scholarly journals Understanding Behavioural Temperament of Phlebotomus argentipes Under the Influence of DDT-IRS Versus SP-IRS for Scoping New Approaches for Maximum Control Over the VL-Vector Population in Bihar

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Aarti Rama ◽  
Rakesh Mandal ◽  
Pradeep Das
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Maintenance Phase ◽  
Chemical Constituent ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Argentipes ◽  
Grass Root Level ◽  
The Impact

Background: After the decades of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) use, Phlebotomus argentipes reportedly developed resistance against it affecting every aspect of vector control at grass-root level. Although DDT based Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) has been replaced with Alphacypermethrine-a Synthetic Pyrethroid (SP) based insecticide, since 2016 but its successful implementation at the Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) endemic regime of Bihar doesn’t cause much effect upon VL vector density. Furthermore, the outcomes of existing operational research works, it had been observed that VL vectors are continuously changing its behavior under the pressure of insecticides. Methods: For validating the hypothesis, present study has been carried out at Vaishali and Patna being highly and semi-endemic sites respectively for quantifying the oriental behavior among VL vectors persuaded by the IRS and enforce them to remain alive and get trapped in light trap even after changed chemical composition of IRS i.e., SP-IRS from routine DDT-IRS. Results: Following results, a significant reduction in sand fly density (i.e., 33.09% and 29.16%) was observed for outdoor and indoor caught sand flies, collected with light trap and aspirator respectively. Significant higher no. of sand fly collection in terms of per light traps per night was recorded from the outdoor sites than those from indoor habitat for each village of Vaishali and Saran district of Bihar. Higher no. of male sand flies than to that of female ones were collected from outdoor sites and only unfed female sand flies (i.e., 100%) were caught following SP-IRS from each study villages of Vaishali and Saran districts of Bihar. Conclusions: The results of higher no. of sand flies collection from the outdoor sites as compared with the indoor habitat validate the hypothesis of gradual shifting of habitat of VL vectors from endophilic to exophilic which is undoubtedly followed due to the fact of developed resistance among them against chemical constituent of IRS. Results  provide very useful information about the sand fly dynamics under the impact of IRS and accordingly, advocates the combined approach of IRS along with insecticidal fogging together at a same time that could be an effective dividend for maximum VL vector control along for negotiating VL cases at par for longer duration during the maintenance phase at the VL foci.

scholarly journals Do Different LED Colours Influence Sand Fly Collection by Light Trap in the Mediterranean?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Gaglio ◽  
Ettore Napoli ◽  
Francesca Arfuso ◽  
Jessica Maria Abbate ◽  
Salvatore Giannetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Trap ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Trap Design ◽  
Phlebotomine Sand Flies ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Uv Led ◽  
The Mediterranean

Light traps represent the most used attractive system to collect and monitor phlebotomine sand flies. Recent studies have suggested that light traps can be easily upgraded by the use of light-emitting diode (LED) with positive effects on trap design, weight, and battery life. However, scant data on the effect of different LED colours on the attractiveness to phlebotomine sand fly species are available in literature. In this study, the capture performances of light traps equipped with different LED colours on phlebotomine sand fly species indigenous in the Mediterranean area were evaluated. Phlebotomine sand fly collections were performed using a classical light trap (CLT), equipped with a traditional incandescent lamp, and five Laika 4.0 light traps supplied, each with LED of different colours and wavelengths: (i) white; (ii) red; (iii) green; (iv) blue; (v) UV. Light traps were set for three consecutive nights fortnightly from May to October 2017 and climate data recorded using a meteorological station. A total of 411 phlebotomine sand flies (191 males and 220 females), belonging to three different species, namely, Phlebotomus perniciosus (n= 298, 141 males and 157 females), Sergentomyia minuta (n=110, 48 males and 62 females), and Phlebotomus neglectus (n=3, 2 males and 1 females) were collected. Abundance of capture was influenced by colours of LED and time. The highest number of phlebotomine sand flies was captured on June (P<0.01) and by UV LED (P<0.01). As regard to species, P. perniciosus was mainly captured by UV LED on June (P<0.01). No effect of time (P>0.05) or LED colour (P>0.05) was recorded for S. minuta and P. neglectus. According to the results of the present study light trap equipped with UV LED can represent an effective tool for the capture of sand fly species in the Mediterranean area.

