Inhibitory Effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Bryophyllum pinnatum (Oda Opue) Leaves Extracts on Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Infected Wound Samples

Aim: to study the antimicrobial effects of different leaves extracts of Azadirachta indica and Bryophyllum pinnatum on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wound. Study Design: This study was done to determine inhibitory effects of extracts on S. aureus isolated from infected wounds. Place and Duration of Study: General hospital Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria, January to March 2020. Methodology: wound swabs were collected from 30 patients with infected wound. S. aureus were isolated and identified morphologically and biochemically. The leaves were collected, identified and grinded. Extraction of the leaves were done using soxhlet method with two solvents (ethanol and water). Phytochemical compositions were analyzed using standard methods. In vitro antimicrobial effect of extracts and their combination were evaluated. Results: Phytochemical analysis of extracts showed presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides and phenols except B. pinnatum aqueous extract that showed presence of flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. Among the extracts analysed, A. indica ethanol has highest zone of inhibition against S. aureus with 20.00±0.00 mm at 1000 mg/ml concentration. B. pinnatum ethanol 10.33±0.58 mm at 1000 mg/ml, A. indica aqueous extract 13.33±2.08 mm but B. pinnatum aqueous extract has no inhibitory effect. The combination of A. indica aqueous and B. pinnatum ethanol extracts, B. pinnatum and A. indica ethanol extracts and A. indica ethanol extract and B. pinnatum aqueous extracts have inhibitory effects on S. aureus except combination of A. indica aqueous and B. pinnatum aqueous which has no inhibitory effect. The result of MIC was 500 mg/ml and the MBC showed 1000 mg/ml. Conclusion: The extracts of B. pinnatum and A. indica possess antimicrobial properties for S. aureus and the plants are available and are planted worldwide. There is also need for research on other plants with antimicrobial effects.

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EVALUATION OF NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA) SEED AND CASSIA ALATA LEAF EXTRACTS AS SURFACE PROTECTANTS AGAINST SEED BORNE FUNGI OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.)

Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.33866/phytopathol.029.01.0254 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 01

Author(s):

Elias N.K. Sowley ◽

Ruth A. Ofori ◽

Frederick Kankam

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Neem Seed ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Cassia Alata ◽

Ethanol Extracts ◽

Neem Seed Extract

Seed borne fungi constitute a major constraint to maize production and this is aggravated by the use of farmer-saved seeds which may be unhealthy. The study was aimed at testing the efficacy of Cassia alata leaf and neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extracts against seed borne fungi. Maize (Zea mays) seeds were obtained from three farmers in each of ten communities randomly selected from the Tolon-Kumbungu district. Seed borne fungi were isolated from seed samples by plating on PDA. Four fungi belonging to three genera namely Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Penicillium digitatum were isolated from the seed samples. These fungi were grown on PDA plates amended with aqueous and ethanol extracts of Cassia alata leaf and neem seed, carbendazim and sodium hypochlorite and their radial growth measured. Ethanol extracts of C. alata leaf and neem seed were similar but had a higher inhibition than their aqueous extracts. Aqueous extract of C. alata leaf inhibited growth to a significantly higher (P<0.05) extent than aqueous neem seed extract. Although ethanol extracts of C. alata leaf and neem seed had a significantly higher (P<0.05) inhibitory effect, aqueous extract of the former was better than the neem seed extract and may therefore be used by farmers in treating their seeds since ethanol is relatively expensive.

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Effect of Sodium Chloride on Uptake of Substrate by Staphylococcus aureus 196E

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-50.11.968 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 50 (11) ◽

pp. 968-974 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. L. SMITH ◽

M. J. MAURER ◽

M. M. BENCIVENGO ◽

C. A. KUNSCH

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Sodium Chloride ◽

Glucose Utilization ◽

Respiratory Activity ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Channel Blockers ◽

Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Atpase Inhibitor ◽

Ion Channel Blockers

Sodium chloride inhibited a number of biochemical parameters in Staphylococcus aureus 196E. Induction of phospho-β-galactosidase, synthesis of staphylococcal enterotoxin A, enzyme activity (phospho-β-galactosidase) and glucose utilization were approximately four times more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of salt than was growth. Uptake of 14C-2-deoxyglucose and respiratory activity with a number of substrates were inhibited also. The breakdown of o-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG) by lactose-grown S. aureus 196E was inhibited by NaCl as well as by other solutes (salts, carbohydrates, amino acids) which suggested that the inhibitory effect is a general one of solutes and not restricted to NaCl. Various ionophores (gramicidin, valinomycin, monensin, lasalocid, m-chlorophenylhydrazone), the H+-ATPase inhibitor (N,N′,-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide), and ion channel blockers (quinine, quinidine, chlorpromazinc, tetracaine, verapamil) reversed the inhibitory action of salt on ONPG breakdown by lactose-grown cells; however, these compounds did not reverse NaCl inhibition of glucose utilization. The effects observed here suggest that NaCl (and probably other solutes) exerts an inhibitory effect on transport of substrates into the cells of S. aureus 196E.

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Composition Analysis and Inhibitory Effect ofSterculia lychnophoraagainst Biofilm Formation byStreptococcus mutans

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2016/8163150 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yang Yang ◽

Bok-Im Park ◽

Eun-Hee Hwang ◽

Yong-Ouk You

Keyword(s):

Biofilm Formation ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Control Group ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Chinese Drug ◽

Nutrient Contents ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Pangdahai is a traditional Chinese drug, specifically described in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as the seeds ofSterculia lychnophoraHance. Here, we separatedS. lychnophorahusk and kernel, analyzed the nutrient contents, and investigated the inhibitory effects ofS. lychnophoraethanol extracts on cariogenic properties ofStreptococcus mutans, important bacteria in dental caries and plaque formation. Ethanol extracts ofS. lychnophorashowed dose-dependent antibacterial activity againstS. mutanswith significant inhibition at concentrations higher than 0.01 mg/mL compared with the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, biofilm formation was decreased byS. lychnophoraat concentrations > 0.03 mg/mL, while bacterial viability was decreased dose-dependently at high concentrations (0.04, 0.08, 0.16, and 0.32 mg/mL). Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract revealed a strong presence of alkaloid, phenolics, glycosides, and peptides while the presence of steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and organic acids was low. TheS. lychnophorahusk had higher moisture and ash content than the kernel, while the protein and fat content of the husk were lower (p<0.05) than those of the kernel. These results indicate thatS. lychnophoramay have antibacterial effects againstS. mutans, which are likely related to the alkaloid, phenolics, glycosides, and peptides, the major components ofS. lychnophora.

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Allelopathic Potential of Papaver Somniferum L. on Seed Germination Against Three Different Varities of Zea Mays

10.21203/rs.3.rs-181838/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muntaha Tul Sidra ◽

SAYEDA SARAH MUBARAK ◽

FATIMA KHAN SHERWANI ◽

NAZMA AZEEM

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Water Extract ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Papaver Somniferum ◽

Hot Water ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Hot Water Extract

Abstract Aims To evaluate the allelopathic effect of Papaver somniferum against the 3 varieties of Zea mays seeds cv. Azam, Pahari and Iqbal. Methods Aqueous extracts were made by soaking the powder of dried leaves of Papaver somniferum. For the aqueous extract treatment, the extract was soaked in distilled water for 24 and 48 hours separately. For mulching treatment, the seeds were sowed in soil and sprinkled powder of leaves. For litter, the petri dishes were grounded with randomly cut pieces of filter paper wetted with extract. For hot water treatment the water was boiled for 5 minutes. The powder was then mixed in boil water. Results Azam got effected in 24h extract in aqueous extract treatment while Pahari in 48h treatment. In mulching all the three varieties got inhibited by extract. Azam showed resistance toward the inhibitory effect of extract in litter experiments. Iqbal was affected in hot water extract. Conclusion It is concluded that the extracts obtained from Papaver somniferum showed inhibitory effects on all the three varieties except few exceptions of maize. The plumule and radical growth got affected the most.

