scholarly journals Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf in Swiss Albino Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei NK 65

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
E. O. Dada ◽  
R. O. Adebayo
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Antiplasmodial Activity ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Parasitaemia Level ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Ethanolic Leaf Extract

The study assessed the antiplasmodial activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus on chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei in mice. Standard methods were used to determine the bioactive components of the leaf extract, acute toxicity test and antiplasmodial activity.  Mice obtained (of body weight 20-25 g) were housed and acclimatized for seven days at room temperature before the commencement of the experiment. A total of 16 albino mice were randomized into four groups of four mice each for acute toxicity while 35 were grouped into five groups of seven mice each for antiplasmodial activity. All the groups 1-5 were infected with P. berghei and were treated for six consecutive days with leaf extract dosage of 200, 400 and        800 mg/kg, standard antimalarial drug (chloroquine) as positive control and normal saline as negative control respectively. Phytochemical screening/ bioactive compounds of the leaf extract reveals the presence of saponins (10.3 mg/g), tannins (2.38 mg/g), flavonoids (1.87 mg/g), terpenoids (19.12 mg/g), steroids (6.21 mg/g) and glycosides (19.9 mg/g) as secondary metabolites. The leaf extract revealed decrease in body weight of the infected mice and did not show any toxicity at all dosage levels used. The antiplasmodial investigation revealed a decrease in percentage parasitaemia level in mice of extract treated groups compared with mice infected and not treated. The parasitaemia reduction was higher in 800 mg/kg than 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. This significant decrease (P<0.05) in percentage parasitaemia level in the study was dose and time-dependent. The extract showed significant (p<0.05) antiplasmodial activity and could serve as possible candidates for the development of new effective drugs for the treatment of malaria.

scholarly journals Effects of Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Daniella oliveri on Biochemical and Haematological Parameters of Albino Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei NK 65

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-32
Author(s):  
Muhammed Muazu ◽  
Karderam Bukar Dikwa ◽  
Deborah Madi Dibal ◽  
Muhammed Danjuma ◽  
Gideon Obaje Sunday ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Albino Mice

The rapid emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to Artemisinin derivatives and all the conventional antimalarial drugs necessitates the importance of ethnobotany, resulting in need to study the antiplasmodial potentials and the resultant effects of the methanolic leaf extract of Daniella oliveri (D.oliveri) on the biochemical and haematological parameters of the infected and treated albino mice. A total of 30 mice were randomized to six groups; 1 (positive control), 2 (negative control), 3 (normal control), 4, 5 and 6 (treatment groups) of five mice per group, body weights of mice were measured before and after infection and treatments, the mice were Infected intravenously with 0.2 ml of 1x107 standard inoculum of chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infected erythrocytes on the first day (day 0), treatment commence 72 hours later (day 3), continued for 5 days to terminate on day 7. On day 8, the Swiss Albino mice used for antiplasmodial activity were subjected to euthanasia under chloroform, aseptically dissected and blood was collected through cardiac puncture in lithium heparin bottle for biochemical assays and in an ethylene diamine tetra- acetic acid (EDTA) bottles for haematological assays.All mice in the treatment group showed decrease in body weight except for normal control group that showed increase in body weight. Methanolic leaf extract of D.oliveri contains some secondary metabolites that are hepato-protective in nature with no significant effects on the biochemical and hematological parameters of the malaria infected and treated albino mice.

scholarly journals Antimalarial Activity and Toxicological Assessment of Betula alnoides Extract against Plasmodium berghei Infections in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prapaporn Chaniad ◽  
Tachpon Techarang ◽  
Arisara Phuwajaroanpong ◽  
Chuchard Punsawad
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Stem Extract ◽  
Betula Alnoides ◽  
Dose Levels

