacs 4) empty egg membranes. These crossbreeding studies suggest the presence of cryptic species in the E. serrulatus inhabiting ecologically different populations in many parts of its range. The same crossbreeding experiments were carries out between Eucyclops serrulatus and morphological similar species – Eucyclops macruroides from Baltic and Black Sea basins. The reciprocal crossings between these two species were sterile. Thus taxonomic heterogeneity among species of genus Eucyclops lower in E. macruroides than in E. serrulatus. The interpopulation crosses of E. macruroides populations collected from distant part of range were fertile. These crossbreeding studies suggest that E. macruroides species complex was evaluated as more stable than E. serrulatus species complex.

Phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequences reveal recent diversification and discordant patterns of morphological evolution of the Chilean genera of Gilliesieae (Amaryllidaceae: Allioideae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-99
Author(s):  
Inelia Escobar ◽  
Eduardo Ruiz-Ponce ◽  
Paula J Rudall ◽  
Michael F Fay ◽  
Oscar Toro-Núñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Incomplete Lineage Sorting ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Plastid Dna ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Floral Diversity

Abstract Gilliesieae are a South American tribe of Amaryllidaceae characterized by high floral diversity. Given different taxonomic interpretations and proposals for generic and specific relationships, a representative phylogenetic analysis is required to clarify the systematics of this group. The present study provides a framework for understanding phylogenetic relationships and contributing to the development of an appropriate taxonomic treatment of Gilliesieae. Molecular analyses, based on nuclear (ITS) and plastid DNA sequences (trnL-F and rbcL), resolve with strong support the monophyly of the tribe and the differentiation of two major clades. Clade I comprises the genera Gilliesia, Gethyum and Solaria and Clade II includes Miersia and Speea. These well-supported clades are mostly congruent with vegetative and karyotype characters rather than, e.g., floral symmetry. At the generic level, all molecular analyses reveal the paraphyly of Gilliesia and Miersia. Gethyum was found to be paraphyletic, resulting in the confirmation of Ancrumia as a distinct genus. Several instances of incongruent phylogenetic signals were found among data sets. The calibrated tree suggests a recent diversification of the tribe (Pliocene–Pleistocene), a contemporary process of speciation in which instances of hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting could explain patterns of paraphyly and incongruence of floral morphology.

scholarly journals Deceleration of morphological evolution in a cryptic species complex and its link to paleontological stasis

Evolution ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Cerca ◽  
Christian Meyer ◽  
Dave Stateczny ◽  
Dominik Siemon ◽  
Jana Wegbrod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Cryptic Species Complex

Gradual evolution of male genitalia in a sibling species complex of millipedes (Diplopoda : Spirobolida : Rhinocricidae : Anadenobolus)

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason E. Bond ◽  
David A. Beamer ◽  
Marshal C. Hedin ◽  
Petra Sierwald
Keyword(s):  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Incomplete Lineage Sorting ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Gradual Evolution ◽  
Copulatory Structure

Jamaican millipedes in the Anadenobolus species complex provide an unusual case study of arthropods having undergone speciation in the absence of conspicuous divergence of male genitalia. Using landmark-based morphometrics, we examined shape deformation of the male anterior copulatory device in three genetically divergent yet morphologically cryptic species. A multivariate analysis of variance and relative warp analysis of nonuniform components show that although male genitalic shape is statistically different among species, many specimens are 'misplaced' in morphological space, perhaps consistent with a condition analogous to incomplete lineage sorting. A simulation of neutral nuclear gene coalescence suggests that such incomplete sorting is expected, given the depth of mtDNA divergences observed across species. The pronounced contrast between deep molecular v. incomplete genitalic divergence is at odds with the paradigm of selection-driven rapid change in male copulatory structure during arthropod speciation. Alternatively, we suggest that male genitalic divergence is evolving neutrally or in concert with other components of the genome (pleiotropy). Although we recognise the empirical validity of rapid genitalic divergence via sexual selection or sexual conflict, such models must be empirically tested using multiple lines of evidence. Accepting the rapid and divergent hypothesis without such multiple evidence scrutiny may result in a gross underestimation of evolutionary diversity and, subsequently, the misinterpretation of processes shaping genitalic change.

Biogeography of ITS Variation in the Helenium autumnale (Asteraceae) Species Complex

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-247
Author(s):  
Skip Williams ◽  
Kelly Bezold ◽  
John S. Knox ◽  
Maryanne C. Simurda
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Incomplete Lineage Sorting ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Dna Evidence ◽  
Base Site ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
Central Usa

Abstract—We used ITS sequences as species barcodes to evaluate 127 samples of 12 Helenium species from the eastern and central USA, focusing on a species complex of H. autumnale (76 sequences from 11 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces), the federally “threatened” H. virginicum, now recommended for delisting (30 sequences from three U.S. states), and H. flexuosum (11 sequences from four U.S. states). ITS sequences confirmed most species identifications and supported the presence of the first population of the “threatened” endemic Missouri-Virginia disjunct, Helenium virginicum, in Indiana. Because the Indiana plants grow in a restored wetland, have a cpDNA haplotype previously known only from Missouri, with a morphology similar to Missouri variants, and an herbarium search for additional populations in Indiana found none, it is unclear whether the Indiana population is natural or planted. The presence of a putative sister lineage to H. virginicum thought to exist on the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada, was not supported after sequencing 36 plants with the sister morphology that grew there along 18 km of beach fens and finding they had H. autumnale sequences. Fine-scale biogeographic patterns of intraspecific sequence variation were found mostly in H. autumnale, with centers of different base site polymorphisms found in northern North America and the Missouri Ozarks. As in a previous study, we found DNA evidence of hybridization between Helenium species in Missouri. We offer hypotheses to explain the biogeography of North American Helenium, focusing on the three species that compose the H. autumnale species complex and suggesting that H. autumnale may be a compilospecies showing incomplete lineage sorting. We encourage exploration of more Helenium species and their conspecific populations in search of fine-scale ITS base site polymorphisms to reveal emerging lineages and resolve the origins and evolutionary implications of these biogeographic patterns.

