scholarly journals Hip muscular strength balance is associated with running economy in recreationally-trained endurance runners

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5219
Author(s):  
Wallace A. Silva ◽  
Claudio Andre B. de Lira ◽  
Rodrigo L. Vancini ◽  
Marilia S. Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Isokinetic Strength ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Hip Flexor

Background The percentage of sustained maximal oxygen uptake and the running economy are important factors that determine the running success of endurance athletes. Running economy is defined as the oxygen uptake required to run at a given speed and depends on metabolic, cardiorespiratory, biomechanical, neuromuscular, and anthropometric factors. With regard to anthropometric characteristics, total body mass seems to be a crucial factor for the running economy. Moreover, neuromuscular components, especially knee muscular strength and the strength balance ratio, also seem to be critical for the running economy. In addition to knee muscle strength, hip muscle strength is also an important contributor to running performance on level or hilly ground. However, the relationship between running economy and the hip muscles is unknown. Thus the aim of the present study was to verify whether hip flexor and extensor isokinetic peak torque, the isokinetic strength balance ratio, total body mass and fat free mass were associated with running economy in both sexes and to compare sex differences in physical fitness and isokinetic strength characteristics. Methods A total of 24 male (31.0 ± 7.7 years, 176.2 ± 7.3 cm, and 70.4 ± 8.4 kg) and 15 female (31.3 ± 6.7 years, 162.9 ± 3.9 cm, and 56.0 ± 5.3 kg) recreationally-trained endurance runners were recruited. Maximal oxygen uptake, running economy, conventional (concentric flexors-to-concentric extensors) and functional (concentric flexors-to-eccentric extensors) hip isokinetic strength balance ratios, peak torque of the hip flexor and extensor muscles, total body mass, and fat-free mass were measured. Running economy was assessed on two separate days by means of the energy running cost (Ec) using a motorized treadmill at 10.0 and 12.0 km h−1 (3% gradient) and 11.0 and 14.0 km h−1 (1% gradient). Results The functional balance ratio was significantly and negatively associated with Ec at 11.0 (r =  − 0.43, P = 0.04) and 12.0 km h−1 (r =  − 0.65, P = 0.04) when using a 3% gradient in male runners. Considering muscular strength, male runners only showed a significant relationship between Ec (assessed at 12 km h−1 and a 3% gradient) and peak torque for extensor muscle eccentric action (r = 0.72, P = 0.04). For female runners, only peak torque relative to total body mass for extensor muscles (180° s−1) was positively associated with Ec when assessed at 10 km h−1 using a 3% gradient (r = 0.59, P = 0.03). No significant relationships were found between Ec and total body mass or fat-free mass. Discussion Given that the functional balance ratio was associated with a better Ec, coaches and athletes should consider implementing a specific strengthening program for hip flexor muscles to increase the functional ratio.

Sex Differences in Running Economy of Young Children

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don W. Morgan ◽  
Wayland Tseh ◽  
Jennifer L. Caputo ◽  
Ian S. Craig ◽  
Daniel J. Keefer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Total Body

The purpose of this study was to quantify running economy (RE) during level treadmill running in 6-year-old children and to identify the potentially mediating effects of resting oxygen uptake and body fat percentage on sex differences in RE. Resting oxygen uptake (VO2), body fat, and RE at 5 mph were quantified in 15 boys and 20 girls following 30 min of treadmill accommodation. While absolute VO2 and mass-related values of gross and net VO2 were significantly higher in boys compared to girls, gross VO2 expressed relative to fat-free mass was not different between sexes. These results indicate that 6-year-old girls exhibit better RE compared to 6-year-old boys when VO2 is expressed as a function of total body mass. This sex difference in VO2 may reflect an increase in aerobic energy demands associated with the presence of a greater muscle mass in boys.

