A Comparison of Force Decay between Coil Spring, Elastomeric Chain and Tie-backs in Various Alcohol Concentrations found in Mouth Rinse: An In-vitro Study

Background: The ability to close space efficiently in Orthodontics is of major clinical importance. Elastomeric power chain, coil spring, and tiebacks are commonly used in Orthodontics to achieve tooth movement during the closure of spaces. Many mouth rinses which are used by the patients to achieve good oral hygiene affect the properties of the material used during treatment resulting in force decay if they contain alcohol. Aim: To know the effect of mouth rinses containing different alcohol Concentrations on the force decay of retraction materials. Materials and Methods: A study was carried out to test the effect of alcohol exposure found in mouth rinses on orthodontic NiTi closing coils, elastomeric chains, and tie-back. A total of 135 specimens were divided into one control group and two test groups submerged in artificial saliva at 37⁰ C. Two test groups each of them exposed to different alcohol-containing mouthwashes (Listerine and Povidone-iodine) for 60 seconds twice a day and the control group were exposed only to deionized (DI) water for 28 days. Force measurements were taken at six-time points (initial, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days) using a digital force gauge. Results: The comparison between the tensile strength was made by digital force gauge and the p-value (≤ 0.05) for tensile strength was derived by ANOVA test, multiple comparisons, and Tukey’s correction. Significant force decay was seen in test groups when compared to the control group. Conclusion: Force degradation of retraction products used during orthodontic treatment was effected by mouth rinses containing alcohol.

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Comparative evaluation of force decay pattern in orthodontic active tiebacks exposed to five different mouth rinses: An in vitro Study

Journal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects ◽

10.34172/joddd.2020.048 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 244-249

Author(s):

Amir Hossein Mirhashemi ◽

Atefe Saffar Shahroudi ◽

Keyvan Shahpoorzadeh ◽

Niloofar Habibi Khameneh

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Mouth Rinses ◽

Force Decay ◽

Force Relaxation ◽

Decay Pattern ◽

Initial Force ◽

And Control

Background. This study compared the force decay pattern of two different orthodontic active tiebacks (ATBs) exposed to five different commercially available mouth rinses. Methods. In this in vitro study, 90 transparent ATBs and 90 gray ATBs were divided into six groups; one was the control group, and the others were exposed to one of these mouth rinses twice a day for 60 seconds: Listerine, chlorhexidine, Orthokin, Persica, and fluoride. The initial force of each ATB was 250 g at a 24-mm extension. The force of ATBs was measured on days 1, 7, 14, and 28 using a digital gauge. Results. The highest percentage of force loss was observed between days 14 and 28 (P<0.05). At the end of the study, the Persica group exhibited the highest force degradation in both ATB types. In the transparent ATBs, it was followed by Orthokin, Listerine, fluoride, chlorhexidine, and control groups, respectively. In the gray ATBs, Orthokin, chlorhexidine, control, Listerine, and fluoride groups exhibited the highest force decay in descending order. In some groups, the differences between transparent and gray ATBs were significant. In the control group, the force of transparent ATB was significantly higher than gray ones on days 7 and 14 but not significantly after four weeks. Conclusion. ATBs’ force degradation could be exacerbated by the use of some mouth rinses. There were some differences between force relaxation patterns of transparent and gray ATBs. The data could be beneficial in choosing appropriate O-rings for making ATBs.

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The effect of alcohol-containing mouthwash and alcohol-free mouthwash towards the power chains force decay

Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.24198/pjd.vol29no3.14476 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Willem Santana ◽