The resistance of malaria parasites to the current antimalarial drugs has led to the search for novel effective drugs. Betula alnoides has been traditionally used for the treatment of malaria, but the scientific evidence to substantiate this claim is still lacking. Therefore, the present study aimed at evaluating the antimalarial activity and toxicity of an aqueous stem extract of B. alnoides in a mouse model. The in vivo antimalarial activity of an aqueous stem extract of B. alnoides was determined by a 4-day suppressive test in mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei ANKA. The B. alnoides extract was administered orally at different doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight. The levels of parasitaemia, survival time, body weight change, and food and water consumption of the mice were determined. The acute toxicity of the extract was assessed in the mice for 14 days after the administration of a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg. An aqueous stem extract of B. alnoides exhibited a significant dose-dependent reduction of parasitaemia in P. berghei-infected mice at all dose levels compared to the reduction in the negative control. Extract doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight suppressed the levels of parasitaemia by 46.90, 58.39, and 71.26%, respectively. The extract also significantly prolonged the survival times of the P. berghei-infected mice compared to the survival times of the negative control mice. In addition, at all dose levels, the extract prevented body weight loss in P. berghei-infected mice. For the acute toxicity, there were no significant alterations in the biochemical parameters and in the histopathology. In conclusion, the aqueous stem extract of B. alnoides possesses antimalarial properties. A single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight had no significant toxic effects on the function and structure of the kidneys and liver. These results support its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Analysis and Antiplasmodial (curative) Activities of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Morinda lucida (Ewe Oruwo) in Male Swiss Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Momoh Johnson Oshiobugie ◽  
Damazio Olanrewaju Anthony ◽  
Ajetunmobi Asibiallau Oladipupo ◽  
Babalola Adenike Omosalewa ◽  
Adekunle Oluwasegun Michael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Liver Homogenate ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Group B

Aim: Medicinal plants have been used for the treatment of many infections and diseases including malaria. The study was conducted to determine the effect of in vivo anti-plasmodial and antioxidant properties of the methanolic leaf extract of Morinda lucida in male Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium Berghei NK65. Study Design and Methodology: Phytochemical, GC-MS and AAS analyses were determined in the plant. Swiss albino mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with Plasmodium berghei NK65. Thirty-five (35) mice were grouped into seven groups, five per group. Group A were not infected with P.berghei NK65. Group B, C and D served as the negative and positive control groups while Group E, F and G mice were treated with 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg body weight of methanolic leaf extract of M. lucida. Haematological parameters were determined in the whole blood using BC-3200 Auto Hematology Analyzer. TP, MDA, CAT, SOD % inhibition, SOD unit and vitamin A were all determined in the liver homogenate using standard procedures. Results: The GC-MS result of the M. lucida shows the presence of five bioactive compounds. It was also observed that the plant contains the following minerals: iron, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and copper. Acute toxicity shows that the LD50 >000mg/Kg b.wt. The extract caused 30.96%, 32.93% and 67.23% reduction in parasitemia at 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg body weight respectively while chloroquine exerted 96.53% and artesunate exerted 92.03% reduction at 10 mg/kg body weight respectively. The Haematological parameters showed that the plant extract is not haematotoxic since it significantly (P<0.05) reduced WBC count, and increase RBC, HGB, and HCT values in the treated mice compared to the infected untreated mice. This study shows that the mean lipid peroxidation (MDA) level was significantly decreased in the malaria treated mice (group C, D, E, F and G) compared to the untreated mice (group B). There was also a significant increase in the total protein, catalase, SOD % inhibition, SOD unit and Vitamin A levels in the liver homogenate of animals treated with chloroquine, artesunate and extract of M. lucida compared to the untreated mice. Conclusions: The study shows that Morinda lucida possess antiplasmodial activity in male Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK 65.

scholarly journals Hepatoprotective effects of methanol leaf extract of pterocarpus santalinoides DC on acetaminophen-induced liver damage in Albino rats (Rattus norvegicus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
T. E. Ihedioha ◽  
L. U. Onwuegbuka ◽  
J. I. Ihedioha
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Pterocarpus Santalinoides