CNTF genotype is associated with muscular strength and quality in humans across the adult age span

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 1205-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Roth ◽  
Matthew A. Schrager ◽  
Robert E. Ferrell ◽  
Steven E. Riechman ◽  
E. Jeffrey Metter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Muscular Power ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) genotype and muscle strength was examined in 494 healthy men and women across the entire adult age span (20–90 yr). Concentric (Con) and eccentric (Ecc) peak torque were assessed using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer for the knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF) at slow (0.52 rad/s) and faster (3.14 rad/s) velocities. The results were covaried for age, gender, and body mass or fat-free mass (FFM). Individuals heterozygous for the CNTF null (A allele) mutation (G/A) exhibited significantly higher Con peak torque of the KE and KF at 3.14 rad/s than G/G homozygotes when age, gender, and body mass were covaried ( P < 0.05). When the dominant leg FFM (estimated muscle mass) was used in place of body mass as a covariate, Con peak torque of the KE at 3.14 rad/s was also significantly greater in the G/A individuals ( P < 0.05). In addition, muscle quality of the KE (peak torque at 3.14 rad · s−1 · leg muscle mass−1) was significantly greater in the G/A heterozygotes ( P < 0.05). Similar results were seen in a subanalysis of subjects 60 yr and older, as well as in Caucasian subjects. In contrast, A/A homozygotes demonstrated significantly lower Ecc peak torque at 0.52 rad/s for both KE and KF compared with G/G and G/A groups ( P < 0.05). No significant relationships were observed at 0.52 rad/s between genotype and Con peak torque. These data indicate that individuals exhibiting the G/A genotype possess significantly greater muscular strength and muscle quality at relatively fast contraction speeds than do G/G individuals. Because of high positive correlations between fast-velocity peak torque and muscular power, these findings suggest that further investigations should address the relationship between CNTF genotype and muscular power.

scholarly journals Standardized MET Value Underestimates the Energy Cost of Treadmill Running in Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 890-896
Author(s):  
Helouane Ázara ◽  
Paulo Farinatti ◽  
Adrian Midgley ◽  
Fabrício Vasconcellos ◽  
Patrícia Vigário ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Metabolic Equivalent ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Energy Cost Of Running ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

AbstractThe main purpose of the present study was to compare the reference metabolic equivalent (MET) value and observed resting oxygen uptake (VO2) for defining cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) and characterizing the energy cost of treadmill running. A heterogeneous cohort of 114 healthy men volunteered to participate. In Part 1 of the study, 114 men [mean±SD, age: 24±5 years; height: 177.1±7.9 cm; body mass: 75.0±10.0 kg] visited the laboratory twice for assessment of resting and maximal VO2 values to compare the reference MET value vs. observed resting VO2 and to investigate the association between resting VO2 and VO2max. In Part 2, 14 of the 114 men visited the laboratory once more to perform a 30-min bout of running at 8.0 km∙h−1/8.3 METs. The mean observed resting VO2 of 3.26 mL·kg−1·min−1 was lower than the reference MET value of 3.5 mL·kg−1·min−1 (P<0.001). Resting and maximal VO2 values relative to total body mass and fat-free mass were positively correlated (R=0.71 and 0.60, respectively; P<0.001). The maximal MET and energy cost of treadmill running were consequently underestimated when calculated using the reference MET value only for those with low VO2max (P=0.005 to P<0.001). In conclusion, the reference MET value considerably overestimated observed resting VO2 in men with low VO2max, resulting in underestimations of the maximal MET, exercise intensity prescription, and the energy cost of running.

One- and two-year change in body composition as measured by DXA in a population-based cohort of older men and women

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 2368-2374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein Visser ◽  
Marco Pahor ◽  
Frances Tylavsky ◽  
Stephen B. Kritchevsky ◽  
Jane A. Cauley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Total Body