Bergman Thahar ◽

Endah Mardiati ◽

Jono Salim

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Chlorhexidine Gluconate ◽

Comparative Approach ◽

Control Group ◽

Force Decay ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Common ◽

Common Device

Introduction: Power chains is the common device used in fixed orthodontic treatment. Force decay in power chains is a problem that can affect the teeth movement due to a continuous force cannot be maintained. Force decay in power chain can be affected by the use of alcohol-containing mouthwash or alcohol-free mouthwash. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of alcoholic-containing mouthwash, alcohol-free mouthwash, and artificial saliva towards the power chains force decay. Methods: This research was an experimental analytic laboratory in-vitro with the comparative approach. The sample in this study were 40 power chain, short A (SA); 40 power chain, short B (SB); 40 power chain, long A (LA); and 40 power chain, long B (LB), which divided into 5 groups that were consecutively exposed to the artificial saliva as control group; Minosep® with 0.1% of chlorhexidine gluconate; Listerine® with 0% of alcohol; Hexadol® with 9% of alcohol; and Listerine® with 26.9% of alcohol. The measurement of force decay was performed with digital force gauge on day 0, 1, 14, and 28. The statistical analysis was done by using the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. Result: There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the force decay of power chain that exposed to the alcohol-containing mouthwash, alcohol-free mouthwash, and the artificial saliva. Conclusion: The force decay level of power chain that exposed to an alcohol-containing mouthwash was higher compared to the force decay level of power chain that exposed to an alcohol-free mouthwash and an artificial saliva.

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The Environmental Influence of Light Coke™, Phosphoric Acid, and Citric Acid on Elastomeric Chains

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jcdp-9-7-17 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 17-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Leandro Teixeira ◽

Betina do Rosário Pereira ◽

Thais Gelatti Bortoly ◽

João Armando Brancher ◽

Odilon Guariza-Filho

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Phosphoric Acid ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Environmental Influence ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Decay Rates ◽

Control Group ◽

Force Decay ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Elastomeric Chains

Abstract Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of Light Coke™, phosphoric acid, and citric acid on the force decline pattern of two types of elastomeric chains. Methods and Materials One hundred sixty gray colored elastomeric chain modules, 80 Chainette (GAC) and 80 Sunburst™ (GAC) chains, were divided into four groups for immersion into Light Coke, phosphoric acid, citric acid, and artificial saliva. The initial stretched force of the elastomeric chains ranged from 220gf to 250gf. During the experiment, all elastomeric chains were kept immersed in artificial saliva at 37°C (pH≈6.24) to simulate the oral environment. To simulate daily consumption of Light Coke, the elastomeric chains were immersed in the solutions twice a day for 15 minutes. The control group was kept immersed in artificial saliva continuously with no further treatment. Force (gf) was measured with a Dial-Type dynamometer (Dentaurum®), initially (baseline), 24 hours, 7, 14, and 21 days. Data were analyzed using the Tukey test at a 5% level of probability. Results A statistically significant reduction on the force produced by the elastomeric chains was seen at different time points. The greatest reduction in force occurred in the first 24 hours (p=0.01). Conclusion Force decay of the Chainette elastomeric chains were lower than the Sunburst™ chain (p<0.05). The immersion treatments caused no statistically significant difference in force for either chain module (p>0.05). Clinical Significance Good elastomeric chain properties are necessary for effective tooth movement, and knowledge of force-decay rates is an important factor in achieving the best orthodontic outcome. Citation Teixeira L, Pereira BP, Bortoly TG, Brancher JA, Tanaka OM, Guariza-Filho O. The Environmental Influence of Light Coke™, Phosphoric Acid, and Citric Acid on Elastomeric Chains. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008 November; (9)7:017-024.

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Force Decay Characteristics of commonly used Elastomeric Chains on Exposure to various Mouth Rinses with different Alcohol Concentration: An in vitro Study

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2132 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 812-820

Author(s):

M Mohamed Ramees ◽

Esther A Abraham ◽

KK Manjusha ◽

A Nishad ◽

S Ramachandraiah

Keyword(s):

Artificial Saliva ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Total Sample ◽