scholarly journals Observations on the dipteran fauna in a focus of dermal leishmaniasis in the State of Minas Gerais: II. The distribution of families in relation to their medical, veterinary and economic importance

1983 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Paul Williams ◽  
Carlos B. Marcondes ◽  
Alberto R. Falcão
Keyword(s):  
Light Trap ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
The State ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
Family Level ◽  
The Impact

Miniature light traps used to collect Phlebotominae in a focus of dermal leishmaniasis in the eastern part of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Over a period of seven months, the other Diptera captured in 179 light trap samples were identified to family level. The traps were placed in eight localities which constituted three different biotopes: three woodland aresas, cultivated land, and a peridomestic site. A comparison is made between the totals of Dipeterans collected in each biotope, the total numbers of families collected in each biotope and the estimated indices of diversity. Dendograms representing the degrees of association between families of Diptera in different biotopes are presented. Some families of Diptera are uniformly distributed throughout the study area; a few families seem to have become adapted to areas where human activity has induced the greatest ecological changes. The impact between Dipterans and human well-being is discussed. The availabel evidence indicates that transmission of dermal leishmaniasis does not occur in areas where sand flies can be captured in greatest densities.

scholarly journals Second Blood Meal by Female Lutzomyia longipalpis: Enhancement by Oviposition and Its Effects on Digestion, Longevity, and Leishmania Infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Moraes ◽  
K. Aguiar-Martins ◽  
S. G. Costa ◽  
P. A. Bates ◽  
R. J. Dillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Gonotrophic Cycle ◽  
Trypsin Activity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Blood Meals

Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in America. Physiological and molecular mechanisms of Leishmania infection in sand flies have been studied during the first gonotrophic cycle. There are few studies about these interactions during the second gonotrophic cycle mainly because of the difficulties maintaining sand flies through sequential feeds. Here we standardized conditions to perform the second blood feed efficiently, and our results show that oviposition is an essential factor for the success of multiple feeds. We evaluated the impact of the second blood meal on longevity, protein digestion, trypsin activity, and Leishmania mexicana development within L. longipalpis gut. Mortality of blood-fed females increases after second blood meal as compared to sugar-fed females. Trypsin activity was lower during the second gonotrophic cycle. However, no difference in protein intake was observed between blood meals. There was no difference in the population size of Leishmania in the gut after both blood meals. In this work, we presented an optimized protocol for obtaining sufficient numbers of sand fly females fed on a second blood meal, and we described some physiological and parasitological aspects of the second gonotrophic cycle which might influence the vectorial competence of sand flies.

scholarly journals Comparison of sand fly trapping approaches for vector surveillance of Leishmania and Bartonella species in ecologically distinct, endemic regions of Peru

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. e0009517
Author(s):  
Victor O. Zorrilla ◽  
Marisa E. Lozano ◽  
Liz J. Espada ◽  
Michael Kosoy ◽  
Clifton McKee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Bartonella Bacilliformis ◽  
Blue Led ◽  
Red Led ◽  
Bg Sentinel