Changing body composition has been suggested as a pathway to explain age-related functional decline. No data are available on the expected changes in body composition as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a population-based cohort of older persons. Body composition data at baseline, 1-yr follow-up, and 2-yr follow-up was measured by DXA in 2,040 well-functioning black and white men and women aged 70–79 yr, participants of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. After 2 yr, a small decline in total body mass was observed (men: −0.3%, women: −0.4%). Among men, fat-free mass and appendicular lean soft tissue mass (ALST) decreased by −1.1 and −0.8%, respectively, which was masked by a simultaneous increase in total fat mass (+2.0%). Among women, a decline in fat-free mass was observed after 2 yr only (−0.6%) with no change in ALST and body fat mass. After 2 yr, the decline in ALST was greater in blacks than whites. Change in total body mass was associated with change in ALST ( r = +0.58 to +0.70; P < 0.0001). Among participants who lost total body mass, men lost relatively more ALST than women, and blacks lost relatively more ALST than whites. In conclusion, the mean change in body composition after a 1- to 2-yr follow-up was 1–2% with a high interindividual variability. Loss of ALST was greater in men compared with women, and greater in blacks compared with whites, suggesting that men and blacks may be more prone to muscle loss.

scholarly journals Accounting for height in indices of body composition during childhood and adolescence

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda M. O'Keeffe ◽  
Abigail Fraser ◽  
Laura D. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Age And Sex

Correlations of body composition with height vary by age and sex during childhood. Standard approaches to accounting for height in measures of body composition (dividing by height (in meters)2) do not take this into account. Using measures of total body mass (TBM), fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) at ages nine, 11, 13, 15 and 18 years from a longitudinal UK cohort study (ALSPAC), we calculated indices of body composition at each age by dividing measures by height (in meters)2. We then produced age-and sex-specific powers of height using allometric regressions and calculated body composition indices by dividing measures by height raised to these powers. TBM, FM and FFM divided by height2 were correlated with height up-to age 11 in females. In males, TBM and FM divided by height2 were correlated with height up-to age 15 years while FM divided by height2 was correlated with height up-to age 11 years. Indices of body composition using age-and sex-specific powers were not correlated with height at any age. In early life, age-and sex-specific powers of height, rather than height in meters2, should be used to adjust body composition for height when measures of adiposity/mass independent of height are required.

Total Body Mass, Fat Mass, Fat-Free Mass, and Skeletal Muscle in Older People: Cross-Sectional Differences in 60-Year-Old Persons

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1633-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula G. Kyle ◽  
Laurence Genton ◽  
Didier Hans ◽  
Veronique L. Karsegard ◽  
Jean-Pierre Michel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Older People ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Total Body

Abstract P261: Associations of Left Ventricular Mass, Total Body Weight, and Fat-Free Mass With Body Mass Index: The Framingham Heart Study

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philimon N Gona ◽  
Jane J Lee ◽  
Carol J Salton ◽  
Saadia Qazi ◽  
Christopher J O'Donnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Left Ventricular Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Ventricular Mass ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Total Body

Introduction: Increased left ventricular mass (LVM) predicts excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. LVM is often indexed to height (HT) or body surface area (BSA). HT-indexation ignores weight and thus obesity. The relationship of indexed LVM with weight, obesity, and adiposity is unclear. We investigated the association of LVM with total-body mass (TBM, i.e. weight) and fat-free mass (FFM), hypothesizing that LVM scales better to FFM than TBM. Methods: From the 1794 members of Framingham Offspring cohort who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), we identified 845 (aged 65±9y) without any history of hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart failure, or CMR wall-motion abnormality. LVM was measured from cine bSSFP images and indexed to HT, BSA, TBM and FFM (by DEXA). Participants were stratified by sex and body mass index (BMI) category (NL=BMI 18.5 - 24.9; OW=25.0 - 29.9; OB=30.0+ kg/m 2 ). We used sex-specific ANCOVA to test for linear trend across BMI categories, and determined sex-specific Pearson correlation coefficients of LVM with BMI; both sets of analyses were adjusted for age and systolic blood pressure. Data are summarized as mean ± SD. Results: The Table shows that LVM and LVM/HT increase with greater BMI-category in both sexes. LVM/BSA was similar across BMI-categories, while LVM/TBM decreased. There was no linear trend across BMI-categories for LVM/FFM in either sex. On a continuous basis, LVM and LVM/HT were positively correlated with BMI in both sexes (r=0.20 to 0.35, p<0.001 for all); LVM/BSA was weakly inversely correlated with BMI in women only (r=-0.14, p=0.001) but not men (r=-0.08, p=0.18); LVM/TBM was inversely correlated with BMI (M: r=-0.39, W: r=-0.54; p<0.0001 both); LVM/FFM was not correlated with BMI in either sex (M: r=-0.05, p=0.38, W: r=0.08, p=0.055). Conclusion: LVM as a proportion of TBM (weight) actually decreases with greater BMI, while LVM/FFM is not associated with BMI. Whether LVM is better scaled to FFM vs HT, BSA or TBM for risk stratification purposes remains to be determined.

