scholarly journals Dendrobaena veneta avoids ethyl pentanoate and ethyl hexanoate, two compounds produced by the soil fungus Geotrichum candidum

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12148
Author(s):  
Eileen M.S. Reed ◽  
Mariel O. O’Connor ◽  
Ione C. Johnson ◽  
Wayne L. Silver ◽  
Cecil J. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Soil Fungus ◽  
Geotrichum Candidum ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Ethyl Hexanoate ◽  
Earthworm Species ◽  
Initial Hypothesis ◽  
Chemical Stimuli

Earthworms shape the biological and physicochemical qualities of the soil they choose to reside in, but our understanding of the specific chemicals that attract or repel a particular species of earthworm remains incomplete. Current research indicates that some species feed on and are attracted to fungi, such as Geotrichum candidum. In the present study, as part of our continuing effort to characterize mechanisms of earthworm chemosensation, we tested whether ethyl hexanoate and ethyl pentanoate, two compounds produced by G. candidum, are appetitive to the European nightcrawler (Dendrobaena veneta). In a soil T-maze, both of these compounds significantly repelled individual earthworms in a dosage-dependent manner, this result ran counter to our initial hypothesis. D. veneta also avoided ethyl hexanoate and ethyl pentanoate in an assay we specifically developed to test an earthworms aversion to chemical stimuli in soil. In both of these assays, ethyl hexanoate was aversive at lower concentrations than ethyl pentanoate. These findings further clarify our understanding of the chemical cues that trigger the decision of D. veneta to select a particular soil-environment, and emphasize that different earthworm species may react very differently to commonly encountered chemical stimuli.

Biochemical transformations of herbicide-derived anilines: purification and characterization of causative enzymes

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1865-1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Bordeleau ◽  
R. Bartha
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Soil Fungus ◽  
Geotrichum Candidum ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Salt Precipitation ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Purification And Characterization ◽  
Optimal Ph

From culture filtrate of the soil fungus Geotrichum candidum two extracellular enzymes were separated that were active in transformation of aniline. Using a concentration, salt precipitation, dialysis, and gel filtration sequence, the two enzymes, a peroxidase and an aniline oxidase, were purified 54- and 68-fold, respectively. The characteristics of the partially purified enzymes were compared and were found to be for peroxidase and for aniline oxidase, respectively, as follows: optimal pH = 4.4–5.0 and 4.8–5.4, energy of activation (Q10) = 3.0 and 1.6, apparent Km (aniline) 3.1 × 10−4 and 4.4 × 10−4 M. Km (H2O2) for peroxidase was 2.4 × 10−6, Km (O2) for aniline oxidase was 9.1 × 10−4 M. In the natural soil environment, peroxidase seems to have a greater role in pesticide residue transformation than aniline oxidas

The shadow of the shell: a cue for a new home

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1165-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monserrat Suárez-Rodríguez ◽  
Karla Kruesi ◽  
Guillermina Alcaraz
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Hermit Crab ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Hermit Crabs ◽  
The Real ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Intertidal Environments

AbstractHermit crabs use different senses to search for and find shells. In most cases, chemical cues have been proven to act as a very efficient way of finding new shells. However, in intertidal environments, the water transports chemical signals in different directions and velocities may make it harder to track the source of the cue, so visual stimuli may be a more precise source of information. The hermit crab Calcinus californiensis shows a preference for the biconical shells of Stramonita biserialis, although the crabs may also use the less preferred shell of Nerita scabricosta. We were interested in exploring if C. californiensis identify the preferred shell species through vision in the absence of chemical stimuli. We presented both shell species to hermit crabs in two different sets of experiments. In one experiment, we presented to the hermit crabs real shells of N. scabricosta and S. biserialis, and in another, we presented only the silhouettes of the same shells. The hermit crabs discriminated between the real shells and the silhouettes of N. scabricosta and S. biserialis. Females attended with higher frequency to real shells and silhouettes of S. biserialis; while males attended more to shells and silhouettes of N. scabricosta. Although, larger males biased their attendance toward shells of S. biserialis. Our results show that visual perception may be more important than we have thought in intertidal animals.

scholarly journals Activation of opioid μ-receptors in medullary raphe depresses sighs

