scholarly journals Physical and Social Demographic Factors Affecting Utilization of Pit Latrine in Tigania East, Meru County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
pp. 122-132
Author(s):  
Sylvia M. Nkatha ◽  
Eric M. Muchiri ◽  
Patrick Kubai ◽  
Jane Rutto
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pit Latrine ◽  
Social Demographic

Introduction: Globally, poor sanitation is the cause of childhood diseases. Annually, more than 19,500 people die from diarrhea of which 17,100 are children. Diarrhea, which accounts for 16% of deaths among the children below 5 years, is highly linked to open defecation (OD). Poor excreta disposal remains a major challenge to improved sanitation and hygiene in many communities of Kenya and therefore they continue to practice open defecation. Construction and utilization of a latrine at home is a protective factor for communicable diseases.  About 52% of the population practice proper utilization of latrine in low-income countries. Improper utilization of latrines leads to the contamination of the water sources. Availability of a pit latrine does not guarantee utilization because other factors like functionality and distance influence its use. Furthermore, the availability and use of the latrine depends on maintenance practices of the latrines and cleanliness as well as the quality of housing and household compound. Aims: To analyze the physical and social demographic factors influencing the utilization of pit latrines in Tigania East Sub-County, Meru County, Kenya. Study Design:  The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Tigania East Sub-County, Meru County, Kenya shown in Fig. 3. Household survey was carried out between June 2018 and December 2019. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey involving 369 respondents selected by systematic random sampling from different households across the sub-county was utilized. Data collection was done using a structured questionnaire administered in English and a spot observation checklist. All data generated was entered, validated and analyzed using SPSS using SPSS Software Version 23.  Descriptive analysis was done during the calculation of measures of central tendency and proportions. Regression analysis was used in the determination of any association between the socio-demographic factors and the utilization of latrines. Results: Ownership, location and functionality of the pit latrine were positively associated with utilization (OR=2.127, OR=1.53, OR=4.36, P=.00). Households that owned pit latrines were 2 times likely to utilize the pit latrines than those without a pit latrine. Moreover, household size, gender, and employment were positively related to utilization (R=0.502, P=.00). High construction costs challenges were 7 times linked to open defecation practices. Households with less than 6 members were 2.35 times more likely to utilize the pit latrine compared to those with 7-12 members (OR=2.35, X²=13.573, P=.00). Conclusion: Interventions should target households with more than 7 members. A call for partnerships between government and donors to improve household income, water sources, and sanitation practices in Tigania East Sub-County is necessary. A call for funding projects related to pour-flush pit latrines and wet technologies to enhance utilization.

scholarly journals Factors Associated With Adherence to Lockdown Measures in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choolwe Muzyamba ◽  
Ogylive Makova ◽  
Geofrey Mushibi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Adherence Behavior ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Abstract Background While the debate regarding the usefulness of the lockdown goes on in research, it has been highlighted that this debate is pointless unless studies demonstrate to what extent people are actually abiding by the lockdown. Studies on factors associated with adherence of COVID-19-related lockdowns have largely been conducted in western countries. However, similar studies are still lacking in low income countries like Uganda. This study fills this gap by investigating factors associated with adherence to lockdown in Uganda. Methods A qualitative cross sectional survey was conducted online via the AfriSight platform with a sample size of 1249. These participants were selected randomly from all across Uganda. The data was analyzed descriptively and for inferential statistics we analyzed the data using probit regression. This allowed us to investigate the various motivations, socioeconomic, and demographic factors that help predict adherence or lack thereof to lockdown measures. Based on this probit analysis, we further generated marginal effects to ascertain the probabilities of adhering to lockdown. Results Our study reports the complexity that characterizes adherence to the lockdown in Uganda. Various socioeconomic and demographic factors particularly, age, gender, size of household, religion, income level, and employment status all seem to uniquely interact in shaping adherence behavior. Conclusion This study demonstrates that any lockdown-related efforts to minimize the spread of COVID-19 must pay attention to how these factors playout in the context of Uganda. Whereas most of the factors observed can more easily be handled in wealthier countries which provide social benefits during lockdowns, Uganda must rethink the uncritical adoption of such measures without localizing them. There is a need for Uganda to invest in a COVID-19 response that is alive to local context and reality, and one which commands wide support and adherence.

scholarly journals Improving access to healthcare for women in Tanzania by addressing socioeconomic determinants and health insurance: a population-based cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. e023013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deogratius Bintabara ◽  
Keiko Nakamura ◽  
Kaoruko Seino
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Income Country

