Corrosive Effect of Tomato, Pepper and Onion Pulps on Selected Grinding Machine Components

As a result of cost considerations, local grinding machine manufacturing outfits are employing non-stainless-steel components for equipment fabrication. Despite the fact that the components are known to corrode, the number of the manufacturing outfits has increased over the years. Corrosion is a major concern to the food industry because the ingestion of corroded metals can harm and affect the function of some body organs. Potentiodynamic polarization method and a weight loss approach at room temperature was used to investigate the influence of tomato, pepper, and onion pulps on the electrochemical characteristics and weight loss of mild, galvanized, and stainless steel over a period of 30 days, at 5-day intervals. The results revealed that highest corrosion rate was found in mild steel (2.95x10-8mm/y) but low compared to the corrosion value obtained for galvanized steel (3.4x10-8mm/y) in the hybrid medium. Consequently, the use of mild steel as a substitute for stainless steel is suggested, provided that it is coated, and that the machine is cleaned regularly to remove residues from the metal surface or to inhibit microbiologically induced corrosion.

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Cyclic stress-strain relations from bending and push-pull tests

Journal of Strain Analysis ◽

10.1243/03093247v062099 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 99-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

D J White ◽

G P Horwood

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Mild Steel ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Cyclic Stress ◽

Stress Strain ◽

Rectangular Section ◽

Good Correspondence ◽

Bending Tests ◽

Cyclic Plastic ◽

Pull Tests

Cyclic plastic-straining tests have been conducted in push-pull on cylindrical specimens and in uniform bending on rectangular-section bars of mild steel (B.S. 1501–161 Grade 28A) and of stainless steel (En 58J). The mild-steel specimens were tested at room temperature and 350°C, the stainless-steel specimens at room temperature and 650°C. It is found that there is good correspondence between cyclic stress-strain relations (the cyclic semi-range of strain and the corresponding cyclic semi-range of stress) derived from bending tests, when an expression analogous to that developed by Nadai for monotonic straining is used, and those obtained more directly from push-pull tests.

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A Radiotracer Study of Cs+ and Cl- Deposition on Steels and Zircaloy-2 in Alkaline Water Systems

Radiochimica Acta ◽

10.1524/ract.1963.2.1.14 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. Hesford ◽

Miss J. Williams ◽

G. N. Walton

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Oxide Film ◽

Mild Steel ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Chloride Ion ◽

Water Systems ◽

Alkaline Water ◽

Electrode Potentials ◽

Radiotracer Study

SummaryA radiotracer study was made of caesium and chloride ion deposition on mild steel, premagnetited mild steel, stainless steel and zircaloy-2 specimens under oxidising conditions at room temperature and oxygenfree conditions at room temperature and 60° C. The results show that under any of the conditions examined uptake on stainless steel and zircaloy is low. With mild steel uptake is only low when the surface is premagnetited, and exposed to deoxygenated water at elevated temperatures. Results for anion deposition are interpreted with reference to the electrode potentials of the surfaces. Cation deposition is unrelated to electrode potentials and appears to be associated with the hydrous character of the oxide film.

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Strain localization in beams under cyclic plastic straining at room and elevated temperature

Journal of Strain Analysis ◽

10.1243/03093247v062108 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 108-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G P Horwood ◽

D J White

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Elevated Temperature ◽

Mild Steel ◽

Strain Localization ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Cyclic Stress ◽

Elastic Analysis ◽

Stress Strain Relation ◽

Localization Conditions ◽

Strain Cycling

Deflection-controlled tests have been conducted on beams subjected to uniform bending and two forms of non-uniform bending in which strain localization occurs. The materials tested were mild steel to B.S. 1501–161 Grade 28A at room temperature and 350°C and stainless steel En 58J at room temperature and 650°C. For materials which show a settled cyclic stress-strain relation (the cyclic semi-range of strain and the corresponding cyclic semi-range of stress) estimates may be made of life in deflection cycling for beams under strain-localization conditions if the strains are calculated from the cyclic relations and the corresponding endurances are obtained from strain-cycling tests in uniform bending. On the basis of the present and previous results, it is believed that this procedure will give predictions which are on the side of safety. In the present work the predictions were often unduly safe. For materials which strain-harden severely, an elastic analysis may sometimes be adequate for an assessment of the strains involved. However, with such an analysis the predicted endurances may be unsafe and should be reduced by a suitable factor to allow for uncertainties.

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Driven Ground Rod Test Program

CORROSION ◽

10.5006/0010-9312-17.7.117 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 365t-366t

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Mild Steel ◽

San Francisco ◽

Galvanized Steel ◽

Test Program ◽

Water Line ◽

Water Pipes ◽

Electrical Systems ◽

Clad Steel ◽

The City

Abstract Dangers involved in grounding of electrical systems to water pipes are reviewed briefly. Safety orders, municipal and state codes, technical society recommended practices, etc. are discussed in this connection. It was found that the City of San Francisco required a driven ground rod to be installed at each point where the neutral was connected to the water line. A proposed driven ground rod test program is outlined briefly. Some 33 driven ground rods are scheduled to be examined after burial for one, three and seven year periods. Materials to be tested include mild steel, galvanized steel, copper clad steel, Ni-Resist and Type 302 stainless steel. Copper is not deemed to have the desired galvanic properties. 7.7

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SEM Studies of Adhesion Property of Red Oxide Primer on Selected Metal Substrates

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.327 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 367 ◽

pp. 327-333

Author(s):

M.A. Bolarinwa ◽

A.R. Adetunji ◽

O.O. Adewoye

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Scanning Electron Microscope ◽

Mild Steel ◽

Steel Specimen ◽

Adhesion Property ◽

Galvanized Steel ◽

Stainless Steel Specimen ◽

Scanning Electron ◽

Methods Of Application

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) has been used to study the adhesion of red oxide primer on selected substrates. The substrates are stainless steel, mild steel, galvanized steel and aluminium. Twenty (20 No) specimens were prepared from the four different substrate metals and examined metallographically, after coating them with red oxide primer using different methods of application. Results showed varying degrees of adherence. The red oxide primer was able to form bonds with the different substrate metals, especially with the well cleaned, primed and subsequently painted stainless steel specimen.

