scholarly journals Sports experts’ unique perception of time duration based on the processing principle of an integrated model of timing

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8707
Author(s):  
Binbin Jia ◽  
Zhongqiu Zhang ◽  
Tian Feng
Keyword(s):  
Information Extraction ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Integrated Model ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Behavioral System ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Perceived Duration

Background Duration perception is an essential part of our cognitive and behavioral system, helping us interact with the outside world. An integrated model of timing, which states that the perceived duration of a given stimulus is based on the efficiency of information extraction, was recently set forth to improve current understanding of the representation and judgment of time. However, the prediction from this model that more efficient information extraction results in longer perceived duration has not been tested. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate whether sports experts, as a group of individuals with information extraction superiority in situations relevant to their sport skill, have longer duration perceptions when they view expertise-related stimuli compared with others with no expertise/experience. Methods For this study, 81 subjects were recruited based on a prior power analysis. The sports experts group had 27 athletes with years of professional training in diving; a wrestler group and a nonathlete group, with each of these groups having 27 subjects, were used as controls. All participants completed a classic duration reproduction task for subsecond and suprasecond durations with both the diving images and general images involved. Results The divers reproduced longer durations for diving stimuli compared with general stimuli under both subsecond and suprasecond time ranges, while the other samples showed the opposite pattern. Furthermore, the years of training in diving were positively correlated with the magnitude of the prolonged reproduction duration when divers viewed diving stimuli. Moreover, the diver group showed a more precise duration perception in subsecond time range for general stimuli compared with the wrestlers and nonathletes. Conclusion The results suggest that sports experts perceive longer duration when viewing expertise-related stimuli compared with others with no expertise/experience.

scholarly journals Aesthetic Preference and Time: Preferred Painting Dilates Time Perception

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402093990
Author(s):  
Lingjing Li ◽  
Yu Tian
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Aesthetic Preference ◽  
Temporal Reproduction ◽  
Time Perceptions ◽  
Aesthetic Preferences ◽  
Perceived Duration

In the domain of aesthetic preference, previous studies focused primarily on exploring the factors that influence aesthetic preference while neglecting to investigate whether aesthetic preference affects other psychological activities. This study sought to expand our understanding of time perception by examining whether aesthetic preference in viewing paintings influenced its perceived duration. Participants who preferred Chinese paintings ( n = 20) and participants who preferred western paintings ( n = 21) were recruited to complete a temporal reproduction task that measured their time perception of Chinese paintings and of western paintings. The results showed that participants who preferred Chinese paintings exhibited longer time perceptions for Chinese paintings than for western paintings, while the participants who preferred western paintings exhibited longer time perceptions for western paintings than for Chinese paintings. These results suggested that aesthetic preference could modulate our perceived duration of painting presentation. Specifically, individuals perceive longer painting presentation durations when exposed to the stimuli matching their aesthetic preferences.

Perception of time duration by domestic hens

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pollyanna E Taylor ◽  
Marie Haskell ◽  
Michael C Appleby ◽  
Natalie K Waran
Keyword(s):  
Time Duration ◽  
Perception Of Time

scholarly journals Differences in perceived duration between plausible biological and non-biological stimuli

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliana Martinatti Giorjiani ◽  
Claudinei Eduardo Biazoli ◽  
Marcelo S. Caetano
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Biological Motion ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Neurophysiological Data ◽  
Perception Of Time

AbstractVisual motion stimuli can sometimes distort our perception of time. This effect is dependent on the apparent speed of the moving stimulus, where faster stimuli are usually perceived lasting longer than slower stimuli. Although it has been shown that neural and cognitive processing of biological motion stimuli differ from non-biological motion stimuli, no study has yet investigated whether perceived durations of biological stimuli differ from non-biological stimuli across different speeds. Here, a prospective temporal reproduction task was used to assess that question. Biological motion stimuli consisted in a human silhouette running in place. Non-biological motion stimuli consisted in a rectangle moving in a pendular way. Amount and plausibility of movement for each stimulus and frame-rate (speed) were evaluated by an independent group of participants. Although amount of movement was positively correlated to frame rate, movie clips involving biological motion stimuli were judged to last longer than non-biological motion stimuli only at frame rates in which movement was rated as plausible. These results suggest that plausible representations of biomechanical movement induce additional temporal distortions to those modulated by increases in stimulus speed. Moreover, most studies that have reported neural and cognitive differences in the processing of biological and non-biological motion stimuli acquired neurophysiological data using fMRI. The present study aimed additionally to report differences in the processing of biological and non-biological motion stimuli across different speeds using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a less costly and portable form of neurophysiological data acquisition.

