scholarly journals Secondary Agriculture towards Increasing Production and Sustainability

2021 ◽  
pp. 175-189
Author(s):  
Ayman Azad ◽  
Sameera Qayoom ◽  
F. A. Bahar ◽  
S. S. Mehdi ◽  
Shayista Fayaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Fuel Feed ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Agricultural Produce

There is a pressing need for global agriculture to shift its focus to secondary agriculture in order to produce jobs as the world's population increases. The method of generating agricultural produce is biological in nature, making it a primary agriculture operation; but, when the raw produce is refined, it receives additional benefit, making it a secondary agriculture activity. Any farm related activity that uses the land or labor beyond the Kharif and Rabi seasons would qualify for a ‘Secondary Agriculture’ activity. India's scope for diversified agriculture is vast because of extensive arable land, multiple agro-climatic zones and a rich cafeteria of soils. However, India's reputation as a global agricultural powerhouse is ironically at odds with its farmers' low average wages. The road to higher agricultural Gross Value Added and farmers' income rests in efficient management of the post-production segment, comprising agri-logistics, processing and marketing. Agriculture generates raw materials that meet basic human requirements, and is considered as a primary economic activity. Of course, there are certain alternative agriculture activities like beekeeping, mushroom cultivation, backyard poultry, etc., which fall under the ambit of secondary agriculture. Secondary agriculture helps in using all parts of an agricultural produce, processing to enhance shelf-life, increasing total factor productivity, and generating additional jobs and income for farmers. It, thus, encompasses both food and non-food processing, and represents agro-processing. Income generation activities such as paddy straw fodder blocks, duck farming, honeybee keeping, mushroom cultivation, backyard poultry, among others, that do not compete with the time that is required for various inter-cultivation activities of primary agriculture production, qualify to be defined as a secondary agriculture. These Small-scale activities utilizes rural manpower, skills and locally available inputs efficiently. These enterprises can interact in space and/or time to achieve benefits through a synergistic resource transfer among enterprises, working closely such that waste from one part becomes a supply for another component of the system known as Integrated Farming System (IFS). Not only this but waste management is also one the important issue tackled with the help of secondary agriculture like leftover cane can be processed to produce by products of sugarcane. Thus, secondary agriculture realizes better productivity, profitability and sustainable production systems that would help to solve the fuel, feed and energy crisis, create more employment avenues, ensure regular income and encourage agriculture-oriented industry.

Cattle

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Ian B. Howie
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Beef Producers ◽  
The Many

Matching production to the markets for meat makes the assumption that individual producers can have an influence on market forces. This may well apply nowadays to some of the very large scale poultry production units but, individually, beef producers can have little if any influence on the marketing scene. Although there are farmers who produce several hundred fat cattle a year, the bulk of the beef produced comes from fairly small scale producers. Much of beef production is on a fairly haphazard basis with little or no recording or budgeting.Nevertheless, small scale producers and feeders who move in and out of the market can exploit local or short-term, favourable, market fluctuations and, with skilful buying and selling, make good profits on a quick turnover. Larger scale producers who have pre-planned fully integrated production systems cannot react as quickly to any great extent to short-term marketing opportunities. I regard marketing as only one of the many variable factors to be taken into account when planning a beef enterprise within a whole farming system, in which it is likely to be one of a number of enterprises which have to be kept in balance.

scholarly journals ANALISIS AGROINDUSTRI LEMPUK DURIAN DI DESA SELATBARU KECAMATAN BANTAN KABUPATEN BENGKALIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-106
Author(s):  
Dora Felicita Dongoran ◽  
Sisca Vaulina
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Supporting Materials

