CNTF genotype is associated with muscular strength and quality in humans across the adult age span

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 1205-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Roth ◽  
Matthew A. Schrager ◽  
Robert E. Ferrell ◽  
Steven E. Riechman ◽  
E. Jeffrey Metter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Muscular Power ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) genotype and muscle strength was examined in 494 healthy men and women across the entire adult age span (20–90 yr). Concentric (Con) and eccentric (Ecc) peak torque were assessed using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer for the knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF) at slow (0.52 rad/s) and faster (3.14 rad/s) velocities. The results were covaried for age, gender, and body mass or fat-free mass (FFM). Individuals heterozygous for the CNTF null (A allele) mutation (G/A) exhibited significantly higher Con peak torque of the KE and KF at 3.14 rad/s than G/G homozygotes when age, gender, and body mass were covaried ( P < 0.05). When the dominant leg FFM (estimated muscle mass) was used in place of body mass as a covariate, Con peak torque of the KE at 3.14 rad/s was also significantly greater in the G/A individuals ( P < 0.05). In addition, muscle quality of the KE (peak torque at 3.14 rad · s−1 · leg muscle mass−1) was significantly greater in the G/A heterozygotes ( P < 0.05). Similar results were seen in a subanalysis of subjects 60 yr and older, as well as in Caucasian subjects. In contrast, A/A homozygotes demonstrated significantly lower Ecc peak torque at 0.52 rad/s for both KE and KF compared with G/G and G/A groups ( P < 0.05). No significant relationships were observed at 0.52 rad/s between genotype and Con peak torque. These data indicate that individuals exhibiting the G/A genotype possess significantly greater muscular strength and muscle quality at relatively fast contraction speeds than do G/G individuals. Because of high positive correlations between fast-velocity peak torque and muscular power, these findings suggest that further investigations should address the relationship between CNTF genotype and muscular power.

scholarly journals Hip muscular strength balance is associated with running economy in recreationally-trained endurance runners

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5219
Author(s):  
Wallace A. Silva ◽  
Claudio Andre B. de Lira ◽  
Rodrigo L. Vancini ◽  
Marilia S. Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Isokinetic Strength ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Hip Flexor

Background The percentage of sustained maximal oxygen uptake and the running economy are important factors that determine the running success of endurance athletes. Running economy is defined as the oxygen uptake required to run at a given speed and depends on metabolic, cardiorespiratory, biomechanical, neuromuscular, and anthropometric factors. With regard to anthropometric characteristics, total body mass seems to be a crucial factor for the running economy. Moreover, neuromuscular components, especially knee muscular strength and the strength balance ratio, also seem to be critical for the running economy. In addition to knee muscle strength, hip muscle strength is also an important contributor to running performance on level or hilly ground. However, the relationship between running economy and the hip muscles is unknown. Thus the aim of the present study was to verify whether hip flexor and extensor isokinetic peak torque, the isokinetic strength balance ratio, total body mass and fat free mass were associated with running economy in both sexes and to compare sex differences in physical fitness and isokinetic strength characteristics. Methods A total of 24 male (31.0 ± 7.7 years, 176.2 ± 7.3 cm, and 70.4 ± 8.4 kg) and 15 female (31.3 ± 6.7 years, 162.9 ± 3.9 cm, and 56.0 ± 5.3 kg) recreationally-trained endurance runners were recruited. Maximal oxygen uptake, running economy, conventional (concentric flexors-to-concentric extensors) and functional (concentric flexors-to-eccentric extensors) hip isokinetic strength balance ratios, peak torque of the hip flexor and extensor muscles, total body mass, and fat-free mass were measured. Running economy was assessed on two separate days by means of the energy running cost (Ec) using a motorized treadmill at 10.0 and 12.0 km h−1 (3% gradient) and 11.0 and 14.0 km h−1 (1% gradient). Results The functional balance ratio was significantly and negatively associated with Ec at 11.0 (r =  − 0.43, P = 0.04) and 12.0 km h−1 (r =  − 0.65, P = 0.04) when using a 3% gradient in male runners. Considering muscular strength, male runners only showed a significant relationship between Ec (assessed at 12 km h−1 and a 3% gradient) and peak torque for extensor muscle eccentric action (r = 0.72, P = 0.04). For female runners, only peak torque relative to total body mass for extensor muscles (180° s−1) was positively associated with Ec when assessed at 10 km h−1 using a 3% gradient (r = 0.59, P = 0.03). No significant relationships were found between Ec and total body mass or fat-free mass. Discussion Given that the functional balance ratio was associated with a better Ec, coaches and athletes should consider implementing a specific strengthening program for hip flexor muscles to increase the functional ratio.