ObjectiveThis study was performed to explore the factors associated with accumulation of multiple problems in accessing healthcare among women in Tanzania as an example of a low-income country.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional survey.SettingNationwide representative data for women of reproductive age obtained from the 2015–2016 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey were analysed.Primary outcome measuresA composite variable, ‘problems in accessing healthcare’, with five (1-5) categories was created based on the number of problems reported: obtaining permission to go to the doctor, obtaining money to pay for advice or treatment, distance to a health facility and not wanting to go alone. Respondents who reported fewer or more problems placed in lower and higher categories, respectively.ResultsA total of 13 266 women aged 15–49 years, with a median age (IQR) of 27 (20–36) years were interviewed and included in the analysis. About two-thirds (65.53%) of the respondents reported at least one of the four major problems in accessing healthcare. Furthermore, after controlling for other variables included in the final model, women without any type of health insurance, those belonging to the poorest class according to the wealth index, those who had not attended any type of formal education, those who were not employed for cash, each year of increasing age and those who were divorced, separated or widowed were associated with greater problems in accessing healthcare.ConclusionThis study indicated the additive effects of barriers to healthcare in low-income countries such as Tanzania. Based on these results, improving uptake of health insurance and addressing social determinants of health are the first steps towards reducing women’s problems associated with accessing healthcare.

scholarly journals Availability of ENT Surgical Procedures and Medication in Low-Income Nation Hospitals: Cause for Concern in Zambia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Lufunda Lukama ◽  
Chester Kalinda ◽  
Warren Kuhn ◽  
Colleen Aldous
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Essential Drugs ◽  
High Prevalence

Background. Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) diseases are an oft overlooked global health concern. Despite their high prevalence and associated morbidity and mortality, ENT diseases have remained neglected in health care delivery. In Zambia and many other low-income countries, ENT services are characterized by poor funding, unavailable surgical procedures, and erratic supply of essential drugs. Objective. To investigate ENT service provision in Zambia with regard to availability of surgical procedures and supply of essential drugs. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted using a piloted structured questionnaire between 17 January 2017 and 2 January 2018. Included in the study were the 109 hospitals registered with the Ministry of Health (MoH) across the 10 provinces of Zambia. Results. Of the participating hospitals, only 5.9% (n=1) and 40% (n=2) of Second-Level Hospitals (SLH) and Third-Level Hospitals (TLH), respectively, carried out tympanoplasty, myringotomy, and grommet insertion (M+G). Frontal trephination and external ethmoidectomy were offered in 11.7% (n=2) and 40% (n=2) of SLH and TLH, respectively. While tracheostomy (39.3%, n=24), tonsillectomy (27.9%, n=17), and adenoidectomy (27.9%, n=17) were the most widely performed head and neck procedures, laryngectomy was carried out by 1 hospital. Between 14.8% (n=9) and 36.1% (n=22) of hospitals lacked antibiotic and/or antiseptic ear drops. Despite 96.7% (n=59) of the respondents acknowledging ENT as an important branch of clinical practice, only 15.3% (n=4) of the hospitals had a budget for ENT. Also, 6.6% (n=4) of the respondents thought the discipline of ENT had received enough attention. Conclusion. ENT service delivery in Zambia is limited with regard to performed surgical procedures and availability of essential drugs, necessitating urgent intervention. The findings from this study may be used to direct national policy on the improvement of provision of ENT services in Zambia.

scholarly journals Key bottlenecks to the provision of safe obstetric anaesthesia in low- income countries; a cross-sectional survey of 64 hospitals in Uganda

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Epiu ◽  
Agnes Wabule ◽  
Andrew Kambugu ◽  
Harriet Mayanja-Kizza ◽  
Jossy Verel Bahe Tindimwebwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Obstetric Anaesthesia