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (5) ◽  
pp. R1528-R1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenxiong Zhang ◽  
Fadi Xu ◽  
Cancan Zhang ◽  
Xiaomin Liang
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Medullary Raphe ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Spontaneously Breathing ◽  
Ventilatory Response To Hypoxia ◽  
Μ Receptor

Sighs, a well-known phenomenon in mammals, are substantially augmented by hypoxia and hypercapnia. Because (d-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly-ol)-enkephalin (DAMGO), a μ-receptor agonist, injected intravenously and locally in the caudal medullary raphe region (cMRR) decreased the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia, we hypothesized that these treatments could inhibit sigh responses to these chemical stimuli. The number and amplitude of sighs were recorded during three levels of isocapnic hypoxia (15%, 10%, and 5% O2 for 1.5 min) or hypercapnia (3%, 7%, and 10% CO2 for 4 min) to test the dependence of sigh responses on the intensity of chemical drive in anesthetized and spontaneously breathing rats. The role of μ-receptors in modulating sigh responses to 10% O2 or 7% CO2 was subsequently evaluated by comparing the sighs before and after 1) intravenous administration of DAMGO (100 μg/kg), 2) microinjection of DAMGO (35 ng/100 nl) into the cMRR, and 3) intravenous administration of DAMGO after microinjection of d-Phe-Cys-Tyr-d-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTAP, 100 ng/100 nl), a μ-receptor antagonist, into the cMRR. Hypoxia and hypercapnia increased the number, but not amplitude, of sighs in a concentration-dependent manner, and the responses to hypoxia were significantly greater than those to hypercapnia. Systemic and local injection of DAMGO into the cMRR predominantly decreased the number of sighs, while microinjection into the rostral and middle MRR had no or limited effects. Microinjecting CTAP into the cMRR significantly diminished the systemic DAMGO-induced reduction of the number of sighs in response to hypoxia, but not to hypercapnia. Thus we conclude that hypoxia and hypercapnia elevate the number of sighs in a concentration-dependent manner in anesthetized rats, and this response is significantly depressed by activating systemic μ-receptors, especially those within the cMRR.

scholarly journals Chemosensory response in stunted prairie rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis viridis

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Saviola ◽  
David Chiszar ◽  
Hobart M. Smith ◽  
Stephen P. Mackessy
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Recent Population Expansion ◽  
Crotalus Viridis ◽  
Natural Prey ◽  
Feeding Experience ◽  
Prey Chemicals ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Geographical Locations ◽  
Prey Items

Abstract Rattlesnakes use chemical stimuli in ambush site selection and for relocation of envenomated prey through strike-induced chemosensory searching. Shifts in responsiveness to prey chemicals have been documented in many snakes, and often correlate with prey commonly taken as snakes increase in age and size as well as geographical locations of the species. For instance, neonate rattlesnakes that prey primarily on ectotherms responded most strongly to chemical cues of commonly taken lizard prey, whereas adult rattlesnakes that prey primarily on small mammals responded significantly to chemical cues of commonly taken rodents. In the current study, 11 Prairie Rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis viridis which were classified as large neonates based on measures of snout-vent length (SVL) and body mass, yet chronologically were at or near adulthood, were tested for their responsiveness to chemical extracts of natural and non-natural prey items. Although the snakes had eaten only neonate lab mice (Mus musculus), they responded significantly more to chemical cues of natural prey items and particularly to chemical cues of prey normally taken by subadults (Peromyscus mice and Sceloporus lizard). These results suggest that ontogenetic shifts in responsiveness to natural prey chemical cues are innately programmed and are not based on body size or feeding experience in C. v. viridis. This does not imply, however, that growth and experience are without effects, especially with novel prey or rare prey that have experienced recent population expansion.

scholarly journals Ontogenetic shift in response to prey-derived chemical cues in prairie rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis viridis

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Saviola ◽  
David Chiszar ◽  
Stephen P. Mackessy
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Deer Mouse ◽  
Prey Type ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ontogenetic Shift ◽  
Crotalus Viridis ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Tongue Flicking