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Potency of selected herbs on inhibition of ammonia producing bacteria

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v46i4.435 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 253-263

Author(s):

B. R. O. Omidiwura ◽

A. F. Agboola ◽

A. O. Adekambi

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Carica Papaya ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Saccharum Officinarum ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Animal Production ◽

Chromolaena Odorata

In effort to combat environmental pollution, improve animal production and avoid drug residue, producers have resorted to the use of phytobiotics to inhibit ammonia producing microbes in the gut. Freshly harvested Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Saccharum officinarum, Chromolaena odorata, Eucalyptus camadulensis and Mangifera indica leaves were air dried, blended and extracted using five concentrations of solvent (100% water, 70% water + 30% methanol, 50% water + 50% methanol, 30% water + 70% methanol and 100% methanol). The antibacterial activities of the extracts and antibiotics (doxycycline) as control, were tested according to standard procedures against both gram positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae) ammonia producing bacteria. In most cases, it was observed that the inhibitory effect of methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Saccharum officinarum, Chromolaena odorata, Eucalyptus camadulensis and Mangifera indica leaves were not significantly different from that of synthetic antibiotics, doxycycline, when tested against the test bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholera. However, leave extracts showed significantly better inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli than the antibiotic drug. It can be concluded, therefore, that the leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Saccharum officinarum, Chromolaena odorata, Eucalyptus camadulensis and Mangifera indica can serve as alternative to synthetic drugs in animal production due to their effective actions against microbial organisms.

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Effect of Azadirachta indica A. Juss var indica, Nicotiana tabacum L., and Derris elliptica (Roxb.) on Growth of Duckweed

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1060.211 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1060 ◽

pp. 211-214

Author(s):

Patamawan Phuagphong ◽

Srisombat Nawanopparatsakul ◽

Nudchanart Kitcharoen

Keyword(s):

Nicotiana Tabacum ◽

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Lemna Minor ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Test Method ◽

Biological Weed Control ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Natural Herbicides ◽

Extraction Solvents

The study was designed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of selected herbs on plant growth. Three insecticides containing plants (leaf of Azadirachta indica A. Juss var indica (AI), Nicotiana tabacum L. (NT), and root of Derris elliptica (Roxb.) (DE) were selected for various solvent extractions. Five extraction solvents: methanol, hexane, dichloromethane, butanol and aqueous were used in this study. The test method was lemna phytotoxicity assay which measured the inhibitory effect on duckweed, Lemna minor growth. This toxicity test proved to be a practical bioassay method because this method is simple, sensitive and cost effective. Butanol extracts of AI were shown to have more inhibition activity on duckweed growth than NT (% inhibition growth rate is 66.08, 27.08 respectively). Butanol extracts of AI had inhibitory effect (EC10) of 40.87 μg/ ml while dichloromethane extracts had EC10 of 131.72 μg/ ml. It could therefore be concluded that butanol extracts of AI showed the greatest inhibitory effects. The results from this study suggest that butanol extracts of AI were the most promising candidates for biological weed control and might be used as potential natural herbicides or as alternatives for the reduction of chemical herbicides. The study is worthy of further investigation since this could provide potential bioherbicide and may lead to the discovery of new effective and applicable bioherbicide.

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Biological Control of Anthracnose Disease of Tomato Using Ethanolic Extracts of Azadirachta Indica and Nicotiana Tabacum

International Annals of Science ◽

10.21467/ias.4.1.20-26 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 20-26

Author(s):

Bankole Samuel Opeyemi ◽

Bankole Ruth Temidayo ◽

Yetunde Oyinkansade Babalola ◽

Ilerioluwa Busayo Emmanuel ◽

Motunrayo Temitope Ojubolamo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nicotiana Tabacum ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Mycelium Growth ◽

