scholarly journals Analysis of Histological Features of the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus of Albino Rats Using Haematoxylin & Eosin Stain- An Observational Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
M. V. Shreejha ◽  
R. Priyadharshini ◽  
Palati Sinduja ◽  
V. Meghashree
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Granular Layer ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Stratum Radiatum ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Histological Features ◽  
Pyramidal Layer

Background: The study determined the histological layers of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the albino rat brain samples has been used in the study. The Cerebral cortex is composed of the Molecular layer, external granular, external pyramidal layer, internal granular layer and interior pyramidal layer. The layers of the hippocampus are alveus, stratum oriens, stratum pyramidale, stratum radiatum, stratum lacunosum and stratum moleculare. The aim of the study is to analyze the detailed histological features of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus layers of albino rats at the magnification of 10X,100X,40X. By using haematoxylin and eosin stain as an observational study. Materials and Methods: The samples were preserved and fixed with the formalin and stained by haematoxylin and eosin and observed with a light microscope. Results: The molecular layer is the superficial layer containing neurons. The outer granular layer of the cells are densely packed. Outer pyramidal layer contains rich pyramidal cells, Inner granular layer contains stellate cells, Inner pyramidal layer contains glial cells and the deeper multiform layer is composed of pyramidal cells. The hippocampus contains three layers of cornu Ammonia CA1, CA2, CA3. CA1 responds to memory and is covered by the choroid plexus. CA2 contains 3 major cell dentate gyrus, pyramidal cells, pyramidal neurons and CA3 composed of stratum lucidum. Conclusion: The study of brain analysis of histological features of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the brain adds a greater insight in understanding the histology of various types of layers in rat brain and morphology of brain cells.

scholarly journals К. Schaffer: Zur feineren Struktur der Hirnrinde und über funktionelle Bedeutung der Nervenzellenfortsätze. Arch. f. Mikrosk. Anatomie. XLVIIL 4 Heft. 1897. S. S. 550—572

2020 ◽  
Vol V (3) ◽  
pp. 167-169
Author(s):  
A. E. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Special Group ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Axial Cylinder

The author's research refers to the anterior cerebral cortex of a newborn dog. The author studies in detail the so-called tiny pyramidal cells, lying between the pluripolar cells of the molecular layer and the small (true) pyramidal cells. Already R. y Cajal drew attention to polygonal or core-shaped cells, the cells that lie behind the layer of the outermost cells (pluripolare Nervenzellen von R. y Cajal), but did not separate them into a special group, believing that these cells were gradually changing vid, go into the small pyramids, to which he numbered them. Schaffer separates these cells into a special group, calling it the layer of surface polymorphic cells. These cells have a dark variety of shapes (fusiform, oval, roundish, pear-shaped, polygonal) and lie in approximately four (4) rows. Dendrites go then, mainly, in two opposite directions (for fusiform cells), then they move radially in all directions (for round and polygonal cells). The number of dendrites is sometimes strikingly abundant. Dendrites going to the surface of the brain reach it, while dendrites of the opposite direction sometimes go down to the ammonium formations of the cerebral cortex. Special attention should be paid to the axial cylinder of the disassembled cells; on the basis of the features of this appendix, the author distinguishes 3 types of disassembled cells.

scholarly journals Morphology of neurons of human subiculum proper

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 356-360
Author(s):  
Maja Stankovic-Vulovic ◽  
Ivana Zivanovic-Macuzic ◽  
Predrag Sazdanovic ◽  
Dejan Jeremic ◽  
Jovo Tosevski
Keyword(s):  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Apical Dendrite ◽  
Nissl Staining ◽  
Golgi Impregnation ◽  
Pyramidal Layer

Subiculum proper is an archicortical structure of the subicular complex and presents the place of origin of great majority of axons of the whole hippocampal formation. In contrast to the hippocampus which has been intensively studied, the data about human subiculum proper are quite scarce. The aim of our study was to indentify morphological characteristics of neurons of the human subiculum proper. The study was performed on 10 brains of both genders by using Golgi impregnation and Nissl staining. The subiculum has three layers: molecular, pyramidal and polymorphic layer. The dominant cell type in the pyramidal layer was the pyramidal neurons, which had pyramidal shaped soma, multiple basal dendrites and one apical dendrite. The nonpyramidal cells were scattered among the pyramidal cells of the pyramidal layer. The nonpyramidal cells were classified on: multipolar, bipolar and neurons with triangular-shaped soma. The neurons of the molecular layer of the human subiculum were divided into groups: bipolar and multipolar neurons. The most numerous cells of the polymorphic layer were bipolar and multipolar neurons.

