scholarly journals Healthcare Expenditure and Life Expectancy in Africa: A Panel Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Salami Abdulganiyu ◽  
Mamman Tijjani
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Healthcare Spending ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Least Square ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Negative Predictor ◽  
Effect Method

Objective of the Study: The study examined the nature of relationship between healthcare expenditure and life expectancy in a panel of 45 African Countries, disaggregated into different sub-regions in the continent. Methodology: The study used fixed effect method and two-stage least square technique to investigate the relationship between life expectancy and life expectancy in the selected African countries, from 2000 to 2015. Aside from the major variables of interest, GDP per capita, basic sanitation and urban population were used as control variables. The choice of countries and time frame were based on availability of data. The data used was sourced from World Bank website, and analyzed using STATA software. Main Findings: The fixed effect method found that healthcare spending is an important predictor of life expectancy in Africa. It was found to positively and significantly influence life expectancy in West Africa, but significantly and negatively influences life expectancy in Central and Southern regions of Africa. Contrariwise, the two-stage least square shows that healthcare spending is a negative predictor of life expectancy in Central Africa, but not a significant predictor in Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western Africa. Conclusion: Conclusions from the study are two-fold. It can be concluded that fixed effect method is not a suitable estimation technique for models with endogeneity and reversed causation issues, and that healthcare expenditure is significant negative predictor of life expectancy in Central Africa; but not a significant predictor of life expectancy in Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western regions of Africa.

scholarly journals A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR THE CROSS SECTION OF THE LIQUIDITY, FIRM SIZE, EARNINGS VOLATILITY, AND LEVERAGE IN INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-337
Author(s):  
Irdha Yusra
Keyword(s):  
Firm Size ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Financial Statement ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Earnings Volatility ◽  
Operational Activity ◽  
Effect Method

Basically, every company requires capital in order to finance its operational activity and to expand their business so capital becomes one of the important elements in a company. When the capital which is owned by the company is large the operational activity that can be conducted is large as well. This research is meant to test the influence of liquidity, firm size, earnings volatility, to the leverage. The population is all companies which are listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013-2017 periods. The sample collection technique has been carried out by using purposive sampling method and based on the predetermined criteria, 86 companies have been selected as samples. The data of the financial statement of the companies has been obtained from the official website of IDX. The analytical method used is regression analysis of panel data with the help of application E-Views 8. The initial test is to test the Chow-Test to decide whether the Pooled Least Square or Fixed Effect method is used, and the test Hausman-Test to decide whether the Fixed Effect or Random Effect method can be used. The result of the research shows that the variable liquidity has a negative and significant effect on leverage, firm size has a negatif and not significant on levearge, while earning volatility does not have any significant influence on leverage.

scholarly journals Are Trade Liberalization and Democracy Driving Development in Central Africa Region? Empirical Lessons

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tchouassi Tchouassi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Least Square ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Positive Effect

This paper documents that trade liberalization and democracy contribute positively to economic development. A panel of 11 Central Africa countries with 176 observations from 1995 to 2010 was used to econometrically verify this assertion. Estimation using the general least square (GLS) with the overall R-square (R2 = 0.0325) shows that there is a relationship between the economic development captured here with Human development indicators (HDI), democracy, importations, exportations, inflation and regional integration. Inflation and exports negatively affect the well-being of the population. An increase in inflation rate causes a reduction in purchasing power. An increased in exports commodities tends to decrease the quantity of goods available for the country of origin. Imports have a positive effect on HDI probably because this variable tends to increase the quantity of goods available. Imports and democracy have a positive effect on the level of development among Central African countries. The paper’s findings are important to Central Africa policy makers towards creation and increasing trade within, between and with other democratic countries.

scholarly journals Human Capital Impacts of Income Inequality: An Extensive Empirical Analysis From The African Continent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swapnanil Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Least Square ◽  
African Continent ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

Abstract This paper evaluates the impacts of income inequality on life expectancy in the African countries. The empirical analysis has been performed on a panel dataset of 52 African nations covering the period of 1995-2018. For estimating the relationship, I have employed Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) technique and a Panel Error Correction Model (PECM). The long-run cointegrating relationship was estimated using a Panel Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (PDOLS) estimator. The outputs of both static and dynamic estimation models suggest that income inequality has negatively affected life expectancy at birth in the African continent overall. Though a positive short-run causal relationship was established, in the long-run, income inequality had deleterious effects. A series of steps had been followed to check the soundness of the result of the main empirical examination and it was confirmed that the results are robust.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS, KEBIJAKAN HUTANG DAN KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN PADA SEKTOR PERTAMBANGAN

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syilvia Sari Lubis ◽  
Aminar Sutra Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Firm Value ◽  
Dividend Policy ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Corporate Value ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Debt Policy ◽  
Effect Method ◽  
Observation Period

The value of a company is the perception of investors to an agency that can be related to stock prices. High corporate value is able to reflect the prosperity for investors. This observation intends to prove empirically the effect of profitability, debt policy and dividend policy on corporate value. The data used are secondary data such as financial statements data during the observation period. This observations selects the mining industry data listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange with the 2012-2016 observation period. Sample collection method using purposive sampling method. through purposive sampling got 9 companies studied. The analytical method used is regression analysis of panel data with the help of application E-Views 8. The initial test is to test the Chow-Test to decide whether the Pooled Least Square or Fixed Effect method is used; and the test Haussman-Test to decide whether the Fixed Effect or Random Effect method can be used. The results of this observation states that profitability has a significant effect on corporate value on the contraty debt policy and dividend policy has no significant effect on firm value.

scholarly journals To what extent does access to improved sanitation explain the observed differences in infant mortality in Africa?

