scholarly journals Exploring the behavioral reactions to a mirror in the nocturnal grey mouse lemur: sex differences in avoidance

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11393
Author(s):  
Pauline B. Zablocki-Thomas ◽  
Grégoire Boulinguez-Ambroise ◽  
Camille Pacou ◽  
Justine Mézier ◽  
Anthony Herrel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Mouse Lemur ◽  
Similar Reaction ◽  
Behavioral Reaction ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Grey Mouse Lemur

Most mirror-image stimulation studies (MIS) have been conducted on social and diurnal animals in order to explore self-recognition, social responses, and personality traits. Small, nocturnal mammals are difficult to study in the wild and are under-represented in experimental behavioral studies. In this pilot study, we explored the behavioral reaction of a small nocturnal solitary forager—the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus)—an emergent animal model in captivity. We assessed whether MIS can be used to detect a repeatable behavioral reaction, whether individuals will present a similar reaction toward a conspecific and the mirror, and whether males and females respond similarly. We tested 12 individuals (six males and six females) twice in three different contexts: with a mirror, with a live conspecific, and with a white board as a neutral control. We detected significant repeatability for the activity component of the behavioral reaction. There was a significant effect of the context and the interaction between presentation context and sex for avoidance during the first session for males but not for females. Males avoided the mirror more than they avoided a live conspecific. This pilot study opens a discussion on the behavioral differences between males and females regarding social interactions and reproduction in the nocturnal solitary species, and suggests that males are more sensitive to context of stimulation than females.

Do I Shoot Faster Because I Am Thinking about an Outgroup or a Threatening Outgroup?

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Mange ◽  
Keren Sharvit ◽  
Nicolas Margas ◽  
Cécile Sénémeaud
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Target Group ◽  
Main Study ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract. This research examines if aggressive responses through a shooter bias are systematically generated by priming outgroups or if a threat stereotypically associated with the primed outgroup is required. First, a pilot study identified outgroups stereotypically associated and not associated with threat. Afterwards, the main study included a manipulation of target group accessibility – ingroup versus nonthreatening outgroup versus threatening outgroup. Following exposure to primes of the group categories, the participants in all conditions played a shooter game in which the targets were males and females with ambiguous ethnicity and religion. Results demonstrated that while only priming of an outgroup stereotypically associated with threat elicits aggressive responses, priming of both nonthreatening and threatening outgroups leads to an increase in the ability to distinguish between stimuli compared to ingroup priming. These effects are discussed in terms of priming effects, dimensions of threat, and possible interpretations of this ability increase.

scholarly journals Detecting Apples in the Wild: Potential for Harvest Quantity Estimation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 8054
Author(s):  
Artur Janowski ◽  
Rafał Kaźmierczak ◽  
Cezary Kowalczyk ◽  
Jakub Szulwic
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Computational Performance ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Manual Counting ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Knowing the exact number of fruits and trees helps farmers to make better decisions in their orchard production management. The current practice of crop estimation practice often involves manual counting of fruits (before harvesting), which is an extremely time-consuming and costly process. Additionally, this is not practicable for large orchards. Thanks to the changes that have taken place in recent years in the field of image analysis methods and computational performance, it is possible to create solutions for automatic fruit counting based on registered digital images. The pilot study aims to confirm the state of knowledge in the use of three methods (You Only Look Once—YOLO, Viola–Jones—a method based on the synergy of morphological operations of digital imagesand Hough transformation) of image recognition for apple detecting and counting. The study compared the results of three image analysis methods that can be used for counting apple fruits. They were validated, and their results allowed the recommendation of a method based on the YOLO algorithm for the proposed solution. It was based on the use of mass accessible devices (smartphones equipped with a camera with the required accuracy of image acquisition and accurate Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning) for orchard owners to count growing apples. In our pilot study, three methods of counting apples were tested to create an automatic system for estimating apple yields in orchards. The test orchard is located at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. The tests were carried out on four trees located in different parts of the orchard. For the tests used, the dataset contained 1102 apple images and 3800 background images without fruits.

scholarly journals The effects of a national highway on the Endangered golden-brown mouse lemur Microcebus ravelobensis in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar

Oryx ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm S. Ramsay ◽  
Andriamahery Razafindrakoto ◽  
Shawn M. Lehman
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Mouse Lemur ◽  
Population Subdivision ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
North West ◽  
Mouse Lemurs ◽  
Interior Forest ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Dispersal Events

AbstractAlthough roads are often assumed to be barriers to the dispersal of arboreal species, there has been little empirical testing of this assumption. If arboreal animals are unable to cross roads, population subdivision may occur, or resources may become inaccessible. We tested the hypothesis that Route Nationale 4 (RN4), a paved highway, was a barrier to movement and dispersal of the Endangered golden-brown mouse lemur Microcebus ravelobensis in Ankarafantsika National Park, in north-west Madagascar. During June–August 2015 we conducted a capture–mark–recapture study at three sites: two adjacent to RN4 and one within intact forest without a potential barrier. During 2,294 trap nights we captured 120 golden-brown mouse lemurs 1,032 times. In roadside habitats we captured significantly more males than females, whereas the opposite was the case in interior forest habitat. We detected eighteen crossings of highway transects by nine individuals; however, all potential dispersal events involved males. In roadside habitat, movement was significantly inhibited in both males and females. We present some of the first data on the effects of roads on movement patterns in arboreal Malagasy mammals, showing species- and sex-biased effects of roads as dispersal barriers. Our findings indicate that roads may not be complete barriers to dispersal in lemurs. We recommend that conservation managers and scientists examine explicitly the effects of roads and natural arboreal bridges in Madagascar in future studies.

scholarly journals Pilot Study and Review: Physiological Differences in BDNF, a Potential Biomarker in Males and Females with Autistic Disorder

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eve Spratt ◽  
Ann-Charlotte Granholm ◽  
Laura Carpenter ◽  
Heather Boger ◽  
Carrie Papa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Autistic Disorder ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Physiological Differences

Bronchial responsiveness to inhaled methacholine in young asymptomatic smokers

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1464-1470 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Malo ◽  
S. Filiatrault ◽  
R. R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Similar Reaction ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Bronchial Responsiveness ◽  
Young Smokers ◽  
Males And Females

Methacholine inhalation challenges were performed in 10 young smokers who denied having respiratory symptoms and in 10 nonsmokers of the same age. There were five males and five females in each group. The bronchoconstriction was evaluated with specific lung conductance (sGL), maximum partial (initiated from end-inspiratory lung volume) expiratory flows assessed at 40% vital capacity breathing air (Vmax40p air), and a He-O2 mixture (Vmax40p He), and with maximum complete flows breathing He-O2 [forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV1), Vmax50c He]. Dose-response curves were studied for 1) threshold concentration (TC) where values depart by more than two SD from base line; 2) provocative concentration (PC) causing a fixed fall in a parameter. Smokers differed significantly from nonsmokers for TC and PC accessed by Vmax40p He (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.01, respectively), Vmax40p air (P less than 0.01), and Vmax50c He (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05, respectively). TC and PC estimated by sGL and FEV1 were not significantly different. Males and females showed a similar reaction.

scholarly journals Morphology and Timing of Spawning of Umatilla Dace (Rhinichthys umatilla) in the Slocan River, British Columbia

2016 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Louise Porto ◽  
Crystal Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Columbia River Basin ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Habitat Features ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Time ◽  
Timing Of Spawning

Umatilla Dace (Rhinichthys umatilla, Cyprinidae) are endemic to the Columbia River Basin. In Canada, this species is assessed as “threatened”. Little is known about its life history, especially with respect to spawning in the wild. A total of 688 specimens were captured, including 39 mature males and females displaying spawning colouration and tubercles, during minnow trapping and electrofishing surveys conducted on the Slocan River in southern British Columbia, Canada. Fertilized eggs were not observed, but eggs and milt were expressed from ripe individuals. Spawning was estimated to occur from mid-July to mid-September. Aquatic macrophytes and flooded terrestrial vegetation were important habitat features for mature Umatilla Dace leading up to the spawning period on the Slocan River. To our knowledge this is the first time that Umatilla Dace have been captured in spawning condition and observed with spawning colouration and tubercles in the wild in Canada. Results of this study will aid the development of recovery plans and management for this species in British Columbia.

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