Agroindustry is an activity of processing agricultural products to be semi-product or product that has economic value. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of entrepreneurs and agroindustry business profiles of lempuk durian, the use of raw materials, supporting materials, labor, processing technology, and production processes of lempuk durian, the poduction costs, income, efficiency and added value of lempuk durian, and marketing of durian products. The study used survey methods located in Selatbaru Village, Bantan District, Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province. A total of 4 craffsmen was selected as respondents by the census.  The data were analyzed by qualitative descriptive and quantitative descriptive approaches. The results showed that the lempuk durian craffsman averaged 47 years old, 12 years old education, 14 years of business experience, and 5 person of family member.  Agroindustry profile of lempuk durian was a small-scale industry category. The use of raw materials consisted of durian meat and supporting materials such as sugar, firewood, plastic packing, bunch, string, label, isolation, solar, and gas cylinders. The average use of fixed costs was IDR 1,968,633 per production process, production costs was IDR 15,886,133 per production process, gross income was IDR 26,937,500 per production process and net income was IDR 11,051,367 per production process and RCR value was 1.70 with value-added IDR 51,016. The marketing of lempuk durian had two marketing channels.

SMALL-SCALE DAIRY FARMING IN THE HIGHLANDS OF CENTRAL MEXICO: TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON POVERTY

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ESPINOZA-ORTEGA ◽  
E. ESPINOSA-AYALA ◽  
J. BASTIDA-LÓPEZ ◽  
T. CASTAÑEDA-MARTÍNEZ ◽  
C. M. ARRIAGA-JORDÁN
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Small Scale Dairy

Small-scale dairy farming has been suggested as a rural development option for Mexican campesino communities. However, there is a lack of information on how dairy farming systems operate. The objective of this paper is to analyse the social, productive and economic characteristics of small-scale dairy production systems in the central highlands in the northwest of the State of Mexico. These three characteristics were analysed on 69 farms using factor and cluster analysis. Five factors accounted for 68% of cumulative variance. Cluster analysis yielded three well-defined groups. A Kruskal–Wallis test was performed on the arable land area and the number of animals, and analysis of variance for milk yield. Economic analysis was undertaken using activity budgets. Results showed the relationships between scale and management methods and their effects on the income for the family. Families in only one of the three groups receive incomes from dairying that were above all Mexican poverty indices. This outcome is explained by the intensification in the management of their herds, which is reflected in higher milk yields, higher incomes and better access to government support schemes. Enhancement of milk production in the area studied needs differential policies which take in to account differences between the groups identified.

scholarly journals PROFIL USAHA KLAPERTAART MANADO

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Crystalinda T. O. Mekel ◽  
Jenny ., Baroleh ◽  
Caroline B. D. Pakasi
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Independent Institute ◽  
Home Industries

This study aims to provide a description of the Petra klapertaart business in terms of raw materials, capital, labor, production, costs, and the amount of profit earned.This research was conducted for one mounth on October 2015. The data used are primary data get from the owner. Petra klapertaart is one of the home industries that can give value added to coconut plants, particularly coconuts, so it can help coconut farmers to improve their economy. Constraints limited capital to run the business, get solution from the Ministry of Agriculture that is Petra klapertaart registered as one of a member the Independent Institute Rooted in the Community (LM3), which receive capital assistance in the form of funds. This led to make a research to see the description of the business profile Petra klapertaart after getting financial aid from the Ministry of Agriculture. Data obtained with primary data taken by researchers from business owners as the the main source. Data collection techniques were done by direct observation and interviews with business owners. The results showed that the Petra klapertaart business is a small-scale business that uses coconut raw materials that processed into klapertaart and became one of the members of the Independent Institute Rooted in the Community (LM3) which get funding. On Klapertaart marketing activities, business owners deal directly with consumers to sell klapertaart. Based on the results, the amount of production, the amount of production in September 2015, which is 12 times the production made two recipes in each production, produce 348 klapertaart cup aluminum foil, make a profit with the ratio of R / C> 1 is equal to 1.84 in September 2015 means, Petra business get the benefits, so this business is effort to develop

scholarly journals ANALISA NILAI TAMBAH PENJUALAN JAMUR TIRAM SEGAR DAN KERIPIK JAMUR TIRAM DI DESA BUMIRAHAYU KECAMATAN BUAY MADANG TIMUR KABUPATEN OKU TIMUR