Anthracnose Disease ◽

Nicotiana Tobacum ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Tomato is a commercially important vegetable throughout the whole world and its availability all the year is grossly affected by anthracnose disease, hence, the need for an effective bio-control that is affordable and user friendly. This study therefore investigated the inhibitory effect of ethanol extracts of Azadirachta indica and Tabacum nicotianaon the mycelium growth of fungi associated with anthracnose disease of tomato. Tomatoes that showed black circular lesions with concentric ring and black spores were bought from Aleshinloye market in Ibadan; samples (3×3mm) from the sterilized margin of the lesion were inoculated on potato dextrose agar and observed for mycelium growth for five days. The obtained cultures were then sub cultured to obtain pure cultures which were introduced into healthy tomato fruits to confirm koch’s postulate. The in-vitro antifungal effects of ethanol extracts of Azadirachta indica and Nicotiana tabacum on isolated fungus causing anthracnose disease of tomato was investigated using agar dilution method. Based on cultural and microscopic characteristics of conidia, Colletotrichum coccodewas identified as organism causing anthracnose disease of tomato. The antifungal effect of the two ethanol plant extracts revealed that Azadirachta indica had the highest inhibitory effect of (45.00cm) at 100mg/ml and the least effect of (38.00cm) at 50mg/ml. Nicotiana tobacum equally had its highest inhibitory effect of (58.00cm) at 100mg/ml and lowest effect of (40.57cm) at 50mg/ml. This result also showed that Nicotiana tobacum had the highest inhibitory effect on Colletotrichum coccode than Azadirachta indica. Conclusively, the use of Tobacco and Neem plant extracts has antifungal activity against Colletotrichum which is responsible for Anthracnose disease of tomato. The plant could be a veritable and cheaper substitute for conventional drugs since the plant is easily obtainable and the extract can easily be made via a simple process of maceration or infusion.

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Study of the inhibitory effect of Quercus Coccifera's aqueous extract on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa In vitro

Bioinformation ◽

10.6026/97320630010689 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 689-692 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Arezo Judaki ◽

◽

Jafar Panahi ◽

Mohamad Reza Havasian ◽

Parnian Tajbakhsh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Inhibitory Effect

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Vasorelaxant-Mediated Antihypertensive Effect of the Leaf Aqueous Extract from Stephania abyssinica (Dillon & A. Rich) Walp (Menispermaceae) in Rat

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/4730341 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Chamberlin Fodem ◽

Elvine Pami Nguelefack-Mbuyo ◽

Magloire Kanyou Ndjenda II ◽

Albert Kamanyi ◽

Télesphore Benoit Nguelefack

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Methylene Blue ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Calcium Release ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Antihypertensive Activity ◽

Phytochemical Analysis

Stephania abyssinica is a medicinal plant used in Cameroon alternative medicine to treat arterial hypertension (AHT). Previous in vitro studies demonstrated the endothelium nitric oxide-independent vasorelaxant property of the aqueous extract from Stephania abyssinica (AESA). But its effect on AHT is unknown. The present study was undertaken to explore other vasorelaxant mechanisms and to determine the antihypertensive effects of AESA in male Wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis of AESA was carried out using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. The vasorelaxant effects of AESA (1-1000 μg/mL) were studied on rat isolated thoracic aorta rings, in the absence or presence of indomethacin (10 μM) or methylene blue (10 μM). The inhibitory effect of AESA on phenylephrine (PE, 10 μM) or KCl- (60 mM) induced contraction as well as the intracellular calcium release was also evaluated. The in vivo antihypertensive activity of AESA (43, 86, or 172 mg/kg/day) or captopril (20 mg/kg/day) administered orally was assessed in L-NAME- (40 mg/kg/day) treated rats. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured at the end of each week while serum or urinary nitric oxide (NO), creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were determined at the end of the 6 weeks of treatment, as well as histological analysis of the heart and the kidney. The LC-MS profiling of AESA identified 9 compounds including 7 alkaloids. AESA produced a concentration-dependent relaxation on contraction induced either by PE and KCl, which was significantly reduced in endothelium-denuded vessels, as well as in vessels pretreated with indomethacin and methylene blue. Moreover, AESA inhibited the intracellular Ca2+ release-induced contraction. In vivo, AESA reduced the AHT, heart rate (HR), and ventricular hypertrophy and increased serum NO, urine creatinine, and GFR. AESA also ameliorated heart and kidney lesions as compared to the L-NAME group. These findings supported the use of AESA as a potential antihypertensive drug.

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