The effects of methanol leaf extract of Pterocarpus santalinoides DC was investigated on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced sub-acute liver damage (hepatotoxicity) in albino rats. Forty two adultmale albino ratswere used for the study, 12 for the acute toxicity study and 30 for the sub-acute hepatotoxicity study. The 30 rats used for the sub-acute hepatotoxicity study were randomly assigned into six groups (A – F) of 5 rats each as follows: Group A – APAP+distilledwater placebo (negative control),Groups B,CandD–APAP+50, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight (bw) Pterocarpus santalinoides methanol extract (PSME) respectively, Group E – APAP + 100 mg/kg bw silymarin (positive control), and Group F – distilled water placebo only (normal control). The APAP was given at 3000 mg/kg bw orally at the beginning of the study (day 0) and after every 72 hours for 12 days, while treatment with PSME and silymarin was done orally twice daily for 15 days. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity evaluation followed standard procedures. Assay of serum enzymes, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol and bilirubin, and liver weight percentage of body weight of the rats was done at the end of the 15-day experimental period following standard procedures. The PSME had high levels of tannins, moderate levels of flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates and reducing sugars, and low levels of alkaloids. The LD was above 5000 mg/kg bw. Treatment with PSME at the dose of 500 mg/kg bw significantly lowered (P < 0.05) serum ALT, AST, and ALP activities, cholesterol and bilirubin levels, and liver weight percentage of body weight when compared to the negative control,while treatment at the dose of 250mg/kg bw only led to significantly lower (P<0.05) serum levels of cholesterol and bilirubin when compared to the negative control. It was concluded that treatment of acetaminophen-induced sub-acute hepatotoxicity in albino rats with 500 mg/kg bw PSME significantly protected the hepatocellular integrity and ameliorated impaired hepatic excretory function.

scholarly journals Phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant activity and acute toxicity of Irvingia gabonensis (O’Rorke) baill ethanolic leaf extract

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efosa Ewere ◽  
Emmanuel Uka ◽  
Usunomena Usunobun
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phytochemical Composition ◽  
Irvingia Gabonensis ◽  
Ethanolic Leaf Extract

<p>This study was aimed at determining the phytochemical composition, antioxidant effect and acute toxicity of Irvingia gabonensis (O’Rorke) baill (IG) ethanolic leaf extract. Qualitative phytochemcal analysis was carried out on the ethanolic leaf extract using standard procedures. Different concentrations of the plant extract (20 µg/ml- 100µg/ml) were used to assess its effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical activity, It's reducing power and it total phenolic content. Lorke’s method of acute toxicity was adopted for the acute toxicity study. Results obtained showed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, and carbohydrates in the leaf extract. The ethanolic leaf extract of IG significantly (P&lt; 0.05) inhibited the activity of DPPH when compared with the vitamin C standard. IG leaf extract also showed a higher reducing power as compared with the Vitamin C standard. The total phenolic content of IG ethanolic leaf extract was however, significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower than that of gallic acid, the standard used. Futhermore, the LD50 of the ethanolic leaf extract was found to be above 5000mg/kg body weight. Irvingia gabonensis (O’Rorke) baill ethanolic leaf extract is a rich source of important phytochemicals and possesses a high antioxidant activity. Also, the administration of the ethanolic leaf extract in wistar rats is safe up to a dose of 5000mg/kg body weight.</p>

scholarly journals Phytochemical Analysis of Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel Extract and its Anti-Plasmodial Properties on Wister Albino Mice via Oral Route

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
I.H. Ifijen ◽  
A.U. Mamza ◽  
K.A. Fasina ◽  
J.I. Omoruyi ◽  
Esther U. Ikhuoria
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Antiplasmodial Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Guiera Senegalensis ◽  
Albino Mice

Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel (Combretaceae) is acclaimed as a common herbal antipyretic and anti-malarial among some tribal groups in northern Nigeria. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents, antiplasmodial activity and the acute toxicity of G. senegalensis on mammalian cells. Aqueous ethanolic leaf extracts (AELE) of the plant were tested for the presence of phytochemicals including alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, cardiac glycoside, glycosides, phenolic acids, saponins and tannins using standard techniques. The AELE was then screened for acute toxicity on Wister albino mice (WAM) weighing between 30-35g and its antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium berghei (the causative agent of malaria in some mammals). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrate, phenols, flavonoids, abundant tannins, alkaloid, saponins with the absence of cardiac glycosides in the AELE. Also, it was observed that G. senegalensis extracts had no toxic effect on the WAM across administered doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. From the prophylactic study, it was found that the AELE dosage of 200 mg/kg was most effective in the inhibition of P. berghei when compared with the control than other dosages tested (100 and 200 mg/kg). The extract also exhibited a better anti-plasmodial property (80% inhibition) in the curative study compared to the standard drug (Chloroquine diphosphate) (52%), inhibiting at the graded doses of AELE. It can, therefore, be concluded from this study that G. senegalensis extract possesses essential phytochemicals, resulting in antiplasmodial effect against Plasmodium berghei.  

