scholarly journals Electrostatic Induction Spray-charging System (Embedded Electrode) for Knapsack Mist-blower

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-91
Author(s):  
Dipak S. Khatawkar ◽  
D. Dhalin ◽  
P. Shaji James ◽  
Seena R. Subhagan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Commercial System ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Electrode Potentials ◽  
Charge Induction ◽  
Electrostatic Induction ◽  
High Voltage Generator ◽  
Atomization Zone

The introduction of electrically charged sprays in agricultural application has become inevitable for better control on droplet transference with reduced drift with less spray chemical requirements.  The study was under taken to develop an electrostatic induction spray charging system as attachment to knapsack mist-blower. A high voltage generator was fabricated on the basis of Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier principle with input of 6 V DC battery. A self-atomizing hydraulic nozzle was developed to deliver the droplet spectrum required for effective electrostatic charge induction.  The prototype was evaluated for charge to mass ratio (mC. kg-1) at five electrode potentials (1 kV, 2 kV, 3 kV, 4 kV and 5 kV) at four electrode placement positions from atomization zone (0, 5, 10 and 15 mm). The charge mass ratio (CMR) value of spray cloud was measured using Faradays Cage at five positions from nozle tip (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 cm). The electrode voltage potential at 5 kV at its position 5 mm from the atomization zone shown the maximum CMR value of 1.088 mC.kg-1. In contrast with commercial system (ESS-MBP90) it was observed that except at 50 cm distance, the developed charging system, at 4 kV and 5 kV, surpassed commercial system in CMR from 100 cm to 250 cm distances. The droplet spectrum of the developed system was analysed and observed that the size of droplets were 100 to 200 µm.  The developed system found to be cost effective and significantly consistent over the commercial one.

Low-cost Electrostatic Spray Charging System as an Attachment to Powered Knapsack Mist-blower

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipak Suresh Khatawkar ◽  
Dhalin Dharanidharan
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Deposition Efficiency ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Commercial Unit ◽  
Commercial System ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Electrode Potentials ◽  
High Voltage Generator

The introduction of electrically charged sprays in the agricultural application has become inevitable for better control on droplet transference with reduced drift and an increase in application efficiency with less spray chemical requirements. The present study was undertaken to develop an electrostatic induction spray charging system as an attachment to powered knapsack mist-blower. A high voltage generator was fabricated on the basis of the Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier principle with the input of 6 V DC battery to provide the high voltage required at the developed charging electrode assembly (Model III, Model IV and Model V) for inducing an electrostatic charge on spray droplets. The three prototypes (III, IV, and V) were evaluated for charge to mass ratio (mC.kg-1) at five electrode potentials (1 kV, 2 kV, 3 kV, 4 kV, and 5 kV), four electrode placement positions (0 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm) and five distances (50 cm, 100 cm, 150 cm, 200 cm, and 250 cm) from the nozzle. Model V with electrode voltage potential at 5 kV and EPP at 5 mm shown the maximum CMR value (1.088 mC.kg-1), followed by Model III (0.888 mC.kg-1) and Model IV (0.777 mC.kg-1) with similar combination of variables. In contrast with a commercial system (ESS-MBP90) it was observed that except at 50 cm distance from the nozzle, Model V (at 4 kV and 5 kV) surpassed the commercial system in CMR from 100 cm to 250 cm distance. The droplet spectrum of the developed system was analyzed and observed that the size of droplets was 100 to 200 µm. The deposition efficiency of the developed system was on par with that commercial unit and was within the range of 60 to 70 percent. The developed system found to be cost-effective and significantly consistent on par with the commercial system.

Preparation and Characterization of Sawdust Derived Bio-Fuel Pellets Depending on "Solid Bridge" Intertwining Action of Hyacinth Fiber

2014 ◽  
Vol 878 ◽  
pp. 450-458
Author(s):  
Ling Jun Kong ◽  
Xiong Fei Zhang ◽  
Shuang Hong Tian ◽  
Ting Liu ◽  
Ya Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elastic Recovery ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Fuel Pellet ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Solid Bridge

Densified biomass pellets named as H/S-BPs were prepared from waste wood sawdust (S) in the presence of water hyacinth fiber (H) as solid bridge under room temperature and 6 MPa lower than in the previous study. Mechanical properties including relaxed density (ρr), resiliency (R), abrasion resistance (AR) and impact resistance index (IRI) were evaluated. Results showed that adding H greatly reduced negative effect of resiliency on the mechanical properties of H/S-BPs during storage. For example, H/S-BPs compressed at 6 MPa in an H/S mass ratio of 1 to 3 presented lower resiliency of 10% and higher relaxed density of 1.04 kg dm-3 than pellets without H fiber. This is due to the intertwining action of H fiber, what fabricates solid bridge, replacing the bonding creating by applying high pressure to resist the disruptive force caused by elastic recovery. Thus, compression of waste H and S in a mass ratio of 1 to 3 at room temperature under 6 MPa is a cost-effective process to produce densified sustainable bio-fuel pellet as well as dispose waste S and H, combining the economical and environmental benefits.

