scholarly journals Advocating for scientifically sound spill response decision making in a social media driven world

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geeva Varghese ◽  
Thomas Coolbaugh ◽  
Barbara Parker
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Response Decision ◽  
Media Channels

Abstract In today's world of rapid information sharing, multiple communication platforms, data sources, and an unending stream of opinions and commentary are the norm. In this increasingly interconnected world there is a tendency to blur the critical distinction between opinion and fact and to consider that all opinions are created equally and are of equal weight. Add to this an increased noise level around most subjects and a general lack of scientific discourse around technical topics and the end result has been an increased lack of acceptance or understanding of expert, fact-based opinions. This presents a challenge during the outreach efforts of the spill response community in that a number of potential stakeholders, often with less experience, may have developed their own “expert attitude” with respect to spill response tools and their use. In spill response, this growing trend of questioning established knowledge or expert opinion presents a unique challenge as timely decision making is critical towards mounting a successful response. Spill incidents are complex and usually consist of evolving scenarios, where scientifically-sound decisions are to be made against the wider context of operational considerations and ecological, socio-economic and cultural sensitivities. Often these nuances are missed or unknown to the general public and established practices and proven operational principles may be disregarded in the presence of other, potentially less rigorous or fact-based information that is easily found via social media channels and/or through the opinions and beliefs of less informed laypersons. It is difficult to ensure that a scientifically-sound message is getting through these multiple inputs of unfiltered data and this has the potential to negatively influence response decision making or, in the worst cases, hinder the successful use of all tools in the response toolbox. In the following paper, the authors examine spill response advocacy efforts aimed at promoting scientifically-sound response decision-making by various oil spill industry stakeholders since the Deepwater Horizon incident. While reviewing the lessons learned from these efforts, the authors will closely examine the heightened public awareness and engagement through social media channels and how it influences stakeholder risk perception of oil spills and various response options. The paper will assess the emerging challenges towards stakeholder engagement in relation to the oil spill response community and make recommendations for the future on scientific discourse, outreach and communication and potential effects on response decision making in a social media obsessed world.

Developing Marketing Strategy on Social Networks

2018 ◽  
pp. 66-82
Author(s):  
Boris Milović
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Winning Strategy ◽  
Marketing Performance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Training

Social networks have proven to be very convenient and effective medium for the spreading of marketing messages, advertising, branding and promotion of products and services. Social networks offer companies, nonprofit organizations, political parties etc. sending certain messages for free. In addition, they allow companies access to a wide range of characteristics of their users. Developing appropriate, the winning strategy for marketing in social media is a comprehensive, time-intensive process therefore it is important to know to manage their content. Social networks transform certain classical approaches to marketing. They provide creative and relatively easy way to increase public awareness of the company and its products, and facilitate obtaining feedback and decision making. These are sources of different information about users and groups that they've joined. The success itself of marketing performance on a social network depends on the readiness and training of organizations to perform on them.

Why Sample? - Understanding Common Sampling Objectives for Oil Spill Response

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 2561-2580
Author(s):  
Angeline Morrow ◽  
Christopher Pfeifer ◽  
Victoria Broje ◽  
Rachel Grunberg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Alternative Response ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Worker Health And Safety ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Physical And Chemical

ABSTRACT #2017-204: There is a growing recognition of the role science plays in supporting oil spill response coupled with increasing reliance on data-driven management and decision-making approaches. Collecting samples for analysis of hydrocarbons and other chemicals potentially used during oil spill response (e.g., dispersants) has become common place on many spills. While the rationale and approaches for oil spill sampling may be well known to experienced chemists and environmental scientists, the response community is still gaining experience in integrating sampling programs into dynamic oil spill response and decision-making. This paper reviews common sampling objectives for three key aspects of spill response: operational decision-support, environmental impact assessment (including natural resource damage assessment), and source identification. These broad categories span a range of interrelated sub-topics including, among others, public/worker health and safety; understanding how physical and chemical properties of oil influence selection of response options; monitoring cleanup effectiveness, especially for alternative response technologies such as dispersants; identifying and differentiating between spill and non-spill pollution sources; and evaluating potential impacts to resources at risk. Methods for achieving sampling objectives, including development of Sampling and Analysis Plans, are discussed with the goal of increasing awareness among response managers and improving response capability among staff who may be tasked with sampling support during training exercises or actual incidents. Relevant considerations for study design, collection methods, and analytical parameters are also reviewed.

GUIDELINES FOR DISPERSANT USE IN NEW ZEALAND1

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (2) ◽  
pp. 1185-1194
Author(s):  
Leigh M. Stevens ◽  
John T. Roosen ◽  
Paul Irving
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Marine Oil ◽  
Response Planning ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
Key Questions

ABSTRACT This paper describes guidelines for making decisions on dispersant use in New Zealand. The guidelines are designed to facilitate and document rapid and justifiable decisions for dispersant use during a marine oil spill, and were developed by modifying existing international models and information to suit N.Z. requirements. They are based around a simple flowchart that highlights the key questions that need to be answered during a spill. Each key question in the flowchart is linked to supporting information that provides further details, or directs the decision maker—normally a statutorily appointed On-Scene Commander (OSC)—to where the information can be obtained. Although dispersant use is pre-approved in virtually all N.Z. waters, the guidelines do not provide hard and fast rules for when dispersants should or should not be used. The OSC is expected to judge, based on the information available and the type of values requiring protection, whether a dispersant response will result in a net environmental benefit, either on its own, or in combination with other response options. The guidelines provide a simple way to collect the information required to make decisions about dispersant use within a rapid, systematic, and flexible framework, with supporting information available where needed to make and document dispersant decisions. The guidelines are designed specifically for use during a spill response, and as such are self-contained, concise, and easy to read, and allow quick access to the information essential for deciding about dispersant use. While they rely on the decision maker being knowledgeable about dispersant issues, they generally will be of value to anyone involved in spill response planning and decision making.