scholarly journals Tobacco Use and Associated Risk Factors in Burkina Faso: Results from a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Bonnechère ◽  
Cissé Kadari ◽  
Millogo Tiéba ◽  
Ouédraogo H. Gautier ◽  
Garanet Franck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Tobacco is a leading preventable cause of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Studies characterizing the prevalence of tobacco use in low-income countries are lacking. This study describes the prevalence of tobacco use in Burkina Faso and its associated factors. Methods : Data from the 2013 Burkina Faso World Health Organization (WHO) Stepwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) were analyzed. The prevalence of any tobacco product use, cigarette smoking, and other tobacco use was calculated. Logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with tobacco use. Overall, 4,691 people were included in this analysis. Results: The prevalence of any tobacco use was 19.8% (95% CI: 18.4–21.2). Tobacco use was higher for men (29.2% [27.0–31.5]) than women (11.8% [10.3–13.4]). The prevalence of smoked tobacco was 11.3% (10.3–12.4), with a significantly higher prevalence among men (24.5% [22.1–27.0]) than women (0.1% [0.01–0.3]). The overall prevalence of other tobacco use was 8.9% (7.4–10.7), with lower values for men (5.6% [4.1–7.2]) compared to women (11.7% [9.4–14.1]). Tobacco smoking among men was significantly associated with an increased age and alcohol consumption. The analysis of risk factors for other tobacco use stratified by gender showed that age, education, residence, and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with consumption for women, and age and alcohol consumption for men. Conclusion: Tobacco use is common in Burkina Faso. To effectively reduce tobacco use in Burkina Faso, a comprehensive tobacco control program should consider associated factors, such as gender, age, and alcohol consumption.

scholarly journals Tobacco use and associated risk factors in Burkina Faso: results from a population-based cross-sectional survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Bonnechère ◽  
Kadari Cissé ◽  
Tiéba Millogo ◽  
Gautier H. Ouédraogo ◽  
Franck Garanet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Tobacco is a leading preventable cause of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Studies characterizing the prevalence of tobacco use in low-income countries are lacking. This study describes the prevalence of tobacco use in Burkina Faso and its associated factors. Methods Data from the 2013 Burkina Faso World Health Organization (WHO) Stepwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) were analyzed. The prevalence of any tobacco product use, cigarette smoking, and other tobacco use was calculated. Logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with tobacco use. Overall, 4691 people were included in this analysis. Results The prevalence of any tobacco use was 19.8% (95% CI: 18.4–21.2). Tobacco use was higher for men (29.2% [27.0–31.5]) than women (11.8% [10.3–13.4]). The prevalence of smoked tobacco was 11.3% (10.3–12.4), with a significantly higher prevalence among men (24.5% [22.1–27.0]) than women (0.1% [0.01–0.3]). The overall prevalence of other tobacco use was 8.9% (7.4–10.7), with lower values for men (5.6% [4.1–7.2]) compared to women (11.7% [9.4–14.1]). Tobacco smoking among men was significantly associated with an increased age and alcohol consumption. The analysis of risk factors for other tobacco use stratified by gender showed that age, education, residence, and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with consumption for women, and age and alcohol consumption for men. Conclusion Tobacco use is common in Burkina Faso. To effectively reduce tobacco use in Burkina Faso, a comprehensive tobacco control program should consider associated factors, such as gender, age, and alcohol consumption.

scholarly journals Parents’ Decision-making for Childhood Immunization and Prevention of Childhood Diseases – A Cross-Sectional Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas KEMEUGNI NGANDJON ◽  
Alfred Laengler ◽  
Thomas Ostermann ◽  
Virgile Kenmoue
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Health Authorities

Abstract Background The childhood vaccination program (EPI) is claimed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be the most cost-effective intervention to reduce child mortality. Therefore, in low-income countries governments and health authorities invest in vaccination programs to reach herd immunity. However, despite the resources allocated to the EPI, epidemics preventable through vaccines are still reported in these countries. In Cameroon, the Foumbot district in the West region has witnessed measles epidemics since 2010 and in 2013 a polio outbreak was reported. Methods The design of this study is a cross-sectional survey. A total of 160 mothers of children between the ages of 12 to 23 months were selected by simple random sampling technique. Pre-tested structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Results The outcome of this survey shows that 60% of the children studied were completely vaccinated, 37.75% were partially vaccinated, and 1.25% had not received any vaccine. The logistic regression analysis shows that a poor knowledge of infectious diseases (OR=0.3) was a significant predictor of partial and no vaccination status in children. Conclusion Parents’ decision-making for EPI was based on the information and experiences available in the community. Therefore, parents who are poorly educated on VPDs and living in a community with missing information and misinformation about vaccination will probably not complete the EPI. Public health authorities should invest in health education programs with the goal of developing skills for health- seeking behavior in individuals and communities.

scholarly journals Social-Demographic Factors Influencing Exclusive Breastfeeding Atitude among Working Nursing Mothers in Urban Areas of Ibadan, Oyo State

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Ajibola Abdulrahamon Ishola ◽  
Kenku Akeem Adekunle ◽  
Aroyewun Folashade Temitope
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Nursing Mothers ◽  
Social Demographic