C174T polymorphism in the CNTF receptor gene is associated with fat-free mass in men and women

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 1425-1430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Roth ◽  
E. Jeffrey Metter ◽  
Mechele R. Lee ◽  
Ben F. Hurley ◽  
Robert E. Ferrell
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Baltimore Longitudinal Study ◽  
Exon 9 ◽  
Total Body

We performed gene screening of the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor (CNTFR) gene and genotyped three newly identified polymorphisms: C-1703T in the 5′ promoter region, T1069A in intron 5, and C174T in exon 9. We studied the association of these CNTFR variants with muscle strength, mass, and body composition in 465 men and women (20-90 yr) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Only the C174T variant was significantly associated with muscle-related phenotypes. In the entire cohort, when corrected for age, sex, race, physical activity, and height, homozygotes for the common C allele at C174T (CC) exhibited lower total body mass and body mass index than carriers of the rare T allele, which appeared to be due to significant differences in total nonosseous fat-free mass (FFM) (48.0 ± 0.4 vs. 50.0 ± 0.7 kg; P = 0.011) and lower limb FFM (16.5 ± 0.1 vs. 17.2 ± 0.2 kg; P = 0.002). The CC group also exhibited significantly lower quadriceps concentric and eccentric isokinetic strength values at both 30 and 180°/s than the T allele carriers (all P < 0.04), but these differences were no longer significant after adjustment for lower limb FFM. There were no significant sex-by-genotype interactions. The results indicate that the C174T polymorphism in exon 9 of CNTFR is significantly associated with FFM in men and women, with concomitant differences in muscular strength.

scholarly journals Physiomorphic Transformation in Extreme Endurance Migrants: Revisiting the Case of Bar-Tailed Godwits Preparing for Trans-Pacific Flights

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theunis Piersma ◽  
Robert E. Gill ◽  
Daniel R. Ruthrauff
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Time Window ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Digestive Organs ◽  
Short Time Window ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Body

In a 1998 paper entitled “Guts don’t fly: small digestive organs in obese bar-tailed godwits,” Piersma and Gill (1998) showed that the digestive organs were tiny and the fat loads huge in individuals suspected of embarking on a non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand. It was suggested that prior to migratory departure, these godwits would shrink the digestive organs used during fuel deposition and boost the size and capacity of exercise organs to optimize flight performance. Here we document the verity of the proposed physiomorphic changes by comparing organ sizes and body composition of bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica baueri collected in modesty midway during their fueling period (mid-September; fueling, n = 7) with the previously published data for godwits that had just departed on their trans-Pacific flight (October 19; flying, n = 9). Mean total body masses for the two groups were nearly identical, but nearly half of the body mass of fueling godwits consisted of water, while fat constituted over half of total body mass of flying godwits. The two groups also differed in their fat-free mass components. The heart and flight muscles were heavier in fueling godwits, but these body components constituted a relatively greater fraction of the fat-free mass in flying godwits. In contrast, organs related to digestion and homeostasis were heavier in fueling godwits, and most of these organ groups were also relatively larger in fueling godwits compared to flying godwits. These results reflect the functional importance of organ and muscle groups related to energy acquisition in fueling godwits and the consequences of flight-related exertion in flying godwits. The extreme physiomorphic changes apparently occurred over a short time window (≤1 month). We conclude that the inferences made on the basis of the 1998 paper were correct. The cues and stimuli which moderate these changes remain to be studied.

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