Exploring the Role of Muscle Mass, Obesity, and Age in the Relationship Between Muscle Quality and Physical Function

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 303.e13-303.e20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Barbat-Artigas ◽  
Charlotte H. Pion ◽  
Jean-Philippe Leduc-Gaudet ◽  
Yves Rolland ◽  
Mylène Aubertin-Leheudre
Keyword(s):  
Physical Function ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
The Relationship

Resistance Training Performed With Single and Multiple Sets Induces Similar Improvements in Muscular Strength, Muscle Mass, Muscle Quality, and IGF-1 in Older Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 1008-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo M. Cunha ◽  
João Pedro Nunes ◽  
Crisieli M. Tomeleri ◽  
Matheus A. Nascimento ◽  
Brad J. Schoenfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Muscle Quality

scholarly journals ACTN3 genotype is associated with muscle phenotypes in women across the adult age span

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 1486-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Walsh ◽  
Dongmei Liu ◽  
E. Jeffrey Metter ◽  
Luigi Ferrucci ◽  
Stephen M. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Isokinetic Dynamometry ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Encoding Gene ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Torque Values ◽  
Adult Volunteers

The R577X polymorphism in the α-actinin-3 encoding gene ( ACTN3) has been associated with elite athletic performance, and recently with differences in isometric and dynamic muscle strength and power in the general population. In this study we sought to determine the association of ACTN3 R577X genotype with muscle strength and mass phenotypes in men and women across the adult age span. Eight hundred forty-eight ( n = 848) adult volunteers (454 men and 394 women) aged 22–90 yr were genotyped for ACTN3 R577X. Knee extensor (KE) shortening and lengthening peak torque values were determined using isokinetic dynamometry and fat-free mass (FFM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Women deficient in α-actinin-3 (X/X; n = 53) displayed lower KE shortening peak torque (30°/s: 89.5 ± 3.5 vs. 99.3 ± 1.4 N·m, P = 0.011; 180°/s: 60.3 ± 2.6 vs. 67.0 ± 1.0 N·m, P = 0.019) and KE lengthening peak torque (30°/s: 122.8 ± 5.7 vs. 137.0 ± 2.2 N·m, P = 0.022; 180°/s: 121.8 ± 5.8 vs. 138.5 ± 2.2 N·m, P = 0.008) compared with R/X + R/R women ( n = 341). Women X/X homozygotes also displayed lower levels of both total body FFM (38.9 ± 0.5 vs. 40.1 ± 0.2 kg, P = 0.040) and lower limb FFM (11.9 ± 0.2 vs. 12.5 ± 0.1 kg, P = 0.044) compared with R/X + R/R women. No genotype-related differences were observed in men. In conclusion, our results indicate that the absence of α-actinin-3 protein (i.e., ACTN3 X/X genotype) influences KE peak torque and FFM in women but not men.

A cross-sectional study of muscle strength and mass in 45- to 78-yr-old men and women

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 644-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Frontera ◽  
V. A. Hughes ◽  
K. J. Lutz ◽  
W. J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Old Men

The isokinetic strength of the elbow and knee extensors and flexors was measured in 200 healthy 45- to 78-yr-old men and women to examine the relationship between muscle strength, age, and body composition. Peak torque was measured at 60 and 240 degrees/s in the knee and at 60 and 180 degrees/s in the elbow by use of a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer. Fat-free mass (FFM) was estimated by hydrostatic weighing in all subjects, and muscle mass (MM) was determined in 141 subjects from urinary creatinine excretion. FFM and MM were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in the oldest group. Strength of all muscle groups at both testing speeds was significantly (P less than 0.006) lower (range 15.5–26.7%) in the 65- to 78- than in the 45- to 54-yr-old men and women. When strength was adjusted for FFM or MM, the age-related differences were not significant in all muscle groups except the knee extensors tested at 240 degrees/s. Absolute strength of the women ranged from 42.2 to 62.8% that of men. When strength was expressed per kilogram of MM, these gender differences were smaller and/or not present. These data suggest that MM is a major determinant of the age- and gender-related differences in skeletal muscle strength. Furthermore, this finding is, to a large extent, independent of muscle location (upper vs. lower extremities) and function (extension vs. flexion).

scholarly journals Comparison of methods to identify individuals with obesity at increased risk of functional impairment among a population of home-dwelling older adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Anne Lene Nordengen ◽  
Linn Kristin Lie Øyri ◽  
Stine Marie Ulven ◽  
Truls Raastad ◽  
Kirsten Bjørklund Holven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Obesity is associated with increased muscle mass and muscle strength. Methods taking into account the total body mass to reveal obese older individuals at increased risk of functional impairment are needed. Therefore, we aimed to detect methods to identify obese older adults at increased risk of functional impairment. Home-dwelling older adults (n 417, ≥ 70 years of age) were included in this cross-sectional study. Sex-specific cut-off points for two obesity phenotypes (waist circumference (WC) and body fat mass (FM %)) were used to divide women and men into obese and non-obese groups, and within-sex comparisons were performed. Obese women and men, classified by both phenotypes, had similar absolute handgrip strength (HGS) but lower relative HGS (HGS/total body mass) (P < 0·001) than non-obese women and men, respectively. Women with increased WC and FM %, and men with increased WC had higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass (P < 0·001), lower muscle quality (HGS/upper appendicular muscle mass) (P < 0·001), and spent longer time on the stair climb test and the repeated sit-to-stand test (P < 0·05) than non-obese women and men, respectively. Absolute muscle strength was not able to discriminate between obese and non-obese older adults. However, relative muscle strength in particular, but also muscle quality and physical performance tests, where the total body mass was taken into account or served as an extra load, identified obese older adults at increased risk of functional impairment. Prospective studies are needed to determine clinically relevant cut-off points for relative HGS in particular.