Alcohol Concentration ◽

Alcohol Mixture ◽

Mouth Rinses ◽

Force Decay ◽

The Difference ◽

Elastomeric Chains

ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study was to test the effect of varying alcohol concentrations of various commercially available mouthwashes on force decay of elastomeric chains in prestretched and unstretched condition. Materials and methods A total of five specimen groups were tested with a total sample size of 180 specimens. A specimen is described as a three-link, short module, clear elastomeric chain (3M Unitek, Ortho Plus, Ortho Organizer). The control and test groups were independently submerged in separate 37°C artificial saliva to simulate the oral conditions. Effects of different solution groups and time (initial, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days) on three different elastomeric chains and force (cN) are analyzed with two-way analysis of variance; pair-wise comparisons are done by t-test. Results Higher mean force was recorded initially followed by 24 hours >7 days >14 days >21 days and 28 days respectively. The difference in mean force decay among the different time intervals was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). Among the different solutions, higher mean force was recorded in 21.6% alcohol mixture > Listerine 8.38% > Wokadine > alcohol mixture 8.38% > artificial saliva. Conclusion In conclusion, alcohol-containing mouth rinses cause an increase in force decay of elastomeric chain over time. Clinical significance These mouth rinses are commonly recommended during orthodontic treatment. The orthodontist can know better that the alcohol content of the mouth rinses and the structural and molecular modification results in the decay of elastomeric chain. How to cite this article Ramachandraiah S, Sridharan K, Nishad A, Manjusha KK, Abraham EA, Ramees MM. Force Decay Characteristics of commonly used Elastomeric Chains on Exposure to various Mouth Rinses with different Alcohol Concentration: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(9):812-820.

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Effect of sodium fluoride in chlorhexidine mouthwashes on force decay and permanent deformation of orthodontic elastomeric chain

Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.24198/pjd.vol33no1.26370 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 74

Author(s):

Erliera Sufarnap ◽

Kholidina Imanda Harahap ◽

Terry Terry

Keyword(s):

Sodium Fluoride ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Permanent Deformation ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Force Decay ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 2 ◽

Elastomeric Chains

Introduction: Orthodontic elastomeric chain is polyurethane elastomer that is widely used among orthodontists due to its functions. Chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium fluoride (NaF) are listed in mouthwash composition which could affect the mechanical properties of the elastomeric chain. This study was aimed to analyze the effect of sodium fluoride in chlorhexidine mouthwashes on force decay and permanent deformation of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Methods: This research is an experimental analytic laboratory with pretest-posttest control group design. 150 samples of orthodontic chains were divided into three groups. Group 1: artificial saliva (control group); Group 2: 0,1% chlorhexidine gluconate solution (CHX); Group 3: 0,1% chlorhexidine digluconate with sodium fluoride solution (CHX-NaF). The orthodontic elastomeric chain was stretched and maintained at a standardized distance equivalent to a force of 300 g. The measurement of force decay and permanent deformation were performed with digital force gauge and digital caliper (0.01mm) at intervals of the first, seventh, fourteenth, twenty-first, and twenty-eighth days, respectively. Results: The force decay and permanent deformation of the elastomeric chain compared between three groups (control, CHX mouthwash and CHX+NaF mouthwash) showed did not have any significantly different (p-value>0,05) at the first, seventh, fourteenth, twenty-first, and twenty-eighth days, respectively. Conclusion: Sodium fluoride in chlorhexidine mouthwash showing no significant difference among saliva, CHX mouthwash and CHX+NaF mouthwash on force decay and permanent deformation of elastomeric chain.

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Effects of Different Commercially Available Mouth Rinses on The Force Degradation of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chain

The Journal of The University of Duhok ◽

10.26682/sjuod.2020.23.2.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 41-48

Author(s):

Halima Mohammed Hassan ◽

Anees Mahmood Mudhir

Keyword(s):

Artificial Saliva ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Control Group ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Mouth Rinses ◽

