Bioactivities of Azadirachta indica, Murraya koenigii, liquorice and Nicotiana tobacum against two strains of Callosobruchus chinensis L.

The current research work was conducted for the evaluation of repellent and growth inhibitory potential of Azadirachta indica, Murraya koenigii, Nicotiana tobacum and Liquorice against Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). Each plant extract was tested with four concentrations viz; 5, 10, 15 & 20 % for bioassay experiments. Repellent potentials of acetone extract of the plants were evaluated by using the area preference method against the pulse beetle. The four dilutions of the extracted plant materials (extract) were used at one half of the filter papers (of each) while remaining halves were solely treated with acetone (used as control experimental unit) for the comparison purposes. Data regarding repellence were taken after 12, 24 and 48 hours of the post treatment. In repellency bioassay, the highest (93.32%) repellence of Callosobruchus chinensis was observed for which against 20% concentration of A. indica extract, whereas lowest repellence (78.87%) was recorded in case of Liquorice. Repellency values of 90.07% and 84.76% were recorded in extracts of M. koenigii and N. tobacum in Faisalabad strain. In case of Lahore strain highest repellence of C. chinensis was observed for which 95.16% at 20% concentration of A. indica extract was whereas relatively lowest value (82.04%) was recorded in case of Liquorice. Repellency values of 87.27% and 91.06% were recorded in extracts of M. koenigii and N. tobacum. The results regarding growth inhibitory effect revealed that highest mean progeny inhibition (78.12%) was noted at 20% dose rate of A. indica extracted plant material after longest exposure time (60 days). Comparatively lowest inhibition (28.21%) was noted after 30 days exposure period at 5% dilution of Liquorice extract in Faisalabad strain. Mean inhibition of progeny was found directly dependent on both time as well as concentration, applied. Results revealed that highest mean progeny inhibition (85.03%) was recorded at 20% concentration of A. indica extract after longest exposure time (60 days). Comparatively, lowest inhibition (35.18%) was recorded at 5% after 30 days of application of Nicotiana tobacum extract in Lahore strain. Hence, use of plant-based materials can be helpful for the ecofriendly management of the stored grains insect pests as a part of IPM program.

PKM Pemanfaatan Batang Tembakau (Nicotiana Tabacum) sebagai Biopestisida di Bucor Wetan Pakuniran Probolinggo

Tobacco is one of the important agricultural commodities in Bucor Wetan Village, Pakuniran District, Probolinggo Regency. However, tobacco stems (nicotiana tobacum) are often considered as agricultural waste, since a lack of effective treatment is given to them. This community service activity is to utilize tobacco stem waste to be useful by making it a biopesticide to treat pests and diseases in plants. To achieve these goals, this program is by counseling and training to farmer groups on how to make biopesticides from tobacco stems. The results of this activity were: a) the participants’ enthusiasm is more considerable, especially the Farmer Group, to involve with the training, and b) their knowledge of using tobacco stems is more increased, since they have highly today’s economic value.

FORMULASI DAN EVALUAI STABILITAS FISIK PATCH TRANSDERMAL ALKALOID NIKOTIN DAUN TEMBAKAU (Nicotiana tobacum Linn) DENGAN VARIASI POLIMER DAN ASAM OLEAT

Research on the tobacco leaves nicotine alkaloid (Nicotiana tobacum L) transdermal patch formulation has been carried out as a cigarette dependence therapy with variations in polymers and oleic acid as a penetration enhancer. The purpose of this study is to formulate a stable transdermal patch of nicotine alkaloid tobacco leaf and to see the effect of adding cellulose, PVP and oleic acid to the release of nicotine in vitro. Transdermal patch formulation consists of nicotine alkaloid tobacco leaf, PVP, ethyl cellulose, PVP, PEG 400, propylenglycol and oleic acid. In this study, 3 formulas were made with concentration variants of PVP: EC namely F1 = 1: 1, F2 = 1: 2, and F3 = 1: 3, where the variations in penetration enhancements in the form of oleic acid were F1: 0.10, F2: 0.15, and F3: 0.20. Evaluation of transdermal patch preparations includes organoleptic, matrix weight test, matrix thickness test, drying shrinkage percentage, moisture uptake, matrix fold resistance test, skin irritation test, patch matrix surface pH test, elongation percentage, frezee and thaw test, nicotine content test, and nicotine release (diffusion cell) test, based on physical stability test of all relatively stable transdermal patch formulas and kinetics of transdermal patch release kinetics following first order and the results of statistical analysis using Variant Analysis (ANOVA) showed differences in F1, F2 and F3, and based on the Korsmayer Peppas test following the non-fick law

FORMULASI DAN EVALUAI STABILITAS FISIK PATCH TRANSDERMAL ALKALOID NIKOTIN DAUN TEMBAKAU (Nicotiana tobacum Linn) DENGAN VARIASI POLIMER DAN ASAM OLEAT

ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai formulasi patch transdermal alkaloid nikotin daun tembakau (Nicotiana tobacum L) sebagai terapi ketergantungan rokok dengan variasi polimer dan asam oleat sebagai peningkat penetrasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memformulasikan patch transdermal alkaloid nikotin daun tembakau yang stabil dan untuk melihat pengaruh penambahan eti cellulose, PVP dan asam oleat terhadap pelepasan nikotin secara in vitro. Formulasi patch transdermal terdiri dari alkaloid nikotin daun tembakau, PVP, etil cellulosa, PVP,PEG 400, propilenglikol dan asam oleat. Pada penelitian ini dibuat 3 formula dengan varian konsentrasi PVP:EC yaitu F1= 1:1 F2= 1:2 dan F3= 1:3 dan variasi peningkat penetrasi berupa asam oleat yaitu F1:0,10, F2: 0,15, dan F3 : 0,20. Evaluasi terhadap sediaan patch transdermal meliputi organoleptik, uji bobot matrik, uji ketebalan matrik, persentase susut pengeringan, moisture uptake, uji ketahanan lipatan matrik, uji iritasi kulit, uji pH permukaan matrik patch, persentase pemanjangan, uji frezee and thaw, uji kandungan nikotin, dan uji pelepasan nikotin (sel difusi), Berdasarkan uji stabilitas fisik semua formula patch transdermal relatif stabildan kinetika pelepasan patch transdermal mengikuti orde satu dan hasil analisis statistik dengan menggunakan Analisis Varian (ANOVA) menunjukan p=0,000 menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada F1,F2 dan F3, dan berdasarkan uji Korsmayer peppas mengikuti hukum non fick

Manganese Stress in Flue-cured Tobacco: Biochemical Responses

Background: Manganese (Mn) stress is an important reason for forming tobacco ( Nicotiana tobacum L. ) leaf browning, leading to low yield and quality of tobacco leaves. The mechanism of flue-cured tobacco varieties, Honghuadajinyuan (Hongda) and K326 tobacco leaves browning by Mn were explored. The two tobacco varieties were planted in red soil and sandy soil and Mn concentration of 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg were applied. The research investigate the traits of agronomic, physiological and economic of flue-cured tobacco. Results: As Mn application rate increased, browning scale increased while plant height, root, stem and total weight, content of chlorophyll decreased. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) showed a rising parabolic formation. As Mn application rate increased, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and relative conductivity increased. Peroxidase (POD) activity continually increased with Mn application rate in K326 variety, while in Hongda variety, POD activity first increased and then decreased in sandy soil, while it continuously rose in red soil. Mn concentration and browning scale were significantly and negatively correlated with height, soil and plant analysis development (SPAD), CAT, total weight, average priceand yield, but significantly positively correlated with total plant Mn content, POD and MDA. Plant Mn concentration was significantly and positively correlated with browning scale. This study founded that SOD, CAT, APX, POD enzyme activity and MDA content in tobacco leaves affected by Mn concentration in soils, cause the change of chlorophyll content, agronomic and economic traits of flue-cured tobaccos. Conclusion: The mechanism of Mn stress to the physio-biochemical of tobacco varieties would be useful for controlling browning tobacco leaves by agronomic strategies and regarding as markers for Mn tolerance in breeding.

The Plastidial Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Is Critical for Abiotic Stress Response in Wheat

Plastidial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, GAPCp) are ubiquitous proteins that play pivotal roles in plant metabolism and are involved in stress response. However, the mechanism of GAPCp’s function in plant stress resistance process remains unclear. Here we isolated, identified, and characterized the TaGAPCp1 gene from Chinese Spring wheat for further investigation. Subcellular localization assay indicated that the TaGAPCp1 protein was localized in the plastid of tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) protoplast. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) unraveled that the expression of TaGAPCp1 (GenBank: MF477938.1) was evidently induced by osmotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA). This experiment also screened its interaction protein, cytochrome b6-f complex iron sulfite subunit (Cyt b6f), from the wheat cDNA library using TaGAPCp1 protein as a bait via the yeast two-hybrid system (Y2H) and the interaction between Cyt b6f and TaGAPCp1 was verified by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay (BiFC). Moreover, H2O2 could also be used as a signal molecule to participate in the process of Cyt b6f response to abiotic stress. Subsequently, we found that the chlorophyll content in OE-TaGAPCp1 plants was significantly higher than that in wild type (WT) plants. In conclusion, our data revealed that TaGAPCp1 plays an important role in abiotic stress response in wheat and this stress resistance process may be completed by H2O2-mediated ABA signaling pathway.

Pseudomonas species isolated from tobacco seed promote root growth and reduce lead contents in Nicotiana tobacum K326

Endophytic bacteria are generally helpful for plant growth and protection. We isolated from tobacco seeds three Pseudomonas strains (K03, Y04, and N05) that could produce siderophores, indole-3-acetic acid, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, fix nitrogen, dissolve phosphorus and potassium, and tolerate heavy metals. In pot experiments, the three isolated strains significantly promoted root growth and increased the root enzyme activity in Nicotiana tobacum K326. Furthermore, bacterial inoculations increased the proportion of residual lead (Pb) by 8.36%–51.63% and decreased the total Pb content by 3.28%–6.38% in the contaminated soil during tobacco planting, compared with uninoculated soils. An effective decrease in Pb content was also found in tobacco leaves with bacterial inoculations. K03 inoculation decreased the Pb content in the upper leaves by 49.80%, and Y04 inoculation had the best effect, decreasing the Pb content in the middle leaves by 70.12%. Additionally, soil pH and root activity had significant effects on transformation and translocation of Pb. The study suggested that in response to Pb pollution in soil, a reasonable application of endophytes (e.g., Pseudomonas) might be a promising approach in promoting tobacco growth and reducing Pb content in tobacco, while simultaneously enhancing Pb stabilization in soils.