The study investigates the social-demographic factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding predisposition among employed nursing mothers in the urban area of the Ibadan metropolis. The investigation embraced a cross-sectional survey plan. The targeted populace were mothers who have newborn children between 0-6 months old and living with family members, attending private or public hospitals in Ibadan North LGA, Oyo State. Three hundred (300) urban nursing mothers were sample in the study through purposive sampling technique from among the nursing mothers attending immunization and postnatal clinics in private and public hospitals. The average age was 30.33 years (SD = 5.8). The average number of pregnancies experienced was 4.56 (SD = 2.34). 2.1% were single, 76.9% were married, 15.15 separated, and 5.5% were widowed. The average family size was 6.92 ± 2.11. The Nursing mothers responded to questionnaires probing for socio-demographic characteristics and Attitude towards exclusive breast-feeding scale (α = .71). The Objectives of the study were tested Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) at 0.05 level of significance. Socio-demographic characteristics on attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding behavior (R2 = 0.30, F (9,236) = 9.82, p < .01). Maternal age (β = -.26, t = -3.80) and parity (β = -.31, t = -3.83) predicted nursing mothers on attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding behavior. It was advised that Health care specialists must be alive to their obligations in infant nutritional instruction and health advancement to the mothers of under-fives and the overall general public.

scholarly journals Tobacco Use and Associated Risk Factors in Burkina Faso: Results from a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Bonnechère ◽  
Cissé Kadari ◽  
Millogo Tiéba ◽  
Ouédraogo H. Gautier ◽  
Garanet Franck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: Tobacco is a leading preventable cause of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Studies characterizing the prevalence of tobacco use in low-income countries are lacking. This study describes the prevalence of tobacco use in Burkina Faso and its associated factors. Methods : Data from the 2013 Burkina Faso World Health Organization (WHO) Stepwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) were analyzed. The prevalence of any tobacco product use, cigarette smoking, and other tobacco use was calculated. Logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with tobacco use. Overall, 4,691 people were included in this analysis. Results: The prevalence of any tobacco use was 19.8% (95% CI: 18.4–21.2). Tobacco use was higher for men (29.2% [27.0–31.5]) than women (11.8% [10.3–13.4]). The prevalence of smoked tobacco was 11.3% (10.3–12.4), with a significantly higher prevalence among men (24.5% [22.1–27.0]) than women (0.1% [0.01–0.3]). The overall prevalence of other tobacco use was 8.9% (7.4–10.7), with lower values for men (5.6% [4.1–7.2]) compared to women (11.7% [9.4–14.1]). Tobacco smoking among men was significantly associated with an increased age and alcohol consumption. The analysis of risk factors for other tobacco use stratified by gender showed that age, education, residence, and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with consumption for women, and age and alcohol consumption for men. Conclusion: Tobacco use is common in Burkina Faso. To effectively reduce tobacco use in Burkina Faso, a comprehensive tobacco control program should consider associated factors, such as gender, age, and alcohol consumption.

scholarly journals Can open-defecation free (ODF) communities be sustained? A cross-sectional study in rural Ghana

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0261674
Author(s):  
Caroline Delaire ◽  
Joyce Kisiangani ◽  
Kara Stuart ◽  
Prince Antwi-Agyei ◽  
Ranjiv Khush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural Ghana

Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is a widely used approach to reduce open defecation in rural areas of low-income countries. Following CLTS programs, communities are designated as open defecation free (ODF) when household-level toilet coverage reaches the threshold specified by national guidelines (e.g., 80% in Ghana). However, because sanitation conditions are rarely monitored after communities are declared ODF, the ability of CLTS to generate lasting reductions in open defecation is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the extent to which levels of toilet ownership and use were sustained in 109 communities in rural Northern Ghana up to two and a half years after they had obtained ODF status. We found that the majority of communities (75%) did not meet Ghana’s ODF requirements. Over a third of households had either never owned (16%) or no longer owned (24%) a functional toilet, and 25% reported practicing open defecation regularly. Toilet pit and superstructure collapse were the primary causes of reversion to open defecation. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that communities had higher toilet coverage when they were located further from major roads, were not located on rocky soil, reported having a system of fines to punish open defecation, and when less time had elapsed since ODF status achievement. Households were more likely to own a functional toilet if they were larger, wealthier, had a male household head who had not completed primary education, had no children under the age of five, and benefitted from the national Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) program. Wealthier households were also more likely to use a toilet for defecation and to rebuild their toilet when it collapsed. Our findings suggest that interventions that address toilet collapse and the difficulty of rebuilding, particularly among the poorest and most vulnerable households, will improve the longevity of CLTS-driven sanitation improvements in rural Ghana.

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