Physicochemical and phytochemical standardization, and antibacterial evaluation of Cassia alata leaves from different locations in Indonesia

Physicochemical analysis for simplicia and extract, respectively: water content 2.12–4% for simplicia; drying losses 3.93–5.47% and 8.51–19.76%; total ash 5.14–9.41% and 6.22–17.07%; total ash acid-insoluble content 0.29–5.41% and 0.52–3.82%; total ash water-soluble content 1.26–7.14% and 1.43–8.54%; water-soluble content 19.60–39.43% and 58.45–77.51%; ethanol-soluble content 13.99–33.76% and 59.79–75.39%. The phytochemical analysis showed that the extracts contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. Total flavonoids and total phenolics content were 9.86–15.74% QE/g and 6.67–7.65% GAE/g, respectively. Based on LC-MS results, the extract contained emodin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3,7-diglucoside, and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. The extracts possessed antibacterial activity against bacteria tested.

Effects Of Maytenus senegalensis (L) and Cassia alata (L) Extracts on the Liver Enzymes of Albino Rats, Infected with Schistosomes Cercariae

This reaearch aim was to evaluate some liver enzymes of albino rats subjected to administration of methanol and water extracts of Maytenus senegalensis and Cassia alata after infection with schistosome cercariae. As curative agents, the extracts were well tolerated by rats. The total protein (69.0-77.9g/l and 71.8- 79.1g/l) for methanolic extracts of and (64.3-74.3g/l and 70.3- 77.5g/l) for water extracts for M. senegalensis and C. alata respectively. The Alkaline phosphate values range from (145-226iu/l and 189-207iu/l) for methanol and (143-234iu/l and195-207iu/l) for water as for M. senegalensis and C. alata extracts. The Aspartate aminotransferase values were (7.7-8.7iu/l) for M. senegalensis and (8.0- 8.6iu/l) for C. alata with methanol extraxts and (7.1-8.8iu/l) for M. senegalensis and (8.4-8.9iu/) for C. alata water extracts. The Alkaline aminotransferase values range from (5.1-6.3iu/l) for M. senegalensis and (3.5-6.4iu/l) for C. alata in methanol and (4.2-6.3iu/l) for M. senegalensis and (4.1-6.4iu/l for C. alata with water extracts. The Total Bilirubin values of both methanol and water extracts for M. senegalensis (6.3-18.9μm/l) and (9.0-12.7μm/l) for C. alata and (4.2-6.3μm/l) for M. senegalensis and (4.1-6.4μm/l) for C. alata respectively were all within the normal values. This indicates that all these extracts were well tolerated. However the 9g/kg body weight of the water leaf extracts, although having normal values were toxic to other organs such as the lungs.

Comparative Study of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Three Medicinal Plants against Dermatophytic Pathogens

Bixa orellana, Jatropha curcas and Cassia alata are three of the prominent plants used for traditional medicine in Nigeria. Dermatophytosis also known as tinea or ringworm is the most frequent superficial fungal infections in Nigeria. Objective: In this Present Study, We Aimed at Comparing The Phytochemical Components and the Antifungal Efficacy of these Medicinal against Selected Dermatophytes. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study among a Particular Population. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State. Between March 2019 and September 2019. Methods: The phytochemical contents of the plants were determined and the in-vitro antifungal activities of Bixa orellana, Jatropha curcas and Cassia alata were screened against seven species of Trichophyton (T. ajelloi, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, M.gypseum T. soudenensis, T. tonsurans and T. verrucosum) using agar dilution method. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoid, saponin, phenol, steroids, glycoside, phytosteroids, alkaloids, terpenoid, tannin, and cardiac glycoside in various quantities. The findings from our study showed that the ethanol extracts of these medicinal plants have more antifungal activities than other solvents. However, the hexane and ethanol extracts of Jatropha curcas was observed to be significantly higher than other extracts. The zone of inhibition recorded ranges from 22 mm-32 mm and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 mg/ml was recorded. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Jatropha curcas showed broad effectiveness against the tested pathogens when compared to other plants and we conclude that the plants antifungal property is concentration dependent. However, we recommend further studies on these plants extracts using a large number of different isolates and solvents.

A CLINICAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF DADRUGHNA PATRA TAILA IN DADRU KUSHTA

Introduction: All the skin diseases in Ayurveda have been classified under the broad heading, “Kushta”. Dadru is one among Kushta. It involves the clinical features like kandu, raga, pidaka, utsannamandala. Dadru kushta mostly simulates with ‘Dermatophytosis’ commonly referred to as ringworm which is highly contagious. In this study an effort has been made to evaluate the Dadrughna karma (Antifungal activity) of the oil prepared from Dadrughna (Cassia alata Linn) leaves. Materials and methods: In the present study, action of Dadrughna (Cassia alata Linn) patra taila on Dadru kushta was evaluated in 32 subjects who were treated with Dadrughna patra taila as an external application twice a day for 30 days and follow up was done on 45th day. Assessment was done for subjective parameter-itching and objective parameters-distribution of lesion, severity of inflammation, extent of lesion. Results: The effect of therapy was assessed before treatment, 15th day, 30th day of treatment and follow up was done on 45th day. The results were statistically analyzed; it showed significant changes in subjective parameter-itching (p<0.001) and Objective parameters- distribution of lesion (p <0.001), severity of inflammation (p<0.001), extent of lesion (p <0.001). Discussion and conclusion: The external application of Dadrughna patra taila applied for 30 days has helped in reduction of itching, distribution of lesion, extent of inflammation and severity of inflammation where the taila was found more effective in reducing itching when compared to other symptoms KEY WORDS: Dadru kushta, Dermatophytosis, Dadrughna (Cassia alata Linn), Dadrughna patra taila

Evaluation of Antivenom Activity of Cassia alata Leaf Extract against Daboia Russelii Venom

Cassia alata, commonly known as candle bush, ringworm bush is an extensively distributed plant of the family Leguminosea. It is an annual and occasionally biannual herb, flowering in the sunshine and humid areas, with an average height of 1 to 4m. Biological activity in plants has been claimed to be effective as antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-ulcer, antiviral, antidepressants, hepatoprotective, antimalarial, anthelmintic, cardiovascular, and anesthetic properties. The ethanolic extract of plant was subjected first time for neutralization of snake venom activity. Primary phytochemical screening shows the existence of alkaloid, steroids, phenols, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. Ethanolic extract of Cassia alata plants was tested for antivenom activity against Daboia russelii venom. Various dose levels of leaf extract 200 and 400mg/kg showed significant neutralization of hemorrhagic activity, and at 400mg/kg leaf extract showed significant necrotizing activity in rats.

Daya Antibakteri Ketepeng Cina (Cassia alata L.) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerugenosa, dan Klebsiella pneumonia

Penyakit kulit akibat infeksi banyak dijumpai di Indonesia dan menjadi masalah besar di bidang kesehatan. Masyarakat telah menggunakan daun ketepeng cina (<em>Cassia alata L</em>.) sebagai obat penyakit kulit. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui aktivitas dan efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun ketepeng cina terhadap bakteri <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Pseudomonas aerogenosa</em>, dan <em>Klebsiella </em><em>pneumonia. </em>Metode uji yang digunakan yaitu difusi disk (<em>Kirby Bauer</em>). Sampel yang digunakan berupa ekstrak etanol daun ketepeng cina konsentrasi 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, dan 90%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya zona hambat di area sekitar disk yang berisi ekstrak. Diameter zona hambat bakteri gram negatif dalam penelitian ini relatif lebih besar dibanding gram positif. Hal ini dikarenakan ekstrak yang digunakan dalam penelitian agak encer. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini ekstrak daun ketepeng cina memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri <em>Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> dan <em>Klebsiella pneumonia. </em>Konsentrasi ekstrak yang paling efektif menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> adalah 70%, dan konsentrasi 90% merupakan konsentrasi yang paling efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, serta <em>Klebsiella pneumonia</em>.

UJI ANTIFUNGI KETEPENG CINA (Cassia alata L.) TERHADAP Trichophyton rubrum DAN Candida albicans

Ketepeng Cina merupakan salah satu tumbuhan liar di Indonesia yang berpotensi sebagai antijamur. Pengujian antijamur dilakukan dengan cara difusi cakram menggunakan ekstrak dengan konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 60%, dan 80%. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan zona hambat pada semua konsentrasi ekstrak dan zona terluas dihasilkan pada konsentrasi 90%.

Comparative Efficacy of Antidermatophyte Creams Formulated from Ethanol Extracts of Cassia Occidentalis and Cassia Alata Leaves

Incidence of drug resistance by dermatophytes is a worldwide concern. Researchers search for natural and better drugs to arrest the ugly situation. This study aims to formulate antidermatophyte Creams with ethanol extracts of the leaves of cassia alata and cassia occidentalis against four selected dermatophytes namely Trichophyton mentagrophtes, Microsporum audounii, Epidermophyton floccosum and Malassezia furfur. Wistar rats were used in determining the efficacy of the formulated herbal creams by examining the biopsies of the skin of the infected rats for presence of fungal hyphae, tissue destruction, Inflammation of the skin, absence of sebaceous gland and also absence of hair follicles. Dekeratinization of the skin layer was also measured. From the result obtained, it was observed that the efficacy of the creams is concentration dependent. Cassia alata cream formulation was particularly effective against three of the dermatophytes namelyTrichophyton mentagrophtes (30.71± 0.51 µm) Microsporum audounii (36.17± 0.59 µm), and Epidermophyton floccosum (37.49± 0.18 µm) while Cassia occidentalis cream was effective against Malassezia furfur (33.22± 0.16 µm). The results showed that the plants ethanol extracts can be utilized in the management of dermatophytosis when formulated as a cream for topical use.