MANGROVE LEAF TISSUE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ION CONCENTRATIONS AS SUBLETHAL INDICATORS OF OIL STRESS IN MANGROVE TREES

1985 ◽  
Vol 1985 (1) ◽  
pp. 391-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Page ◽  
E. S. Gilfillan ◽  
J. C. Foster ◽  
J. R. Hotham ◽  
L. Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Red Mangrove ◽  
Impact Area ◽  
Spill Site ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mangrove Trees

ABSTRACT As part of an ongoing study of the long-term effects of the Zoe Colocotroni oil spill of March 17, 1973, in Bahia Sucia, Puerto Rico, the effects of the remaining oil on the red mangrove trees in the impact area were investigated. This study involved four sampling trips to the spill site and a reference area outside the spill zone between April 1979 and April 1981. The present study was based on the observation that stressed mangrove trees in the heavily oil-affected areas had a similar appearance to trees exhibiting stress due to hypersalinity in unoiled areas. The working hypothesis was that petroleum hydrocarbons induce stress in salt-excluding plants such as red mangroves by disrupting the ability of the roots to exclude ions from seawater. Measurements of sodium (the principal seawater cation) and potassium (a major physiological ion) were made on leaf samples taken from trees from oil-affected areas and reference areas. Sediment core samples were taken from the root zone of the trees sampled at each site and analyzed for hydrocarbons by gravimetric and gas chromatographic methods. The results show a relationship between sediment hydrocarbon concentration and the ratio of sodium to potassium for mangrove leaves sampled at each site. The results show that for trees exposed at the root zone to the least weathered oil, the values of this ratio for the leaves had the largest values, reflecting an oil-induced impairment of the salt (Na) exclusion mechanism. This approach to measuring the physiological health of mangrove trees at an oil spill site offers a potentially useful means of documenting oil stress and recovery from oil stress in salt-excluding halophytes. Because oil stress in mangroves appears to be a root membrane-directed effect, there may be a “window in time” between initial oil impact and plant damage, as oil penetrates the sediments, during which mitigation measures could be taken.

FATE OF THE ZOE COLOCOTRONI OIL SPILL AND ITS EFFECTS ON INFAUNAL COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH MANGROVES

1981 ◽  
Vol 1981 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward S. Gilfillan ◽  
David S. Page ◽  
Ray P. Gerber ◽  
Sherry Hansen ◽  
Judy Cooley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Community Analysis ◽  
Reference Area ◽  
Infaunal Community ◽  
Red Mangrove ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Mangrove Environment ◽  
Impact Area ◽  
Spill Site ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT During 1978 and 1979, sediment samples were collected in the mangrove areas on the west side of Bahia Sucia, Puerto Rico, to examine the effects of oil discharged from the tanker Zoe Colocotroni (March 18, 1973) on the infaunal community. Samples for benthic community analysis and hydrocarbon analysis were taken in representative types of mangrove habitats and compared with habitats in a reference area some distance from the spill site. Infaunal organisms larger than 0.5 mm were included in this study. Correlation of biological and chemical data indicates that for the high salinity habitats there were more infaunal organisms larger than 0.5 millimeters in the oiled area than in the unoiled area. Analyses of the red mangrove fringe areas showed that the distribution of infaunal organisms was not related to the distribution of oil in an obvious way. Large numbers of organisms were found in some heavily oiled areas. Even the most diverse communities seen in the impact area were not as diverse as the community seen in the unoiled reference area. We conclude that only in the red mangrove environment is there remaining damage to infaunal communities from the Zoe Colocotroni oil spill.

Effect of the T/B North Cape Oil Spill on the Surf Clam (Spisula Solidissima) in the Coastal Waters of Southern Rhode Island1

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 993-997
Author(s):  
Joseph DeAlteris ◽  
Neil Thompson ◽  
Laura Skrobe ◽  
Gary Mauseth ◽  
Gerald Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Spisula Solidissima ◽  
Fishery Resource ◽  
Surf Clam ◽  
Home Heating ◽  
Impact Area ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT On 19 January 1996, the T/B North Cape grounded on the south shore of Rhode Island and spilled approximately 828,000 gallons of home heating oil. Storm waves mixed the oil into the water column, and currents transported the plume of contaminated water over an area of about 400 km2. Immediate post-spill observation of animals stranded on the beach within the impact area estimated 330,000 surf clams (Spisula solidissima), along with hundreds of thousands of crustaceans including lobsters and crabs. Field studies of the impact of the oil spill on the surf clam resource within the impact area and an adjacent control, unimpacted area were conducted over a 2-year period. Mortality of surf clams within the impact area was high. Using the density estimates of the adjacent control area, it is believed that most of the surf clams killed in the impact area were stranded ashore. More interesting, however, has been the recovery of the surf clam resource in the impact area, as compared to the control area. Densities of young of the year surf clams in the impact area, as observed in the winter/spring of 1997, about 1 year after the spill were very high, greater than 400/km2 at one station. Control area mean densities of the same year class were less than 2/m2 at all stations. A second field sampling conducted about 2 years after the spill indicated surf clam densities were reduced to maximum of 100/m2 within the impact area, and between 0–1/m2 in the control area. It is believed that the success of the post-spill set of surf clams in the impact area, as compared to the control area, is due to the loss of predators associated with the spill. Thus, with respect to the surf clams, this fishery resource has not only recovered, but has been enhanced by the spill.