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Effect of Tomato Juice on Electrochemical Properties of Brass, Galvanized and Stainless Steel

Advanced Engineering Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.15.85 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 85-91

Author(s):

Olayide Rasaq Adetunji ◽

Ayobami A. Afolayan ◽

Nurudeen O. Adekunle ◽

Olayemi J. Adeosun ◽

Kayode Iliyasu Okediran

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Electrochemical Properties ◽

Research Work ◽

Tomato Juice ◽

Galvanized Steel ◽

Cylindrical Shape ◽

Corrosion Rates ◽

High Corrosion ◽

Potentiostatic Polarization

Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), is a fleshy berry regarded as very popular perishable fruit as well as vegetable grown throughout the tropical and temperate regions of the world. This research work investigated the effect of tomato juice on the electrochemical properties of brass, galvanized and stainless steel using potentiostatic polarization method and weight loss technique at room temperature. The samples were cut into sizes, 2 cm by 2 cm for galvanized and stainless steel, while brass a cylindrical shape of 2.5 mm diameter was cut into 5 cm height, the cut metallic samples was weighed using a sensitive weighing balance and recorded. The pH of the tomato juice was measured and the cut metallic samples were immersed into the containers filled with tomato juice and exposed for a period of 30 days. Weight losses of samples and pH of the tomato juice were determined at an interval of 5 days and the corrosion rates were evaluated. The results showed that brass and stainless steel had very low corrosion rates which decreased with time. High corrosion attack was observed on the galvanized steel and this is shown by the high corrosion current density and corrosion rate obtained on the polarization curve showing active corrosion reaction properties. The pH of the tomato progressed to neutrality within five days and to alkalinity at the end of the thirty days test for galvanized steel while the pH of the tomato juice was less acidic at the end of the thirty days test for both brass and stainless steel. Stainless steel was confirmed as best storage material for tomato juice in this study.Keywords: Corrosion, electrochemical, potentiostatic polarization, weight loss, tomato, metal

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Fretting Corrosion of Mild Steel in Air and in Nitrogen

Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1115/1.4010939 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 395-400

Author(s):

I-Ming Feng ◽

Herbert H. Uhlig

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Mild Steel ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Frequency Effect ◽

Fretting Corrosion ◽

Relative Slip ◽

Dry Air ◽

Weight Losses ◽

Fretting Damage

Abstract Data are presented on fretting corrosion of mild steel using weight loss as a measure of damage. Relative slip was measured both by use of stroboscopic light and strain gages. Load was applied pneumatically. Humidity of ambient air was found to be a sensitive variable requiring control, a fact first discovered through discrepancies of weight-loss data obtained in winter compared with those obtained in summer. Fretting corrosion of mild steel in moist air is only 55 to 65 per cent of the weight loss in dry air, depending on duration of test. Because of this large difference, all tests were carried out in dry air. At the same time, it was observed that fretting corrosion is appreciably greater below room temperature than above room temperature (up to 150 C). Weight losses of specimens fretted at 50 C are approximately 50 per cent losses at 0 C. Rate of fretting corrosion in air is found to be constant with time after an initial run-in period during which the rate is temporarily higher. In moist or dry nitrogen, weight losses are much less, although not zero. The greater the relative slip, the greater is fretting damage, and in complete absence of slip the data indicate that no weight loss occurs. Increased pressure or load is found to increase fretting damage. Weight loss is greater the lower the frequency for the same number of test cycles. The frequency effect increases with relative slip, and in nitrogen the frequency effect disappears.

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ON THE EFFECT OF COUNTERFACE MATERIALS ON TRIBO-BEHAVIOR OF STEEL WIRE SLIDING UNDER DRY CONTACT CONDITION

Surface Review and Letters ◽

10.1142/s0218625x08011482 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 15 (04) ◽

pp. 355-360

Author(s):

SU BE CHEE ◽

AMMAR AL SHALABI ◽

B. F. YOUSIF

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Friction Coefficient ◽

Mild Steel ◽

Steel Wire ◽

Contact Condition ◽

Dry Contact ◽

Wear Mode ◽

Steel Weight ◽

Worn Surfaces

Steel wires are implemented in numerous systems and undergo frequent faults due to tribological loading conditions. Therefore, this paper presents a study on the tribological performance of steel wire sliding against different counterfaces, namely, aluminum alloy, stainless steel, and mild steel using a block-on-ring tribo-tester. According to common mechanisms, the tests were performed under 5 N applied load and 0.15 m/s sliding velocity under dry contact condition. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the damaged features on the worn surfaces of the steel wire. Weight loss and friction coefficient results were presented versus sliding distances (0–1.6 km). In general, the results showed that friction coefficient did not reach the steady state due to the transformation of the wear mechanism from adhesive to abrasive mode. Nevertheless, the average of friction coefficient was found to be about 0.7 ± 0.1 for stainless steel and 0.2 ± 0.1 for mild steel. Weight loss gradually increased with the increase of sliding distance. The micrographs of worn surfaces revealed that the contact mechanism was transformed from adhesive to abrasive wear mode as implied by the scars and grooves on the wire surface.

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