scholarly journals Multiple data revealed two new species of the Asian horned toad Megophrys Kuhl & Van Hasselt, 1822 (Anura, Megophryidae) from the eastern corner of the Himalayas

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 977 ◽  
pp. 101-161
Author(s):  
Shengchao Shi ◽  
Meihua Zhang ◽  
Feng Xie ◽  
Jianping Jiang ◽  
Wulin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetics ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Incomplete Lineage Sorting ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region

Multiple disciplines can help to discover cryptic species and resolve taxonomic confusions. The Asian horned toad genus Megophryssensu lato as a diverse group was proposed to contain dozens of cryptic species. Based on molecular phylogenetics, morphology, osteology, and bioacoustics data, the species profiles of Megophrys toads in the eastern corner of Himalayas in Medog County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China was investigated. The results indicated that this small area harbored at least four Megophrys species, i.e., M. medogensis, M. pachyproctus, Megophrys zhouisp. nov., and Megophrys yeaesp. nov., the latter two being described in this study. Additionally, the mitochondrial DNA trees nested the low-middle-elevation and high-elevation groups of M. medogensis into a monophyletic group, being in discordance with the paraphyletic relationship between them revealed in the nuclear DNA trees. The findings highlighted the underestimated biodiversity in Himalayas, and further indicated that the Megophrys toads here have been probably experienced complicated evolutionary history, for example, introgression between clades or incomplete lineage sorting and niche divergences in microhabitats. Anyway, it is urgent for us to explore the problems because these toads are suffering from increasing threats from human activities and climatic changes.

scholarly journals Cryptic species diversity and reproductive isolation among sympatric lineages of Strongylocentrotus sea urchins in the northwest Atlantic

FACETS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A. Addison ◽  
Jin-Hong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Incomplete Lineage Sorting ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis ◽  
Population Substructure ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Coi Sequences

Distinguishing between intra- and inter-specific variation in genetic studies is critical to understanding evolution because the mechanisms driving change among populations are expected to be different than those that shape reproductive isolation among lineages. Genetic studies of north Atlantic green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Müller, 1776) have detected significant population substructure and asymmetric gene flow from Europe to Atlantic Canada and interspecific hybridization between S. droebachiensis and Strongylocentrotus pallidus (Sars, 1871). However, combined with patterns of divergence at mtDNA sequences, morphological divergence at gamete traits suggests that the European and North American lineages of S. droebachiensis may be cryptic species. Here, we use a combination of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( COI) sequences and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to test for cryptic species within Strongylocentrotus sea urchins and hybrids between S. droebachiensis and S. pallidus populations. We detect striking patterns of habitat and reproductive isolation between two S. droebachiensis lineages, with offshore deep-water collections consisting of S. pallidus in addition to a cryptic lineage sharing genetic similarity with previously published sequences from eastern Atlantic S. droebachiensis. We detected only limited hybridization among all three lineages of sea urchins, suggesting that shared genetic differences previously reported may be a result of historical introgression or incomplete lineage sorting.

Two new species in the annelid genus Stygocapitella (Orbiniida, Parergodrilidae) with comments on their biogeography

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4286 (3) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
TORSTEN H. STRUCK ◽  
JENS KOCZULA ◽  
DAVE STATECZNY ◽  
CHRISTIAN MEYER ◽  
GÜNTER PURSCHKE
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
European Population ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Limited Dispersal

Many interstitial species with limited dispersal capacity are in fact complexes of cryptic species showing a seemingly cosmopolitan distribution. The interstitial annelid Stygocapitella subterranea (Orbiniida, Parergodrilidae) is such a complex with populations in Northern America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand and a tropical distribution gap. Herein we present new records of Stygocapitella from South Africa, which is morphologically substantially different from S. subterranea. Additionally, using specimens from both hemispheres and morphological, nuclear and mitochondrial data as well as principal component analyses and a newly developed measurement for morphological disparity we show furthermore that the cryptic species complex of S. subterranea is not as cryptic as assumed as the Australian populations are morphologically and genetically different from the European population. Hence, we herein describe two new species, S. minuta and S. australis, within this complex from the Southern hemisphere. Additionally, we assigned a neotype for S. subterranea. This increases numbers of species known for Stygocapitella from one to three and for Parergodrilidae from two to four. Moreover, our results support an origin of this species complex on the Southern hemisphere and that both the split of S. minuta from the other two and S. subterranea from S. australis was several tens of millions years ago. Hence, the distribution of this complex was not driven by recent events, but rather it represents a strong case of decelerated morphological evolution as only slight differences in the morphology could be observed after all. 

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