scholarly journals The use of sea shell (Donax trunculus) powder to remove Sr(II) ions from aqueous solutions

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysun Bulut ◽  
Sabriye Yusan ◽  
Sule Aytas ◽  
Senol Sert
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Freundlich Isotherm ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Sorption Equilibrium ◽  
Sorption Data ◽  
Donax Trunculus ◽  
Strontium Ion ◽  
Shell Powder ◽  
Maximum Removal

Abstract This study aimed to investigate and explore the possibility of using ground sea shell powder (Donax trunculus) (SSP) for sorption of Sr(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The maximum removal of Sr(II) removal in SSP was 60% at initial Sr(II) concentration of 25 mg/L, at pH 6.0, contact time 120 min, temperature 25 °C and volume/mass ratio equivalent to 500. Sorption data were interpreted considering the adsorption isotherms and thermodynamic parameters calculated. The maximum Sr(II) adsorption on SSP was 25.45 mg/g at pH 6.0. Freundlich isotherm and Dubinin–Radushkevich models were seen to be more compatible with the sorption equilibrium. The nature of the process was spontaneous and exothermic. The results suggest that SSP could be used as an efficient and cost-effective adsorbent to remove strontium ion.

scholarly journals Sustainable Process for the Depolymerization/Oxidation of Softwood and Hardwood Kraft Lignins Using Hydrogen Peroxide under Ambient Conditions

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2329
Author(s):  
Zaid Ahmad ◽  
Waleed Wafa Al Dajani ◽  
Michael Paleologou ◽  
Chunbao (Charles) Xu
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
31P Nmr ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Carboxylic Acid Groups ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Lignin Depolymerization

The present study demonstrated a sustainable and cost-effective approach to depolymerize/oxidize softwood (SW) and hardwood (HW) kraft lignins using concentrated hydrogen peroxide at temperatures ranging from 25 to 35 °C, in the absence of catalysts or organic solvents. The degree of lignin depolymerization could be simply controlled by reaction time, and no further separation process was needed at the completion of the treatment. The obtained depolymerized lignin products were comprehensively characterized by GPC–UV, FTIR, 31P-NMR, TGA, Py-GC/MS and elemental analysis. The weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of the depolymerized lignins obtained from SW or HW lignin at a lignin/H2O2 mass ratio of 1:1 after treatment for 120 h at room temperature (≈25 °C) were approximately 1420 Da. The contents of carboxylic acid groups in the obtained depolymerized lignins were found to significantly increase compared with those of the untreated raw lignins. Moreover, the depolymerized lignin products had lower thermal decomposition temperatures than those of the raw lignins, as expected, owing to the greatly reduced Mw. These findings represent a novel solution to lignin depolymerization for the production of chemicals that can be utilized as a bio-substitute for petroleum-based polyols in polyurethane production.

scholarly journals Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous carbon spheres

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-589
Author(s):  
Shuiping Li ◽  
Huajun Zhu ◽  
Guilong Xu ◽  
Qing Lin ◽  
Chengshuang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Carbon ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
Carbon Sphere ◽  
Selective Leaching ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Resorcinol Formaldehyde ◽  
Structure Morphology

AbstractA three-step method was used for the synthesis of mesoporous carbon sphere (MCS) material: firstly, silica (SiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by the modified Stöber procedure; secondly, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) were grafted onto SiO2 core nanoparticles to prepare SiO2@SiO2-CTAC hard templates; lastly, MCS material was fabricated by carbonizing and selective leaching SiO2/resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) composites. The influence of the mass ratio of R-F/silica on the structure, morphology and crystal form was studied. The results indicate that the MCS materials have a uniform morphology. The increase of the mass ratio of R-F/silica can increase the specific surface area and pore volume. The three-step method provides a cost-effective procedure for the fabrication of MCS materials with uniform morphology.