Abstract Snakes often have specialized diets that undergo a shift from one prey type to another depending on the life stage of the snake. Crotalus viridis viridis (prairie rattlesnake) takes different prey at different life stages, and neonates typically prey on ectotherms, while adults feed almost entirely on small endotherms. We hypothesized that elevated rates of tongue flicking to chemical stimuli should correlate with particular prey consumed, and that this response shifts from one prey type to another as individuals age. To examine if an ontogenetic shift in response to chemical cues occurred, we recorded the rate of tongue flicking for 25 neonate, 20 subadult, and 20 adult (average SVL = 280.9, 552, 789.5 mm, respectively) wild-caught C. v. viridis to chemical stimuli presented on a cotton-tipped applicator; water-soluble cues from two ectotherms (prairie lizard, Sceloporus undulatus, and house gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus), two endotherms (deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus and lab mouse, Mus musculus), and water controls were used. Neonates tongue flicked significantly more to chemical cues of their common prey, S. undulatus, than to all other chemical cues; however, the response to this lizard’s chemical cues decreased in adult rattlesnakes. Subadults tongue flicked with a higher rate of tongue flicking to both S. undulatus and P. maniculatus than to all other treatments, and adults tongue flicked significantly more to P. maniculatus than to all other chemical cues. In addition, all three sub-classes demonstrated a greater response for natural prey chemical cues over chemical stimuli of prey not encountered in the wild (M. musculus and H. frenatus). This shift in chemosensory response correlated with the previously described ontogenetic shifts in C. v. viridis diet. Because many vipers show a similar ontogenetic shift in diet and venom composition, we suggest that this shift in prey cue discrimination is likely a general phenomenon among viperid snakes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effect of a Grape Seed Tannin Extract on Wine Ester Release and Perception Using In Vitro and In Vivo Instrumental and Sensory Approaches

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Carolina Muñoz-González ◽  
Celia Criado ◽  
María Pérez-Jiménez ◽  
María Ángeles Pozo-Bayón
Keyword(s):  
Grape Seed ◽  
Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tannin Extract ◽  
Ethyl Hexanoate ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Ethyl Decanoate

This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of a commercial grape seed tannin extract (GSE) fully characterized (53% monomers, 47% procyanidins) on wine ester release and perception using a global approach. The behavior of two esters (ethyl hexanoate, ethyl decanoate) was studied in a control wine or in the same wine supplemented with the GSE in preconsumption (in vitro headspace-stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SBSE-GC/MS) and orthonasal perception) and consumption (intraoral-HS-SBSE-GC/MS and dynamic retronasal perception) conditions. For the compound ethyl hexanoate, no significant differences (p > 0.05) among wines were observed in the in vitro analyses while they were observed in the three in vivo experiments (p < 0.05). Thus, the wine supplemented with the GSE showed lower (35%) in vivo release and ortho (36%) and retronasal (16%) perception scores than the control wine. Overall, this suggests that components of the GSE could interact with this compound, directly and/or through complexes with oral components, affecting its release and conditioning its perception. However, perceptual interactions and effects of polyphenols on oral esterases cannot be discarded. On the contrary, the compound ethyl decanoate was not significantly affected by the addition of GSE. In conclusion, the addition of tannin extracts to wines can modulate aroma perception in a compound-dependent manner.

Chemosensory predator recognition induces defensive behavior in the slow-worm (Anguis fragilis)

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Cabido ◽  
Adega Gonzalo ◽  
Pedro Galán ◽  
José Martín ◽  
Pilar López
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Tongue Flick ◽  
Defensive Behaviors ◽  
Low Visibility ◽  
Grass Snake ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Anguis Fragilis ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Tongue Flicks ◽  
Coronella Austriaca

Many antipredator adaptations are induced or mediated by the ability of the prey to recognize chemical cues from the predator. This ability is particularly advantageous for organisms whose environment precludes the effective use of other sensory systems, such as fossorial lizards. We tested the ability of the slow-worm, Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758, a semifossorial legless lizard, to detect and discriminate chemical stimuli arising from potential predators. We compared rates of tongue-flicks to swabs impregnated with scents from the smooth snake (Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768), a sympatric predator, the grass snake (Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758)), a sympatric but non-saurophagous predator, and the three-toed skink (Chalcides striatus (Cuvier, 1829)), a sympatric insectivorous, and thus innocuous, skink. Differential tongue-flick rates suggest that scents of smooth snakes were recognized by slow-worms. Moreover, scents of smooth snakes were quickly avoided and elicited defensive behaviors much more often than any other scent, suggesting that chemical cues are a reliable means of assessing the snake's presence. These chemosensory capacities would be evolutionarily advantageous to avoid predation by snakes and are likely to represent a component of the suite of adaptations associated with low-visibility habitats.

scholarly journals The effect of Soil properties on the Biological Diversity of Fungi in Soil University of Anbar.