Background In Peru, the information regarding sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis and bartonellosis in the Amazon region is limited. In this study, we carried out sand fly collections in Peruvian lowland and highland jungle areas using different trap type configurations and screened them for Leishmania and Bartonella DNA. Methodology/Principal findings Phlebotomine sand flies were collected in Peruvian Amazon jungle and inter Andean regions using CDC light trap, UV and color LED traps, Mosquito Magnet trap, BG Sentinel trap, and a Shannon trap placed outside the houses. Leishmania spp. screening was performed by kDNA PCR and confirmed by a nested cytochrome B gene (cytB) PCR. Bartonella spp. screening was performed by ITS PCR and confirmed by citrate synthase gene (gltA). The PCR amplicons were sequenced to identify Leishmania and Bartonella species. UV and Blue LED traps collected the highest average number of sand flies per hour in low jungle; UV, Mosquito Magnet and Shannon traps in high jungle; and Mosquito Magnet in inter Andean region. Leishmania guyanensis in Lutzomyia carrerai carrerai and L. naiffi in Lu. hirsuta hirsuta were identified based on cytB sequencing. Bartonella spp. related to Bartonella bacilliformis in Lu. whitmani, Lu. nevesi, Lu. hirsuta hirsuta and Lu. sherlocki, and a Bartonella sp. related to Candidatus B. rondoniensis in Lu. nevesi and Lu. maranonensis were identified based on gltA gene sequencing. Conclusions/Significance UV, Blue LED, Mosquito Magnet and Shannon traps were more efficient than the BG-Sentinel, Green, and Red LED traps. This is the first report of L. naiffi and of two genotypes of Bartonella spp. related to B. bacilliformis and Candidatus B. rondoniensis infecting sand fly species from the Amazon region in Peru.

scholarly journals The Diversity of Midgut Bacteria among Wild-Caught Phlebotomus argentipes (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), the Vector of Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Nayana Gunathilaka ◽  
Hirunika Perera ◽  
Tharaka Wijerathna ◽  
Wasana Rodrigo ◽  
N. D. A. D. Wijegunawardana
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Argentipes ◽  
Antileishmanial Activities ◽  
Potential Use

Phlebotomus argentipes is the main suspected vector for leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. Investigations on the presence of aerobic bacteria in the gut of sand flies which evidence a potential approach to control leishmaniasis transmission through a paratransgenic strategy are still not available for the local sand fly populations. Field-caught unfed female sand flies collected from three selected Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas (Polpithigama, Maho, and Galgamuwa) in Kurunegala District, Sri Lanka from August to December 2018 were used. Prokaryotic 16S ribosomal RNA partial gene was amplified and sequenced. Morphological identification revealed the presence of only one sand fly species, P. argentipes (n=1,969). A total of 20 organisms belonging to two phyla (Proteobactericea and Furmicutes) were detected within the gut microbial community of the studied sand fly specimens. This study documents the first-ever observation of Rhizobium sp. in the midgut of P. argentipes. The presence of Bacillus megaterium, which is considered as a nonpathogenic bacterium with potential use for paratransgenic manipulation of P. argentipes suggest that it may be used as a delivery vehicle to block the vectorial transmission of Leishmania parasites. In addition, Serratia marcescens may be used as a potential candidate to block the parasite development in sand fly vectors since it has evidenced antileishmanial activities in previous investigations. Hence, further studies are required to gain full insight into the potential use of this bacterium in the control of Leishmania parasites through paratransgenesis.

scholarly journals Leishmania donovani development in Phlebotomus argentipes: comparison of promastigote- and amastigote-initiated infections

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOVANA SADLOVA ◽  
JITKA MYSKOVA ◽  
TEREZA LESTINOVA ◽  
JAN VOTYPKA ◽  
MATTHEW YEO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Intracellular Amastigotes ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Phlebotomus Argentipes