Unsettled Issues Concerning eVTOL for Rapid-response, On-demand Firefighting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnny Doo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Charging System ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Fire Stations

Recent advancements of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have generated significant interest within and beyond the traditional aviation industry, and many novel applications have been identified and are in development. One promising application for these innovative systems is in firefighting, with eVTOL aircraft complementing current firefighting capabilities to help save lives and reduce fire-induced damages. With increased global occurrences and scales of wildfires—not to mention the issues firefighters face during urban and rural firefighting operations daily—eVTOL technology could offer timely, on-demand, and potentially cost-effective aerial mobility capabilities to counter these challenges. Early detection and suppression of wildfires could prevent many fires from becoming large-scale disasters. eVTOL aircraft may not have the capacity of larger aerial assets for firefighting, but targeted suppression, potentially in swarm operations, could be valuable. Most importantly, on-demand aerial extraction of firefighters can be a crucial benefit during wildfire control operations. Aerial firefighter dispatch from local fire stations or vertiports can result in more effective operations, and targeted aerial fire suppression and civilian extraction from high-rise buildings could enhance capabilities significantly. There are some challenges that need to be addressed before the identified capabilities and benefits are realized at scale, including the development of firefighting-specific eVTOL vehicles; sense and avoid capabilities in complex, smoke-inhibited environments; autonomous and remote operating capabilities; charging system compatibility and availability; operator and controller training; dynamic airspace management; and vehicle/fleet logistics and support. Acceptance from both the first-responder community and the general public is also critical for the successful implementation of these new capabilities. The purpose of this report is to identify the benefits and challenges of implementation, as well as some of the potential solutions. Based on the rapid development progress of eVTOL aircraft and infrastructures with proactive community engagement, it is envisioned that these challenges can be addressed soon. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.

scholarly journals On the fly EIS tracking of rechargeable alkaline Zn-MnO2 batteries for large-scale use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Gallaway
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Porous Electrode ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Capacitive Coupling ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Alkaline Batteries ◽  
Minimum Number

This talk will discuss electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tracking of aqueous alkaline Zn-MnO2 cells cycled at 20% depth of discharge (DOD) based on cathode capacity. Shallow cycled alkaline batteries have previously been reported as cost effective and safe options for large-scale electrical storage. Periodically collected EIS data was used to fit a full battery model based on Voigt elements, and fitted parameters were tracked over time. These were used as a real-time diagnostic to assess performance and predict future performance in advance of any degradation of the cell voltage.The cell model was based on individual electrode models developed previously by Donne and co-workers for γ-MnO2 and Hampson and McNeil for Zn. Two prismatic cell builds were compared using electrodes fabricated by two different commercial sources with identical compositions. Both cell performance and EIS response were distinctly different between the electrode sources. The model provided an acceptable fit of the experimental data in both cases, as shown in Figure 1. The parameters of the model corresponded to physical phenomena, allowing an analysis of the performance difference despite the fact that all electrode fabrication variables could not be known unless provided by the commercial sources.The combined anode and cathode interfacial models were incorporated into a transmission line porous electrode, shown in Figure 2. Each anode + cathode fit involved a combined 15 parameters, which was the minimum number of parameters that would fit data for all cells in all states of charge. Performance analysis was accomplished by comparing a) the individual parameters, b) lumped parameters such as the RC time constants and RLC Q factors, and c) features of the cycling potential such as the discharge end voltage (DEV). Use of a reference electrode with EIS has been shown to be highly dependent on electrode placement. Battery EIS also faces a challenge in that electrodes may have similar capacity, while ideally the counter electrode should be non-limiting. We will address these factors and discuss steps taken to obtain repeatable data free of inductive loops caused by capacitive coupling with current collectors and electrode tabs.

Application of three tailing-based composites in treating comprehensive electroplating wastewater

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongbo Liu ◽  
Mengling Zhu ◽  
Saisai Gao
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Electroplating Wastewater ◽  
Freundlich Isotherms ◽  
Waste Sludge ◽  
Total Copper

Heavy metals and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are major challenging pollutants for most electroplating wastewater treatment plants. A novel composite material, prepared with a mixture of calcium and sodium compounds and tailings, was simply mixed by ratios and used to treat a comprehensive electroplating wastewater with influent COD, total copper (T-Cu), and total nickel (T-Ni) respectively as 690, 4.01, and 20.60 mg/L on average. Operational parameters, i.e. the contact time, pH, mass ratio of calcium and sodium compounds and tailings, were optimized as 30 min, 10.0, and 4:2:1. Removal rates for COD, T-Cu, and T-Ni could reach 71.8, 90.5, and 98.1%, respectively. No significant effect of initial concentrations on removal of T-Cu and T-Ni was observed for the composite material. The adsorption of Cu(II) and Ni(II) on the material fitted Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms respectively. Weight of waste sludge from the calcium/sodium–tailing system after reaction was 10% less than that from the calcium–tailing system. The tailing-based composite is cost-effective in combating comprehensive electroplating pollution, which shows a possibility of applying the tailings in treating electroplating wastewater.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document