Force Decay ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Mouth Wash ◽

And Control ◽

Elastomeric Chains

Aim of the study: To evaluate the effects of different commercial type of mouthwashes on the force decay of the orthodontic elastomeric chain. Materials and methods: two hundred pieces of the elastomeric chains with two different configurations were divided into five groups (one control group and four different mouthwashes groups). after one-day immersion in artificial saliva then immersion in the specific mouthwashes (kin, Vitis, perio_aid, splat) for one minute twice daily and time intervals after 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 then washed and kept in artificial saliva at 37°C again. Force decay was calculated by Instron measured, digital force gauge - Instron universal testing machine then compared different force decay of elastic types. Results: A significant difference was found among between the four types of mouth wash and control group, according to close and short elastic chain the kin mouth wash was shows a significant difference (0.002), while splat mouthwash was shown a no significant difference. Conclusion: splat mouth wash groups showed no significant influence on the force degradation of the chain elastics tested. Kin mouthwash exhibit the highest force decay and found different significant effects.

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Effect of Bleaching Mouthwash on Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2240 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 221-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mohammad Behnaz ◽

Fatemeh Namvar ◽

Setareh Sohrabi ◽

Mina Parishanian

Keyword(s):

Sodium Fluoride ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Test Group ◽

Clinical Problem ◽

Control Group ◽

Force Decay ◽

Custom Made ◽

The Difference ◽

Elastomeric Chains

ABSTRACT Introduction Force decay elastomeric chains are significant, and it is a clinical problem. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bleaching agent in the mouthwash on the force decay of orthodontic chains. Materials and methods In this experimental study, 160 gray closed elastomeric chains were randomly divided into three groups (one control and two test groups). Four loops of chains were stretched for 25 mm on custom-made jig. Control group specimens were immersed in artificial saliva during the test period. Test group specimens were immersed twice a day for 30 seconds in the whitening (LISTERINE® HEALTHY WHITE™) and daily sodium fluoride (LISTERINE® TOTAL CARE ZERO) mouthwashes. All specimens were immersed in artificial saliva at 37°C. Force was measured at different time points (initial, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 days). Statistical analysis was performed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni methods (α = 0.05). Results Force of elastomeric chains was decreased dramatically in all groups during the experiment. After 24 hours, force was decreased by 42.18, 48.34, and 53.38% in control group, daily, and bleaching mouthwash groups respectively. The corresponding numbers after 4 weeks were 66.30, 76.73, and 86.48. The difference between three groups at days 1 and 28 was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion Within the limitations of the current in vitro study, bleaching and sodium fluoride mouthwashes could cause force decay of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Whitening mouthwash is more weakening for elastomeric chains. Clinical significance Use of whitening mouthwash by orthodontic patients could decrease the force of elastomeric chains, so it could be recommended to use them for a short time. How to cite this article Behnaz M, Namvar F, Sohrabi S, Parishanian M. Effect of Bleaching Mouthwash on Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(2):221-225.

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The Effect of Commercially Available Desensitizers on Bond Strength Following Cementation of Zirconia Crowns Using Self-Adhesive Resin Cement—An In Vitro Study

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma15020514 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 514

Author(s):

Harisha Dewan ◽

Mohammed E. Sayed ◽

Nasser M. Alqahtani ◽

Tariq Alnajai ◽

Abdulaziz Qasir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Resin Cement ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Dentin Hypersensitivity ◽

Luting Cement ◽

Zirconia Crowns ◽

Group 2

The improvement of the tensile strength of zirconia crowns after the application of commercially available desensitizers can provide added advantages for the durability and strength of zirconia prostheses. We assessed the retention of zirconia crowns when Gluma, Shield Force Plus, and Telio CS desensitizers were used with resin luting cement. Four groups with ten specimens each (n = 10) were considered as Group 1 (Control group, with no desensitizer application before crown cementation with resin cement) and Groups 2, 3, and 4 (with a single coat of Gluma dentin desensitizer, Telio CS desensitizer, or Shield Force Plus desensitizer applied before crown cementation, respectively). Thermocycling was then carried out, and each group was tested to determine the associated retentive forces and type of failure. The data were statistically analyzed, which showed that the mean tensile-strength values were significantly higher in Group 2 (p-value = 0.001), Group 3 (p-value = 0.027), and Group 4 (p-value = 0.014), when compared with the Control group. Clinicians should consider the application of any of these three desensitizers, as they can successfully abate dentin hypersensitivity after tooth preparation, as well as increase the durability and strength of the zirconia prosthesis.