scholarly journals Long-term reproductive impairment in a seabird after the Prestige oil spill

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 20131041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Álvaro Barros ◽  
David Álvarez ◽  
Alberto Velando
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Reproductive Impairment ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
The Impact

Large oil spills are dramatic perturbations on marine ecosystems, and seabirds are one of the worst affected organisms in such events. It has been argued that oil spills may have important long-term consequences on marine organisms, but supporting evidence remains scarce. The European shag ( Phalacrocorax aristotelis ) was strongly impacted at population level by the Prestige oil spill, the biggest spillage in the eastern North Atlantic. In this paper, we report on the long-term consequences on reproduction of this coastal seabird, using temporal and spatial replicated data (before–after–control–impact design). Our study revealed long-term reproductive impairment during at least the first 10 years since the Prestige oil spill. Annual reproductive success did not differ before the impact, but after the impact it was reduced by 45% in oiled colonies compared with unoiled ones. This is a rare documentation of long-term effects after a major oil spill, highlighting the need for long-term monitoring in order to assess the real impact of this type of disturbance on marine organisms.

scholarly journals 190 Growth Response of Four Tree Species to Fertilization and Humate Additives to CU Soil

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 423C-423
Author(s):  
Jason Grabosky ◽  
Nina Bassuk
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
The Impact

CU soil is a material primarily composed of clay loam soil and crushed stone designed for use under pavement to promote street tree root growth in a durable pavement section, such as sidewalks or parking lots. One concern is the low total soil fraction from which tree roots can meet nutritive demands. At issue is the long-term nutrient management of street trees once the root zone has been rendered inaccessible due to the pavement wearing surface, although in 3-year field tests, there were no differences found between a CU soil material and an agricultural field control. CU soil treatments were produced in a factorial design with a patent applied for processed humate additive, and a nursery production fertilization treatment. Bare-root seedlings of Salix nigra Marsh, Platanus × acerifolia Willd., Ginkgo biloba L., and cell plugs of Ficus benjamina L. were grown in treatment containers for 5 months. A Minolta SPAD-502 was used to evaluate relative chlorophyll content as an indication of leaf tissue nutrient levels. Plant growth as a function of new growth dry weight was calculated. Soil samples were collected at the end of the study and were analyzed to evaluate the impact of humate admixes in nutrient availability. The fertilization treatments positively influenced leaf color and growth for all species. The CU soil control plants displayed significantly lower chlorophyll levels, but overall growth differences were less dramatic—insignificant in some cases. The humate additive did not consistently affect leaf color. The humate additive alone did not affect plant growth, but a significant positive interaction with the fertilizer treatment was evident for Platanus and Ficus. The positive interaction was insignificant in Salix and non-existent in Ginkgo.

FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE TOXICITIES OF OILS TO MANGROVES

1985 ◽  
Vol 1985 (1) ◽  
pp. 539-546
Author(s):  
Lai Hoi-Chaw ◽  
Feng Meow-Chan
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Surface Deposition ◽  
Active Uptake ◽  
Gc Analysis ◽  
Tiger Prawn ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Field and laboratory studies on the toxicities to mangroves and associated biota of undispersed and chemically dispersed oils are being conducted in Malaysia. Results to date show the following: Most of the oils, both undispersed and dispersed, affect mainly the young Avicennia with heights less than 180 cm in the field. Toxicity to older saplings is less acute. There appear to be few differences in the impact of oils on Avicennia saplings due to tide. When the toxicities of dispersed and undispersed Arab light crude were compared, the following observations were made: most tests show either no significant differences between undispersed and dispersed oils or that undispersed crude is more toxic than dispersed crude, while a small percent show that dispersed crude is more toxic than undispersed crude. When the toxicities of oil types, namely bunker C, Malaysian crude, and Arab light crude, to the saplings were compared, it was found that bunker C was the least toxic, followed first by the Arab light and then the Malaysian crudes. Growth of the commercially important tiger prawn introduced into a flowthrough system four months after an oil spill appeared normal. These animals compared well with those reared in oil-free tanks and those cultured in situ in ponds. Most of the mortality of saplings was probably due to passive surface deposition as well as active uptake. The main accumulation site was leaf tissue as evidenced by GC analysis.