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (03) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Hariyono
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Income Difference ◽  
The Cost

The purpose of this study is to: (1) To know the income of the business of selling fresh oyster mushroom and the manufacture of oyster mushroom chips in Bumirahayu Village, Buay Madang Timur Regency, OKU Timur Regency, (2) To know the value added value of fresh oyster mushroom sales into oyster mushroom chips In Bumirahayu Village, Buay Madang Timur District, East OKU Regency. This research is from January to February 2015 on the cultivation of oyster mushroom and the business of making oyster mushroom chips in Kelompok Wanita Tani (KWT) "Melati" Bumirahayu Village, Buay Madang Timur District OKU Timur Regency with case study method. This study found that the income obtained by oyster mushroom cultivation business is Rp. 10.953.697, - / PP (Rp 2.738.424, - / Month). As for the business of making oyster mushroom kripik is Rp. 988. 437, - / PP (Rp 3.953.748, - / Month). The existence of a considerable income difference causes the business of making oyster mushroom crackers deserve to be developed and added value on the business of making oyster mushroom kripik is Rp. 12.437, - / Kg or Rp. 1.305.937, - / PP (Rp 5,223,748, - / Month) obtained from the final difference with the cost of the raw materials.

scholarly journals ANALISIS USAHA BUDIDAYA JAMUR TIRAM PUTIH (Pleurotus ostreatus) DI KECAMATAN CURUP TENGAH KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-250
Author(s):  
Febri Nur Pramudya ◽  
Indra Cahyadinata
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Additional Element ◽  
Central District ◽  
Oyster Mushrooms ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of oyster mushrooms as a commodity for business development in Bengkulu wooden mushroom cultivation because the cultivation of oyster mushrooms is relatively easier and faster than with other types of wood mushrooms. Rejang Lebong district is one of the areas in Bengkulu province of the white oyster mushroom cultivation. Business actors in the region of white oyster mushrooms contained in Rejang Lebong Curup Central District. Besides supported by the availability of raw materials in producing white oyster mushrooms such as sawdust, rice bran, lime, and the other as an additional element of media-making baglog, also supported by the availability of the white oyster mushroom market is big enough. The purpose of this study were: 1) Analyzing of income that be obtained from white oyster mushroom bussines of Curup Tengahsub discrict, rejang lebong discrict. 2)Analyzing of level profer or not profer white oyster mushroom bussines  in midlle of curup sub discrict, rejang lebong discrict. 3)Analyzing the value- added that be obtained from the white oyster mushroom processing in curup sub discrict, rejang lebong discrict.The results showed that the income earned in Curup Tengah subdistrict white oyster mushroom cultivation in the amount of Rp. 3.901.470, -/Bulan. The magnitude of the efficiency of 1.88. Break even point dalah prices and production is Rp 13.703, - and 10,8 Kg. The amount of the added value obtained from the processing of white oyster mushrooms and a crispy nugget is equal to 33.49% or RP 19.959,02 and 53,77%  or Rp 48.226,02 53.  Keywords: white oyster mushroom, production, revenue, cost, profit

scholarly journals OPPORTUNITIES OF VALUE CREATION GLOBAL CHAINS FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESSES

2018 ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Bortnikova
Keyword(s):  
Value Creation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Medium Businesses

Introduction. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) face with many obstacles in the process of joining the global value chains. They include small scale of businesses (large corporations require bigger volumes of raw materials), relatively higher production costs, information vacuum, scarce resources for innovations, limited access to finance, weak institutional support, and, in general, the poor ability to compete with large firms in research and entry into global markets. Purpose. The article aims to reveal the opportunities and barriers for small and medium-sized businesses in Ukraine in the value creation global chain. Results. Significant prospects for Ukrainian SME in value creation global chains are opening up in the field of green investments (production of environmentally friendly products or energy efficient appliances etc.). However, there is a serious risk to business in value chains: the end-producer puts suppliers in a strict framework, where the supplier actually loses the functions of an independent enterprise, and becomes the “sub-unit” of a large corporation. The role of the state in developing export potential of SME to integrate them in global value-added chains is crucial, namely, informing about the possibilities of participation in global chains, the preferential financing of SME as participants of chains, protection of intellectual property and tax incentives for innovative enterprises, subsidies for product standardization. Ukraine should join the international standards of value added reporting by type of enterprises.