Hippocampal CA1 lacunosum-moleculare interneurons: modulation of monosynaptic GABAergic IPSCs by presynaptic GABAB receptors

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 2126-2137 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Khazipov ◽  
P. Congar ◽  
Y. Ben-Ari
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Transmitter Release ◽  
Gabab Receptor ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Gabab Receptors ◽  
Stratum Radiatum ◽  
Paired Pulse ◽  
High Level ◽  
Paired Pulse Depression

1. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were employed to characterize monosynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in morphologically and electrophysiologically identified interneurons located in the stratum lacunosum moleculare, or near the border of the stratum radiatum (LM interneurons), in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices taken from 3- to 4-wk-old rats. Monosynaptic IPSCs, evoked in the presence of glutamate receptor antagonists 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 20 microM) and D-2-amino-5-phosphopentanoate (APV; 50 microM) were biphasic. The gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor antagonist, bicuculline (20 microM), blocked the fast IPSC, and the slow IPSC was blocked by the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP35348 (500 microM). 2. Monosynaptic IPSCs were evoked by electrical stimulation in several distant regions including the stratum radiatum, the stratum oriens, the stratum lacunosum-moleculare, and the molecular layer of dentate gyrus, suggesting an extensive network of inhibitory interneurons in the hippocampus. In paired recordings of CA1 interneurons and pyramidal cells, IPSCs were evoked by electrical stimulation of most of these distal regions with the exception of the molecular layer of dentate gyrus, which evoked an IPSC only in LM interneurons. 3. Frequent (> 0.1 Hz) stimulation depressed the evoked IPSCs. With a paired-pulse protocol, the second IPSC was depressed and the maximal depression (40-50%) was observed with an interstimulus interval of 100-200 ms. 4. The GABAB receptor agonist baclofen (1 microM) reduced the amplitude of evoked IPSCs and the paired-pulse depression of the second IPSC. The GABAB receptor antagonist CGP35348 (0.5-1 mM) had no significant effect on the amplitude of isolated IPSCs. However, CGP35348 reduced but did not fully block paired-pulse depression, suggesting that this depression is partly due to the activation of presynaptic GABAB receptors. 5. The paired-pulse depression depended on the level of transmitter release. Potentiation of synaptic release of GABA, by increasing the extracellular Ca2+ concentration to 4 mM and reducing the extracellular Mg2+ concentration to 0.1 mM, enhanced the depression. Reduction of transmitter release by increasing extracellular Mg2+ concentration to 7 mM diminished the paired-pulse depression of IPSCs. After potentiation of transmitter release, CGP35348 was less efficient in reducing the paired-pulse depression, suggesting that enhancement of depression by high-calcium/low-magnesium medium was preferentially due to the potentiation of a GABAB-independent component. 6. In summary, monosynaptic IPSCs recorded in LM interneurons show similar features to those recorded in pyramidal cells. The strong correlation between the level of transmitter release and the degree of paired-pulse depression may have important physiological consequences, because in synapses with a high level of activity and a high level of GABA release, inhibition is powerful, but depression can develop more readily.

scholarly journals Effect of red snapper fish intake on pyramidal cells in hypothyroidic rat brain model

2021 ◽  
Vol 828 (1) ◽  
pp. 012036
Author(s):  
E Herawati ◽  
S A N Husna ◽  
T Widiyani ◽  
A Budiharjo
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Fish Intake ◽  
Red Snapper

scholarly journals The role of Ca2+ in the protoveratrine-induced release of γ-aminobutyrate from rat brain slices

1980 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
M C W Minchin
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Transmitter Release ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Veratrum Alkaloids ◽  
Similar Dose ◽  
22Na Uptake

1. Protoveratrine A increased the release of gamma-amino[3H]butyrate from small slices of rat cerebral cortex. This effect increased with increasing protoveratrine concentration, reaching a maximum at 100 microM. 2. Removal of Ca2+ from the superfusing medium did not change the increase in release due to 10 microM-protoveratrine; however, the Ca2+ antagonists, compound D-600, La3+, Mn2+, Mg2+ and also high Ca2+ concentration inhibited the effect of the alkaloid, as did procaine. 3. Protoveratrine A increased the uptake of 22Na+ into the slices with a similar dose-response curve to that found for gamma-aminobutyrate release. For the most part, the substances that inhibited protoveratrine-stimulated gamma-aminobutyrate release also inhibited 22Na+ uptake, although the correlation was not perfect. 4. Although extracellular Ca2+ is not required for protoveratrine-induced gamma-aminobutyrate release, an increase in Na+ influx that is susceptible to inhibition by some Ca2+ antagonists does appear to be associated with this phenomenon. However, the possibility remains that changes in the free intracellular Ca2+ concentration may be important for transmitter release induced by depolarizing veratrum alkaloids.