scholarly journals Use of In Situ Burning as an Oil Spill Response Tool: Follow-Up of Four Case Studies

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Michel ◽  
Zach Nixon ◽  
Heidi Hinkeldey
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Burn Treatment ◽  
Impact Area ◽  
Sabine Lake ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Four in situ burning sites that varied widely in the physical setting, oil type, timing of the burn, and post-burn treatment were assessed 0.5–1.5 years post-burn: two condensate spills in intertidal marshes at Mosquito Bay, LA in April 2001 and near Sabine Lake, LA in February 2000; crude oil spill in a ponded wetland in Minnesota in July 2000; and a spill of diesel in a salt flat/wetland north of Great Salt Lake, UT in January 2000. When used quickly after a release, burning is most effective at reducing damage to vegetation and the areal extent of impact. Where crude oil was burned within hours after the release at the Minnesota site, the impact area was restricted to 3 acres. In contrast, the diesel in the Utah spill spread over 38 acres within 3 days. The window of opportunity for in situ burning to be an effective means of oil removal can be days to months, depending on the spill conditions. The condensate spill at Mosquito Bay site was effectively burned 6–7 days after the release was reported. For spills with snow and ice cover, burning may still be effective months later. In fact, it may be necessary to consider additional burns during thaw periods and during the final thaw. Burning will not reduce the toxic effects of the oil that occurred prior to the burn. It can, however, be very effective at reducing the extent and degree of impacts by quickly removing the remaining oil. In three of the four case studies, the area burned was significantly larger than the oiled area (up to 10 x). Healthy, green, unoiled vegetation is not always an effective fire break, particularly downwind; fires can quickly jump the kinds of fire breaks placed during spill emergencies in wetlands (e.g., vegetation laid down by the passage of airboats).

ROLE OF DYNAMIC COASTAL PROCESSES IN THE IMPACT AND DISPERSAL OF THE AMOCO CADIZ OIL SPILL (MARCH 1978) BRITTANY, FRANCE

1979 ◽  
Vol 1979 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles O. Hayes ◽  
Erich R. Gundlach ◽  
Laurent D'Ozouville
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coastal Processes ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Spill Site ◽  
Rocky Coasts ◽  
Marsh Pools ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Between 60,000 and 65,000 tons of the Amoco Cadiz oil came ashore along approximately 70 km of the shoreline of Brittany during the first few weeks of the spill (March 16–30, 1978). A prevailing westerly wind pushed the oil against west-facing headlands and into shoreline embayments as it moved east. A wind reversal in early April moved the oil in the opposite direction, contaminating previously untouched areas and transporting the oil as far southwest as Pointe du Raz (southwest of Brest). At the end of April, the total volume of oil onshore was reduced to approximately 10,000 tons but by that time more than 300 km of shoreline had been contaminated. The details of oil erosion and burial were determined by resurveying 19 permanent beach profiles established during the first few days of the spill. These stations, plus an additional 147 beach observation stations, were revisited one month after the spill. Coastal processes and geomorphology played a major role in the dispersal and accumulation of the oil once it came onshore. For example, oil accumulated at the heads of crenulate bays and on tombolos (sand spits formed in the lee of offshore islands). Local sinks, such as scour pits around boulders, bar troughs (runnels), marsh pools, and joints and crevasses in rocks, tended to trap oil. Classification of the coastal environments of the Amoco Cadiz oil spill site, according to an oil spill vulnerability index (scale of 1–10 on basis of potential oil spill damage), revealed a good correlation with earlier findings at the Metula and Urquiola oil spill sites. For example, exposed rocky coasts and wave-cut platforms (stations 1 and 2) were cleaned of extremely heavy doses of oil within a few days. Sheltered rocky coasts (station 8), sheltered tidal flats (station 9) and estuarine marsh systems (station 10) proved to be the most vulnerable of all coastal environments to oil spill damage. These observations provide encouragement and incentive to continue to apply the vulnerability index to areas in the United States threatened by potential oil spills. The Brittany coastline is particularly analogous to the coastline of Maine and parts of southern Alaska.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Comparison of Current Emulsification Algorithms and Their Uncertainty in Oil Spill Modeling Software

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Gilman ◽  
Amanda Bess ◽  
Brian Drollette ◽  
Don Danmeier ◽  
Karen Murray
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
User Input ◽  
Weathering Processes ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Trajectory Models ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
The Impact