2021 ◽  
Vol 2114 (1) ◽  
pp. 012068
Author(s):  
Wijdan Ahmed Ali ◽  
Rahaf Haineed Hussein ◽  
Wafaa Tali Radef
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Soil Fungus ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Physical Chemical

Abstract Microorganisms are a varied collection of organisms that make up around 60% of the earth’s biomass. The ratio of fungal to plant species is estimated to be around 6 to 1. In order to extrapolate worldwide estimates of 1.5 million fungal species, this ratio is utilized. Because of the activity of soil organisms, soils are very complex systems with numerous components performing many roles. Soil microflora is essential for assessing soil conditions and encouraging plant development. Microorganisms are helpful in enhancing soil fertility because they participate in a variety of biochemical transformation and mineralization processes in soils. Organic matter in the soil that impacts the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil and serves as a complementary medium for biological processes and life support in the soil environment. Microbes have a very significant role in biodiversity. Organic matter in the soil that influences its physical, chemical, and biological properties and acts as a complimentary medium for biological activities and life support in the soil environment. Microbes play an important part in biodiversity. The study demonstrated the importance of pH and soil texture on the variety of soil fungus species. Three clones were grown on PDA at 28 C° (7 clays) as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Fusarium sp.

A Neuroinflammation Inhibitor, Hypoxylon xanthone A, from Soil Fungus Hypoxylon sp.

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Ying Xiao ◽  
Bing Xu ◽  
You Kang ◽  
Yuedi Li ◽  
Yong Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Soil Fungus ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
No Production ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Solid Culture ◽  
2D Nmr Spectra ◽  
Dose Dependent

: Hypoxylon sp. was used to ferment at 25°C for 45 days. The solid culture of Hypoxylon sp. was extracted with 75% EtOH under ultrasonic for twice. And the dried combined extracts were then suspended in H2O and partitioned with ethyl acetate. EtOAc extracts were subjected to a silica gel column and eluted with petroleum ether - acetone to a.ord seven fractions. Sephadex LH-20 and RPHPLC were used subsequently to yield a novel xanthone metabolite (Hypoxylon xanthone A). Its structure was elucidated based on HR-ESI-MS, 1D-, 2D-NMR spectra, and the comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra. The anti-neuroinflammatory assay of Hypoxylon xanthone A, as manifested by the inhibitory effect on LPS-induced NO production in BV-2 microglial cells, indicated almost the same inhibitory effect as minocycline in a dose-dependent manner within the concentration of 1-50 μM, suggesting that Hypoxylon xanthone A could be a new potential neuroinflammation inhibitor.

Aspects of Necrophoric Behavior in the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis Invicta

Behaviour ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 157-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis F. Howard ◽  
Walter R. Tschinkel
Keyword(s):  
Solenopsis Invicta ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Stereotyped Behavior ◽  
Fire Ant ◽  
Red Imported Fire Ant ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Solenopsis Invicta Buren ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Refuse Pile ◽  
Imported Fire Ant

AbstractRemoval of dead ants from the nest (necrophoric behavior) is released solely by contact chemical cues in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Exhaustively extracted corpses do not release necrophoric behavior, but the extracts do when applied to filter paper bits. The necrophoric releaser is absent at death but appears rapidly and reaches a plateau within about an hour. The rate of signal appearance is identical in heat and freeze killed workers, implying a non-enzymatic origin. There is no specialized caste or size of worker which carries out necrophoric labor. In the field, in the absence of slope, corpse-bearing workers head outward from the nest on random radii and drop their corpses at unpredictable distances, making refuse piles rare. There is a positive relationship between slope and the presence of refuse piles, and these are located downhill from the mound. When the headings of necrophoric workers were measured in circular arenas in the lab, the only potential orientational cue (tested : landmarks, light, 5°, 10°, 15° slope) which resulted in non-random distribution of headings was slope. The concentration of the headings was a direct function of the slope and seemed to plateau at about 15°. Corpse-bearing ants show stereotyped behavior upon encountering refuse piles and adding their burden to it. Chemical stimuli probably issuing from the feces in the refuse pile bring about the end of necrophoric behavior and maintain the refuse pile. These chemical cues, as also those initiating necrophoric behavior, must be contacted to be effective.

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