Profitability and Efficiency Analyses of Small Scale Rice processing units in Ngoketunjia Division, North West Region, Cameroon.

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182
Author(s):  
Bime M.J ◽  
Fon D.E ◽  
Ngalim S.B ◽  
Ongla J
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Parboiled Rice ◽  
North West ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Rice Processing

Rice production and processing over the years has been on an increase with more small holders entering the business. This study on profitability of processing and marketing of small scale rice processors had as objective to analyse the profitability levels of rice processing and marketing by small scale processors, determine the value added to the commodity at each stage  and also identify the constraints faced by these processors. The study used primary data collected using well-structured questionnaire from millers only, miller traders for white/parboiled rice through a multistage sampling technique. Results showed that the net processing income (3,151,201), value added (8,147,456) and efficiency (138) for miller-traders of white rice was highest, followed by miller-traders for parboiled rice and lastly millers only. Results further showed that millers only had Benefit/cost ratio of 0.4 indicating that milling only is not profitable due to small quantities milled, and high fixed cost. Miller-traders for parboiled rice had a benefit/cost ratio of 2.3 implying that their venture is most profitable. Based on the results, it was recommended that millers only should purchase large quantities of paddy to enable them reduce the overhead cost. Also the services of parboilers should reflect in the sales price of parboiled rice so that the parboiling services can be paid for.

PEMETAAN TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI KELAPA SAWIT NASIONAL DAN KEBIJAKAN PENGEMBANGANNYA

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Subiyanto Subiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Missing Value ◽  
Technology Capability ◽  
The Government

Palm oil industry in Indonesia has been growing rapidly. But, unfortunately the growth is only effective on upstream industry with low value products, such that potential downstream value added are not explored proportionally. The government is therefore in the process of developing an appropriate policy to strengthen the national palm oil downstream industry. This paper proposes that an approriate policy for developing palm oil downstream industry could be derived from the maps of value chain and existing technology capability of the industry. The result recommends that government policy should emphasize on the supply of raw materials, infrastructure and utilities, as well as developing the missing value chain industry, especially ethoxylation and sulfonation.

ISSUES OF GREENING THE LAND USE SYSTEM IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
The Creation

Soil protection in agrolandscapes is especially necessary in conditions of intensification of production and increasing anthropogenic pressure on them. This complex should fit into the landscape farming system. The more intensive the load on the land in the farm, the higher the level of soil protection against destruction. The article notes that raising soil fertility, increasing crop yields and ecological environmental improvement are possible only on the basis of agrolandscape farming system, which allows to establish the correct ratio of arable land, meadows and forests. The transition to such a system of agriculture requires: development of a project for agrolandscape land management with a set of anti-erosion measures for each farm; adjusting the structure of sown areas taking into account market conditions, that is, increasing the area of productive crops in demand (winter and spring wheat, perennial grasses), which in combination with occupied and green manure pairs determine the structure of biologized crop rotation; widespread use of legumes (peas, vetch) as factors in the biologization of agriculture. The efficiency of expanding the area of perennial grasses to 25 % of arable land in some areas of the Non-Chernozem region and the Belgorod region is shown. Here, techniques that increase the efficiency of arable land are based on strict adherence to crop rotation with legumes, the use of adaptive varieties, and the use of biologized fertilizer and plant protection systems. It is noted that the creation of a system of shelterbelts makes it possible to reduce the cost of planting and growing them in comparison with single forest belts and what is very important for farmers is to sharply increase the return on their exploitation in the form of increased increases in crop yields. The creation of forest-sized landscapes will improve the environmental conditions for the cultivation of crops.

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