Oil spill risk assessments (OSRAs) do not currently distinguish between potentially more toxic, fresh crude oil and less toxic, highly-weathered residues which limits the understanding of the highest risk areas to prioritize mitigation measures and allocate response resources. Fate and trajectory models, used commonly for OSRA, have advanced significantly over the last five years now with enhanced ability to model chemical and physical parameters at greater resolution. Using this enhanced resolution, modelers may be able to provide some indication of the weathered state of the oil as input to the OSRA. In order to evaluate the degree of certainty in such a prediction, it is necessary to better understand the uncertainty in the modeled weathering processes that influence the toxicity of the oil. Emulsification plays a significant role in modeling of oil thickness (and therefore photo-modification), evaporation, and dissolution which are important modulators of oil toxicity. In this project, the emulsification algorithms of three currently available fate and trajectory models, ADIOS, OILMAP/SIMAP, and OSCAR, were evaluated to gain a better understanding of the degree of certainty in the modeled weathered state of oil. In this work, the basis of emulsification algorithms implemented in the models referenced above were identified, and it was found that each of these models incorporates emulsification differently. ADIOS2 relies on emulsification data gathered from mixing oil and water in a food processor. An updated version of ADIOS2 (ADIOS3) is based on a new formulation that is dependent on measured SARA components of the oil, but is still under construction and is not yet implemented. OILMAP/SIMAP use the algorithm presented in Mackay and Zagorski (1982). OSCAR uses a water uptake algorithm that was calibrated to in-house laboratory experiments. Further investigation into the development of each of these emulsification algorithms provided insight into the degree of uncertainty in these models and their input parameters, and what oil types may not be appropriately characterized by the implemented emulsification model. Additionally, the impact of that uncertainty on oil fate was investigated by evaluating the changes in the amount of emulsification when modifying user input parameters within realistic assumption ranges. The findings and comparison of the implementation of these emulsification algorithms and the sensitivity of the results to different inputs is presented here.

SUMBER-SUMBER RESILIENSI PADA REMAJA AKHIR YANG MENGALAMI KEKERASAN DARI ORANGTUA PADA MASA KANAK-KANAK

Psibernetika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Devina Calista ◽  
Garvin Garvin
Keyword(s):  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Parental Affection ◽  
Resilience Factors ◽  
Childhood Violence ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

<p><em>Child abuse by parents is common in households. The impact of violence on children will bring short-term effects and long-term effects that can be attributed to their various emotional, behavioral and social problems in the future; especially in late adolescence that will enter adulthood. Resilience factors increase the likelihood that adolescents who are victims of childhood violence recover from their past experiences</em><em>,</em><em> become more powerful individuals and have a better life. The purpose of this study was to determine the source of resilience in late adolescents who experienced violence from parents in their childhood. This research uses qualitative research methods with in-depth interviews as a method of data collection. The result shows that the three research participants have the aspects of "I Have", "I Am", and "I Can"; a participant has "I Can" aspects as a source of resilience, and one other subject has no source of resilience. The study concluded that parental affection and acceptance of the past experience have role to the three sources of resilience (I Have, I Am, and I Can)</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keyword : </em></strong><em>Resilience, adolescence, violence, parents</em></p>

Characterizing the effectiveness of COVID-19 mitigation measures: A data-centric approach (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukman Olagoke ◽  
Ahmet E. Topcu
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND COVID-19 represents a serious threat to both national health and economic systems. To curb this pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a series of COVID-19 public safety guidelines. Different countries around the world initiated different measures in line with the WHO guidelines to mitigate and investigate the spread of COVID-19 in their territories. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of these control measures using a data-centric approach. METHODS We begin with a simple text analysis of coronavirus-related articles and show that reports on similar outbreaks in the past strongly proposed similar control measures. This reaffirms the fact that these control measures are in order. Subsequently, we propose a simple performance statistic that quantifies general performance and performance under the different measures that were initiated. A density based clustering of based on performance statistic was carried out to group countries based on performance. RESULTS The performance statistic helps evaluate quantitatively the impact of COVID-19 control measures. Countries tend show variability in performance under different control measures. The performance statistic has negative correlation with cases of death which is a useful characteristics for COVID-19 control measure performance analysis. A web-based time-line visualization that enables comparison of performances and cases across continents and subregions is presented. CONCLUSIONS The performance metric is relevant for the analysis of the impact of COVID-19 control measures. This can help caregivers and policymakers identify effective control measures and reduce cases of death due to COVID-19. The interactive web visualizer provides easily digested and quick feedback to augment decision-making processes in the COVID-19 response measures evaluation. CLINICALTRIAL Not Applicable

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