scholarly journals The relationships between knee extensors/ flexors strength and balance control in elite male soccer players

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12461
Author(s):  
Robert Śliwowski ◽  
Jakub Marynowicz ◽  
Łukasz Jadczak ◽  
Monika Grygorowicz ◽  
Paweł Kalinowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Postural System ◽  
The Relationship

Background Strength and balance are important factors for soccer players to be successful. This study’s aim was to determine the relationship between lower-limb muscle strength and balance control in elite male soccer players (n = 77). Methods Concentric isokinetic strength (peak torque of quadriceps (PT-Q) and hamstrings (PT-H), hamstrings/quadriceps (H/Q) ratio) was measured for the dominant and non-dominant leg at angular velocities of 60°s−1and 240°s−1, as well as the total work for extensors (TW-Q) and flexors (TW-H) for both legs (at an angular velocity of 240°s−1only). Balance score (BAL score) was used for unilateral assessment of balance control using a Delos Postural System Test measurement tool. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to predict balance control using isokinetic knee strength performance for dominant and non-dominant legs. Results Final modelling included peak torque of hamstrings at 240°s−1 and peak torque of the quadriceps at 240°s−1 for the non-dominant leg (R2 = 19.6%; p ≤ 0.001) and only peak hamstring torque at 240°s−1 for the dominant leg (R2 = 11.3%; p = 0.003) as significant predictors of balance score. Conclusion Findings indicate that balance control is widely influenced by peak hamstring torque and peak quadriceps torque at high angular velocity particularly in the non-dominant leg i.e., the supporting leg in soccer players.

scholarly journals Metabolic Syndrome and Sarcopenia

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3519
Author(s):  
Hiroki Nishikawa ◽  
Akira Asai ◽  
Shinya Fukunishi ◽  
Shuhei Nishiguchi ◽  
Kazuhide Higuchi
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Health Events ◽  
Persistent Inflammation ◽  
Major Organ ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Loss ◽  
The Relationship

Skeletal muscle is a major organ of insulin-induced glucose metabolism. In addition, loss of muscle mass is closely linked to insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (Met-S). Skeletal muscle loss and accumulation of intramuscular fat are associated with a variety of pathologies through a combination of factors, including oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, IR, and inactivity. Sarcopenia, defined by a loss of muscle mass and a decline in muscle quality and muscle function, is common in the elderly and is also often seen in patients with acute or chronic muscle-wasting diseases. The relationship between Met-S and sarcopenia has been attracting a great deal of attention these days. Persistent inflammation, fat deposition, and IR are thought to play a complex role in the association between Met-S and sarcopenia. Met-S and sarcopenia adversely affect QOL and contribute to increased frailty, weakness, dependence, and morbidity and mortality. Patients with Met-S and sarcopenia at the same time have a higher risk of several adverse health events than those with either Met-S or sarcopenia. Met-S can also be associated with sarcopenic obesity. In this review, the relationship between Met-S and sarcopenia will be outlined from the viewpoints of molecular mechanism and clinical impact.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Age and BMI with Physical Fitness in Futsal Players

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
Hamdi Chtourou ◽  
Gema Torres-Luque ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Isometric Muscle

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of age and body mass status with field and laboratory measures of physical fitness in futsal players. Futsal players (n = 65, age 12.9 ± 2.8 years), who were classified into U11 (n = 28, 9–11 years), U13 (n = 21, 11–13 years), and adults (n = 16, >18 years), performed a physical fitness battery consisting of both laboratory and field tests. A similar prevalence of overweight (25%) was observed in all age groups (χ2 = 1.94, p = 0.380, φ = 0.17). Age groups differed for all parameters, except body fat percentage, with adult players showing higher values than the younger groups (p < 0.05). U13 was heavier, taller, and had larger fat-free mass than U11 (p < 0.05). Adult players had superior values than their younger counterparts for all physical fitness parameters (p < 0.05). Body mass index (BMI) correlated inversely with aerobic capacity (U13), jumping ability, relative isometric muscle strength, and relative mean power in the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) (U11) (p < 0.05). Also, it correlated directly with absolute isometric muscle strength (U11) and peak power, mean power (all groups), and fatigue index (U11, U13) in WAnT (p < 0.05). Considering the results of this study, it was concluded that the prevalence of overweight in futsal players should be an important concern for practitioners working in this team sport. Optimizing BMI should be considered as a training and nutrition goal in order to improve sport performance.

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