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EFFECT OF ENERGY DRINK ON MICROHARDNESS OF DENTAL ENAMEL (IN VITRO)

Andalas Dental Journal ◽

10.25077/adj.v6i1.88 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 32-41

Author(s):

Prima Ulva ◽

Idral Purnakarya ◽

Arymbi Pudjiastuty

Keyword(s):

Ph Value ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Dental Enamel ◽

Energy Drink ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Significant Difference

A prolonged acidic ambience of oral environment will lead to demineralization process. It caused erosion to enamel surface after long time of exposure. Acidic beverages become the external factor of dental erosion. Energy drink is one of popular beverages which has acid ingredients and pH value below the critical pH (5.5). The objective is to determine the effect of energy drink on microhardness of dental enamel (in vitro). Methods that were used in this study was experimental pre test - post test with control group design. A total of 36 premolar were used as samples which were divided into energy drink group and control group of artificial saliva. The treatment group were immersed for 8 cycle for 7 days. Dental enamel microhardness were measured by Vickers Hardness Tester before and after treatment. The result of this study was microhardness mean of enamel surface decreased from 306 VHN to 262 VHN after immersion for energy drink group and no significant difference in artificial saliva group. Independent T-test analysis showed p value <0,005, thus concluding there was significant difference between two groups. The conclusion of this study there was significant effect of energy drink immersion to dental enamel microhardness.

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Potential of different fluoride gels to prevent erosive tooth wear caused by gastroesophageal reflux

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-021-01548-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Philipp Körner ◽

Luca Georgis ◽

Daniel B. Wiedemeier ◽

Thomas Attin ◽

Florian J. Wegehaupt

Keyword(s):

Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Tooth Wear ◽

Control Group ◽

Erosive Tooth Wear ◽

Custom Made ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Bovine Enamel

Abstract Background This in-vitro-study aimed to evaluate the potential of different fluoride gels to prevent gastroesophageal reflux induced erosive tooth wear. Methods Surface baseline profiles of a total of 50 bovine enamel specimens [randomly assigned to five groups (G1–5)] were recorded. All specimens were positioned in a custom made artificial oral cavity and perfused with artificial saliva (0.5 ml/min). Reflux was simulated 11 times a day during 12 h by adding HCl (pH 3.0) for 30 s (flow rate 2 ml/min). During the remaining 12 h (overnight), specimens were stored in artificial saliva and brushed twice a day (morning and evening) with a toothbrush and toothpaste slurry (15 brushing strokes). While specimens in the control group (G1) did not receive any further treatment, specimens in G2–5 were coated with different fluoride gels [Elmex Gelée (G2); Paro Amin Fluor Gelée (G3); Paro Fluor Gelée Natriumfluorid (G4); Sensodyne ProSchmelz Fluorid Gelée (G5)] in the evening for 30 s. After 20 days, surface profiles were recorded again and enamel loss was determined by comparing them with the baseline profiles. The results were statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey`s HSD post-hoc test. Results The overall highest mean wear of enamel (9.88 ± 1.73 µm) was observed in the control group (G1), where no fluoride gel was applied. It was significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to all other groups. G2 (5.03 ± 1.43 µm), G3 (5.47 ± 0.63 µm, p = 0.918) and G4 (5.14 ± 0.82 µm, p > 0.999) showed the overall best protection from hydrochloric acid induced erosion. Enamel wear in G5 (6.64 ± 0.86 µm) was significantly higher compared to G2 (p = 0.028) and G4 (p = 0.047). Conclusions After 20 days of daily application, all investigated fluoride gels are able to significantly reduce gastroesophageal reflux induced loss of enamel.

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