scholarly journals Improvement of law enforcement officers training to act in emergency situations

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 00040
Author(s):  
P.N. Voynov ◽  
S.I. Kramskoy ◽  
I.A. Amelchenko
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Operational Service

The article presents a method of stage-by-stage training of law enforcement officers and proves its efficiency. The analysis of law enforcement officials’ professional qualifications shows the lack of knowledge about action plans in special conditions. The presented situation leads to the employee’s injuries or death, as well as failure of the operation being conducted. As a consequence, the Internal Affairs Agencies need highly qualified specialists who are able to perform operational service tasks in emergency situations. Similarly, the decline in the level of professional training is due to the change of generations and retirement of highly qualified law enforcement officers. There is a trend that characterizes the decrease in the efficiency of work related to the improvement of the personnel’s qualifications. The presented method defines the time duration of the stages, tasks and goals for each stage, conditions created at each stage and a form of control.

Digitalization of the Economy as a Development Trend in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-182
Author(s):  
E. V. Ushakova ◽  
E. V. Voronina ◽  
E. V. Fugalevich ◽  
M. V. Mikhaylova
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Time Range ◽  
National Program ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Russian Federation

The presented study aims to identify priority directions for national policy in the context of the digitalization of the economy at the federal level. Tasks. The authors analyze program directions of the national project "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation" and determine their strategic objectives; identify products and services aimed at improving the human resources aspect of the digitalization of the economy.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods, such as analysis, generalization, and classification. Analysis of program documents allows the authors to identify the main strategic objectives of each federal project implemented within the framework of the national program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation".Results. The analysis of implementation of federal projects during the digitalization of the economy in Russia makes it obvious that it is important to make allowance for the level of professional training in the field of digital technologies. Programs of educational institutions are often disconnected from the needs of the real sector of the digital economy. It is no coincidence that competencies of personnel in the field of the digital economy need to be developed. This problem is specifically addressed in the federal project "Human Resources for the Digital Economy".Conclusions. The relevance of digital technologies in various fields is obvious, and economic activity is no exception. Technological development is the starting point of the national program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation", which covers the time range between 2019 and 2024. One of its objectives is to monitor the development of the digital economy in the country. It also affects such areas as the establishment of businesses in this field, the e-commerce market, human resources, quantum technologies, etc. The government must successfully tackle the current challenges or risk becoming non-competitive compared to other countries. It is advisable to pay increased attention to human resources. In particular, it is necessary to create a register of training programs (bachelor's and master's degrees), that should be adopted by the leading Russian universities. 

scholarly journals Temporal context actively shapes EEG signatures of time perception

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atser Damsma ◽  
Nadine Schlichting ◽  
Hedderik van Rijn
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Error ◽  
Temporal Context ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Eeg Signal ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Interval Reproduction ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Current Duration ◽  
Current Interval

AbstractOur subjective perception of time is optimized to temporal regularities in the environment. This is illustrated by the central tendency effect: when estimating a range of intervals, short intervals are overestimated whereas long intervals are underestimated to reduce the overall estimation error. Most models of interval timing ascribe this effect to the weighting of the current interval with previous memory traces after the interval has been perceived. Alternatively, the perception of the duration could already be flexibly tuned to its temporal context. We investigated this hypothesis using an interval reproduction task with a shorter and longer interval range. As expected, reproductions were biased towards the subjective mean of each presented range. EEG analysis showed that temporal context affected neural dynamics during the perception phase. Specifically, longer previous durations decreased CNV and P2 amplitude and increased beta power. In addition, multivariate pattern analysis showed that it is possible to decode context from the transient EEG signal quickly after the onset and offset of the perception phase. Together, these results suggest that temporal context creates dynamic expectations which actively affect the perception of duration.Significance StatementThe subjective sense of duration does not arise in isolation, but is informed by previous experiences. This is demonstrated by abundant evidence showing that duration estimates are biased towards previously perceived time intervals. However, it is yet unknown whether this temporal context actively affects perception or asserts its influence in later, post-perceptual stages as proposed by most current formal models of this task. Using an interval reproduction task, we here show that EEG signatures flexibly adapt to the temporal context during perceptual encoding. Furthermore, interval history could be decoded from the transient EEG signal even when the current duration was identical. All in all, our results suggest that context actively influences perception.

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