SUMMARYLeishmania parasites alternate in their life cycle between promastigote stages that develop in the gut of phlebotomine sand flies and amastigotes residing inside phagocytic cells of vertebrate hosts. For experimental infections of sand flies, promastigotes are frequently used as this way of infection is technically easier although ingestion of promastigotes by sand flies is unnatural. Here we aimed to answer a critical question, to what extent do promastigote-initiated experimental infections differ from those initiated with intracellular amastigotes. We performed side-by-side comparison of Leishmania development in Phlebotomus argentipes females infected alternatively with promastigotes from log-phase cultures or amastigotes grown ex vivo in macrophages. Early stage infections showed substantial differences in parasite load and representation of morphological forms. The differences disappeared along the maturation of infections; both groups developed heavy late-stage infections with colonization of the stomodeal valve, uniform representation of infective metacyclics and equal efficiency of transmission. The results showed that studies focusing on early phase of Leishmania development in sand flies should be initiated with intracellular amastigotes. However, the use of promastigote stages for sand fly infections does not alter significantly the final outcome of Leishmania donovani development in P. argentipes and their transmissibility to the vertebrate host.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and population structure of Phlebotomus argentipes: Vector of Leishmania donovani in Sri Lanka

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256819
Author(s):  
Dulani Ruwanika K. Pathirage ◽  
Thilini C. Weeraratne ◽  
Sanath C. Senanayake ◽  
S. H. P. Parakrama Karunaratne ◽  
Nadira D. Karunaweera
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Argentipes ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Sand Fly Vectors ◽  
Cox 1

Phlebotomus argentipes is the vector of Leishmania donovani which causes the disease leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease and a growing health problem in Sri Lanka. A proper understanding of the population genetic structure of sand fly vectors is considered important prior to planning and implementation of a successful vector control program. Thus, the present study was conducted to determine the population genetic structure of sand fly vectors in Sri Lanka. Two mitochondrial genes namely Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (Cox 1) and Cytochrome b (Cytb), and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region from the nuclear ribosomal DNA were used for molecular characterization. Analyses included maximum likelihood method, network analysis and DNA polymorphisms. The outcome revealed unique sequences of all genomic regions studied except the cox 1 gene had a relationship with sand flies isolated previously from Sri Lanka, India and Israel and cytb gene of 4 sand flies that aligned with those isolated earlier from Sri Lanka and 3 from Madagascar. Furthermore, cox 1 gene and ITS 2 region analyses based on FST values indicated a possible gene flow between the study sites whereas cytb gene analysis favoured the existence of genetically distinct populations of P. argentipes in each of the study sites. Poor population differentiation of P. argentipes, a possible consequence of a gene flow, is indeed of concern due to the risk imposed by promoting the spread of functionally important phenotypes such as insecticide resistance across the country, making future vector control efforts challenging.

scholarly journals Micro-CT visualization of a promastigote secretory gel (PSG) and parasite plug in the digestive tract of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis infected with Leishmania mexicana

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0009682
Author(s):  
Martin J. R. Hall ◽  
Debashis Ghosh ◽  
Daniel Martín-Vega ◽  
Brett Clark ◽  
Innes Clatworthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Leishmania Mexicana ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
The Impact

Leishmaniasis is a debilitating disease of the tropics, subtropics and southern Europe caused by Leishmania parasites that are transmitted during blood feeding by phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Using non-invasive micro-computed tomography, we were able to visualize the impact of the laboratory model infection of Lutzomyia longipalpis with Leishmania mexicana and its response to a second blood meal. For the first time we were able to show in 3D the plug of promastigote secretory gel (PSG) and parasites in the distended midgut of whole infected sand flies and measure its volume in relation to that of the midgut. We were also able to measure the degree of opening of the stomodeal valve and demonstrate the extension of the PSG and parasites into the pharynx. Although our pilot study could only examine a few flies, it supports the hypothesis that a second, non-infected, blood meal enhances parasite transmission as we showed that the thoracic PSG-parasite plug in infected flies after a second blood meal was, on average, more than twice the volume of the plug in infected flies that did not have a second blood meal.

scholarly journals Detection Molecular of Leishmania Spp. And Blood Source in Female Sand Flies in the Parque Estadual Do Rio Doce and in the Municipality of Timóteo, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Ferreira de Souza ◽  
Carlos Alberto dos Santos ◽  
Paula Dias Bevilacqua ◽  
José Dilermando Andrade Filho ◽  
Reginaldo Peçanha Brazil
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Gallus Gallus ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Braziliensis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
Blood Source