Lantern Demonstration of Gross Lesions of the Cerebrum

1901 ◽  
Vol 47 (199) ◽  
pp. 729-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Shaw Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Pyramidal Layer ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Morbid Conditions

This demonstration was a further report on the subject laid before the Association at the meeting at Claybury in February last, viz., the morbid changes occurring in the brain and other intra-cranial contents in amentia and dementia. In a paper read before the Royal Society in the spring of 1900, and subsequently published in the Philosophical Transactions, it was stated, as the result of a systematic micrometric examination of the visuo-sensory (primary visual) and visuo-psychic (lower associational) regions of the cerebral cortex, that the depth of the pyramidal layer of nerve-cells varies with the amentia or dementia existing in the patient. At the meeting of the Association referred to it was further shown, from an analysis, clinical and pathological, of 121 cases of insanity which appeared consecutively in the post-mortem room at Claybury, that the morbid conditions inside the skull-cap in insanity, viz., abnormalities in the dura mater, the pia arachnoid, the ependyma and intra-cranial fluid, etc., are the accompaniments of and vary in degree with dementia alone, and are independent of the duration of the mental disease. Since that date the pre-frontal (higher associational) region has been systematically examined in nineteen cases, viz., normal persons and normal aments (infants), and cases of amentia, of chronic and recurrent insanity without appreciable dementia, and of dementia, and the results obtained form the subject of the present demonstration. A paper on the whole subject will shortly be published in the Archives of the Claybury Laboratory.

Neurochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Tianeptine, A Novel Antidepressant

1992 ◽  
Vol 160 (S15) ◽  
pp. 56-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Labrid ◽  
E. Mocaër ◽  
A. Kamoun
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressant ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
5 Ht Uptake

Tianeptine is a tricyclic antidepressant with an unusual chemical structure (a long lateral chain grafted on to a substituted dibenzothiazepin nucleus), and with biochemical and animal-behavioural properties which are strikingly different from those of classical tricyclics. Unlike the latter, which decrease serotonin (5-HT) uptake, acute and chronic tianeptine treatment enhances 5-HT uptake in rat brain and in rat and human platelets ex vivo. In vivo, tianeptine potentiates the depletion of rat brain 5-HT by 4-methyl-alpha-ethyl metatyramine and increases rat hippocampal 5-HIAA; 5-HT uptake inhibitors (e.g. fluoxetine) have opposite effects. On iontophoretic injection into CA1 pyramidal cells, tianeptine shortens the period of neuronal hypoactivity caused by GABA or 5-HT, whereas other tricyclics prolong it, and it enhances attention, learning, and memory in laboratory animals, while classical tricyclics have opposite effects. However, the relationships between these effects of tianeptine in animal experiments and their relevance to clinical findings remain to be determined.

scholarly journals Histopathological Assessment of the Effect of Pregabalin Toxicity on Cerebrum and Cerebellum of Adult Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wael Abdou Hassan ◽  
Shaimaa Shehata ◽  
Ahmad ElBana
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cerebral Cortex Tissue

Abstract Background: Pregabalin (PGB) used as analgesic in treatment of neurogenic pains of chronic diseases, is considered as one of the most abused anti-epileptic drugs worldwide and it has been proved that it induces addictive behaviors. The present histopathological study aimed to identify the effect of PGB administration on cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex, in both acute and chronic toxicity. Seventy-two male and non-pregnant female adult albino rats’ 6- to 8-week-old divided into 3 main groups of 24 rats each were studied. Group 1 represented the control group and group 2 represented the acute toxicity group, in which rats were given a single dose of PGB (5000 mg/kg) orally by gavage and after 24 hours, rats were sacrificed and examined. Group 3 represented the chronic toxicity group; were given PGB 500 mg/kg orally by gavage for 12 weeks, after which rats were sacrificed and examined. Result: Cerebral cortex tissue of acute toxicity group displayed astrocytosis and dystrophic changes, while in chronic group showed degeneration, necrosis and cellular infiltrates. The cerebellum of chronic groups showed degeneration and shrunken of Purkinje cells. Conclusion: Acute and chronic intoxication with pregabalin adversely altered the structure of cerebral cortex and cerebellum.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document