scholarly journals Chemical Substances and in-Vivo Antiplasmodial Activity of Ageratum Conyzoides in Plasmodium Berghei Infected Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1813-1817
Author(s):  
I.H. Ifijen ◽  
M. Maliki ◽  
O.K. Ogbeide ◽  
R.O. Okonkwo ◽  
S.O. Omorogbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Antiplasmodial Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Ageratum Conyzoides ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Promising Source

Malaria afflicts millions of people globally, particularly in tropical Africa; it is transmitted to humans through a bite of an Anopheles mosquito. Phytochemical, acute toxicity and in-vivo antiplasmodial activity of the leaves of Ageratum conyzoides were examined to study its effects on Mice that have been infected with the malaria parasite. Phytochemical screening of the methanol extract revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and chromene. The LD50 was established at ˃ 1000 mg/kg body weight of mice. The methanol extract of A. conyzoides displayed intrinsic prophylactic and curative anti-malaria activity. At 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight of mice, the extract revealed the highest percentage inhibition (83 and 61) for the prophylactic and curative study respectively. The acute toxicity study showed that A. conyzoides extract is relatively safe within the study administered doses. The methanol extract of the prophylactic study against Plasmodium berghei revealed an increase in the level of significance at administered portions of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg in comparison with 0.2 ml distilled water and 10 mg/kg chloroquine. The methanol extract of the therapeutic study against Plasmodium berghei revealed a slight increase in the level of significance at administered doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, however, no significant effect was observed for 400 mg/kg compared to the negative control and reference drug. The outcome implies that methanol leave extract of A. conyzoides possesses meaningful antiplasmodial activities and could be a promising source of novel antimalarial.Keywords: Malaria, Ageratum conyzoides, phytochemical screening, acute toxicity, Plasmodium berghei

scholarly journals Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Eucalyptus citriodora in Swiss Albino Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei NK 65

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
D. Muhammed ◽  
E. O. Dada ◽  
M. Muazu ◽  
E. I. Jumbo ◽  
V. I. Uzokwe
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Eucalyptus Citriodora ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Parasitaemia Level ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Ethanolic Leaf Extract ◽  
Group 1

Malaria is a life-threatening disease and emergence of malaria parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs, has necessitated the need for discovery and development of an alternative to malaria medicine. This study assessed the ethanolic leaf extract of Eucalyptus citriodora for the presence of bioactive components qualitatively and efficacy of the extract against the malaria parasite. Standard methods were used to determine the bioactive components of the leaf extract. Twenty (20) albino mice of body weight between 18-25 g were randomised into 5 groups of four mice each for acute toxicity test, while twenty-four (24) mice were randomised into six groups of four mice each (group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) for antiplasmodial activity. All the groups were infected with P. berghei, except group 3 (normal control). Group 4, 5 and 6 were treated with 0.2 mL of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight of extract respectively. Group 2 (positive control) were treated with 0.2 mL of 5 mg/kg body weight of chloroquine. Group 1 (negative control) were administered with 0.2 mL of normal saline, while group 3 (normal control) were administered with 0.2 mL of normal saline for four consecutive days. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinone, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides and the extract was found safe and nontoxic. The antiplasmodial investigation revealed a decrease in percentage parasitaemia level in mice of group 4, 5 and 6 (extract treated group) compared with mice of group 1 (infected and not treated). The parasitaemia reduction was higher in group 6 (800 mg/kg). This significant decrease (P<0.05) in percentage parasitaemia level in the study was dose and time-dependent. The study revealed the potency of E. citriodora leaf extract as a future herbal candidate for the treatment of human malaria infection.

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