Abstract Background: Leishmaniasis is a set of diseases caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) and transmitted by the bite of female sand fly insects (Diptera: Psychodidae). The present work was characterized as a descriptive study comparing two areas: a wild area where the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD) is located and another urban area, located in the municipality of Timóteo-MG (AUT). Aiming to identify the presence of Leishmania spp. and the blood source of collected female sand flies. Methods: Sand flies were collected with CDC light trap model HP, between September 2012 and February 2014. We used 19 traps in the Urban Area of ​​Timóteo and 12 in the Rio Doce State Park. For molecular studies of Leishmania spp. DNA we used ITS1 gene and in the search of blood source, with naturally fed females, the CytB gene was used and positive samples were sequenced. Results: It was clear that in the municipality of Timóteo there are at least three species of Leishmania: Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (V.) guyanensis. A large presence of Leishmania braziliensis DNA was identified in female sand flies. Nyssomyia whitmani was the most captured species in the urban area, while in the PERD it was Pressatia choti, both species were positive for the presence of Leishmania braziliensis DNA. And last but not least was the record of the participation of Gallus gallus (chicken) and Sus scrofa (pig) as a blood source for sandflies, which helps to maintain the life cycle of vectors in the urban area of ​​the municipality.Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that Leishmania braziliensis is the main tegumentary leishmaniasis transmitter agent in the study area, with effective participation of Nyssomyia whitmani as a vector. And it draws attention to the possibility that Gallus gallus (chicken) and Sus scrofa (pig) are fundamental in maintaining the cycle in urban areas.

Field evaluation of four commercial light traps, trap placement, and effect of carbon dioxide on phlebotomine sand fly collection in Thailand

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puckavadee Somwang ◽  
Pathamet Khositharattanakool ◽  
Nattaphol Pathawong ◽  
Arissara Pongsiri ◽  
Silas A. Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Sand Fly Vectors ◽  
Trap Placement

Abstract Background Several light trap devices have been invented and developed to assess the abundance of sand flies. Traps available in the market have different designs and attractant combinations to catch sand fly vectors. We evaluated the efficacy of four commercial light traps and determined the effect of trap placement and carbon dioxide (CO2) on sand fly collection in northern Thailand. Methods Trap evaluations were conducted at two natural caves located in Chiang Rai province, Thailand. In the first part of the study, the efficacies of four trap types including the Centers for Disease Control miniature light trap (CDC LT), Encephalitis Vector Survey trap (EVS), CDC Updraft Blacklight trap (CDC UB), and Laika trap (LK) were evaluated and compared using a Latin square experimental design. The second half of the study evaluated the influence of trap placement and CO2 on sand fly collection. Additionally, CDC LT were placed inside, outside, and at the entrance of caves to compare the number of sand flies collected. Results For the trap efficacy experiment, a total of 11,876 phlebotomine sand flies were collected over 32 trap-nights. Results demonstrated that CDC LT, CDC UB, and LK collected significantly more sand flies than EVS (P > 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the numbers of sand flies collected by CDC LT, CDC UB, and LK. A total of 6,698 sand flies were collected from the trap placement and CO2 experiment over 72 trap-nights. Results showed that CO2 did not influence the numbers of sand flies captured (P < 0.05), whereas trap placement at the entrance of the caves resulted in collection of significantly more sand flies than traps placed inside and outside of the caves. Conclusion We found the CDC LT, CDC UB, and LK without CO2 captured the greatest amount of sand flies. This was particularly observed when traps were placed at the entrance of a cave, perhaps because of the greater passage of stimuli caused by wind flow at the entrance of the cave. The light traps in this study can be used effectively to collect sand fly vectors in northern Thailand.

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