scholarly journals Using Weibo and WeChat social media channels to assess public awareness and practices related to antimicrobial resistance, China, 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Sujian Situ ◽  
Jeanette J. Rainey ◽  
Bin He ◽  
Xiaoge Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Text Messaging ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Media Channels

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global healthcare problem, including in China where high rates of resistance to common bacterial infections have been documented. In 2016, the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC) in China established a comprehensive strategic plan to increase awareness about AMR through education programs. Methods We conducted an online survey to assess changes in public knowledge, awareness and practices related to AMR in China since 2016. The survey was administered using China’s national and provincial level 12320 Health Hotline Weibo (micro-blog site) and WeChat (text messaging service) social media accounts from April 12, 2019 to May 7, 2019. All persons ≥16 years of age able to read Chinese were eligible to participate. Results A total of 2773 respondents completed the survey. Of the 2633 respondents indicating recent use of antibiotics, 84% (2223) reported obtaining their course of antibiotics from a hospital or pharmacy, 9% (246) of respondents reported using antibiotics saved from a previous prescription or treatment course, and 42% (1115) of respondents reported that they had stopped taking antibiotics as soon as they started feeling better. Most respondents correctly indicated that antibiotics can effectively treat urinary tract infections (86% [2388]) and skin infections (76% [2119]), but many incorrectly indicated that antibiotics can also treat viral infections such as measles (32% [889]) or a cold or flu (26% [726]). Of all respondents, 95% (2634) had heard of ‘antibiotic resistance’. Almost half (47% [1315]) reported using antibiotics within the last 6 months. Conclusion While awareness of AMR was high in this survey of social media users in China, inappropriate antibiotic use remains common, including the believe that antibiotics can effectively treat viral infections. Multiple interventions targeting the correct use of antibiotics and information on the cause AMR are likely needed. The 12320 Health Hotline provides a platform for conducting routine surveys to monitor antibiotic use and knowledge about AMR.

What-If Scenario Modeling to Support Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Decision-Making

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 646-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Leschine ◽  
Robert Pavia ◽  
Ann Hayward Walker ◽  
Ann Bostrom ◽  
Kate Starbird
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Scenario Modeling ◽  
Response Decision

Developing Marketing Strategy on Social Networks

2018 ◽  
pp. 73-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Milović
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Winning Strategy ◽  
Marketing Performance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Training

Social networks have proven to be very convenient and effective medium for the spreading of marketing messages, advertising, branding and promotion of products and services. Social networks offer companies, nonprofit organizations, political parties etc. sending certain messages for free. In addition, they allow companies access to a wide range of characteristics of their users. Developing appropriate, the winning strategy for marketing in social media is a comprehensive, time-intensive process therefore it is important to know to manage their content. Social networks transform certain classical approaches to marketing. They provide creative and relatively easy way to increase public awareness of the company and its products, and facilitate obtaining feedback and decision making. These are sources of different information about users and groups that they've joined. The success itself of marketing performance on a social network depends on the readiness and training of organizations to perform on them.

Influence of Social Media on Consumer Buying Decision Process

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-127
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Usage Pattern ◽  
Media Channels

The present study was undertaken to examine the usage pattern of various social media channels and social media's influence on consumers' buying decision-making process. The research design was descriptive. The study showed that respondents used social media sites to gather information and make the wise purchase decision and were influenced by their close friends while making a purchase decision. The respondents used social media sites very frequently, that is, more than once a day. Reliability of information was the main concern for the respondents. Marketers can use this research for their advertisement planning. Brand experts can decide their media of sale and advertisement.

scholarly journals The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen K. White ◽  
Stacee Karras
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Alternative Response ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Marine Oil ◽  
Oil Spill Response

ABSTRACT Each marine oil spill presents unique circumstances and challenges that require careful consideration of which response options are most appropriate for mitigating impacts to local communities and the environment, which may include the use of dispersants. Dispersants are chemical countermeasures that reduce the amount of floating oil by promoting the formation of small droplets that remain or become entrained in the water column, where they are subjected to greater dissolution and dilution. During the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, an unprecedented volume of dispersants was used at the surface and in the deep ocean. The spill stimulated interest and funding for research on oil spill science, especially regarding dispersant use. Building on two previous reports and using this new information, a committee of experts convened by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) conducted a review and evaluation of the science on dispersant use. The committee's review focused on various aspects of dispersant use in offshore marine oil spills, including dispersant and oil fate and transport, human health considerations, biological effects, decision making, and alternative response options, among others. The findings and recommendations of the committee were published in the recent report, The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response (available for free download at https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25161/the-use-of-dispersants-in-marine-oil-spill-response). The presentation summarizes the committee's findings and recommendations within the context of oil spill response science and technology. A key area of consideration is how they relate to and support a robust decision making process in the event dispersants are considered for use in future spills.

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