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aye M. Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Reduce Infant Mortality ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Effect Estimation ◽  
The Impact

Background: To my knowledge, there was no systematic study so far that analysed the extent of the impact of improved sanitation on infant mortality in the African context with long years of full-fledged longitudinal data.Aim: The aim of this study was to empirically examine the extent to which improved sanitation explains the observed differences in infant mortality under 5 years of age across African countries.Setting: The study covered a panel of 33 countries from north, south, east, west and central Africa for the years 1994–2013.Methods: The study first conducted Durbin–Wu–Hausman specification test and then used fixed effect model. In addition, Praison–Winsten regression with corrected heteroscedasticity was employed to verify the consistency of the results that were revealed in using fixed effect estimation method.Results: The study revealed that a 1% increase in access to improved sanitation would reduce infant mortality by a rate of about two infant deaths per 1000 live births. Also, the study confirmed that a significant decline in infant mortality rate was highly linked to improvements in education, health and sustainable economic growth.Conclusion: The findings have wide implications especially for African countries for which decreasing infant mortality is one of the most crucial priorities in the continent to reverse the current deep-rooted challenges related to human capital formation.

scholarly journals The association between medical spending and health status: A study of selected African countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Murad Bein
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Healthcare Spending ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Pairwise Correlation ◽  
Private Healthcare

BackgroundThe report from the World Health Organization (WHO) reveals that health spending worldwide remains highly unequal as more than 80% of the world’s population live in low and middle-income countries but only account for about 20% of global health expenditure. Another report by the WHO on the state of health financing in Africa published in 2013 intimates that countries that are part of their member states are still on the average level in meeting set goals in financing key health projects. ObjectiveThe study set out to investigate the association between public and private spending and health status for eight selected African countries, namely Burundi, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. Health status indicators include the incidence of tuberculosis, mortality rates, maternal deaths and prevalence of HIV. MethodsDescriptive statistics and pairwise correlation are used to assess the relationship between healthcare spending and health status. Random and fixed effect models are further employed to provide insights into the association between descriptive statistics and pairwise correlation. We used annual data from the year 2000 to 2014 obtained from world development indicators.ResultsThe relationship between healthcare spending (public and private) and health status is statistically significant. Public healthcare expenditure has a higher association than private expenditure in reducing the mortality rate, tuberculosis and HIV for the average country in our sample. For example, an increase in public healthcare spending is negatively associated and statistically significant at 5% or better in reducing female mortality, male mortality, tuberculosis and HIV. Private healthcare spending is more impactful in the area of maternal deaths, where it is associated negatively and statistically significant at 1%. An increase in private healthcare spending is linked to a reduction in maternal deaths. We also compared the association between an increase in healthcare spending on males versus females and observed that public health expenditure impacts the health status of both sexes equally, however, private health expenditure provides a greater positive benefit to males. It is worth remembering that two goals of the United Nations agenda on sustainable development are gender equality and ensuring healthcare for all. ConclusionThe findings of this research call for the selected African countries to pay more attention to public healthcare expenditure in order to improve health status, especially since private healthcare which provides access to healthcare facilities for some poor people leads to costs that are a burden. So, future research should focus on analyzing components of private healthcare spending such as direct household out-of-pocket spending, private insurance and direct service payments by private corporations as dependent variables to understand what form of private investment should be encouraged.

scholarly journals Analisis Kinerja Keuangan dan Nilai Perusahaan, serta Pengaruhnya terhadap Harga Saham

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joki Saputra ◽  
Lidya Martha
Keyword(s):  
Stock Prices ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Enforcement Action ◽  
Effect Method

The stock price is a reference for investors in taking an investment decision, stock prices often change adjusting to the level of supply and demand.The purpose of this research is to know how big the influence of financial performance and value of enterprise on the stock price on companies in the finance enrolled in the indonesia stock exchange the period 2013-2017. The sample collection technique uses the purposive sampling and based on criteria specified obtained samples from 28 company. Data from the financial reports obtained from official website of IDX. The analytical method used is regression analysis of panel data with the help of application E-Views 8. The initial test is to test the Chow-Test to decide whether the Pooled Least Square or Fixed Effect method is used and the test Hausman-Test to decide whether the Fixed Effect or Random Effect method can be used. The Stock Price in companies in the finance sectorwho are actually enrolled in IDX during the period of research only influenced showed signs of positive sentiments sizable enforcement action taken by Price To Book Value ( PBV ), but Return On Asset ( ROA )to have an influence negative and it is not significant.

scholarly journals Dampak Kinerja Keuangan terhadap Corporate Social Responsibility pada Sektor Perbankan di Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ella Safitri Laili ◽  
Aminar Sutra Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Effect Method

This study aims to analyze the effect of firm size and profitability on the corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure of the banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The population is banking companies which are listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013-2017 periods. The sample collection technique has been carried out by using purposive sampling method and based on the predetermined criteria, 6 companies have been selected as samples. The data of the financial statement of the companies has been obtained from the official website of IDX. The analytical method used is regression analysis of panel data with the help of application E-Views 8. The initial test is to test the Chow-Test to decide whether the Pooled Least Square or Fixed Effect method is used, and the test Hausman-Test to decide whether the Fixed Effect or Random Effect method can be used. The result of the research shows that the variable profitability has a positive and significant effect on corporate social responsibility, firm size has a positive and not significant on corporate social responsibility

scholarly journals A Compound Wind Power Forecasting Strategy Based on Clustering, Two-Stage Decomposition, Parameter Optimization, and Optimal Combination of Multiple Machine Learning Approaches

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 3586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sizhou Sun ◽  
Jingqi Fu ◽  
Ang Li
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Wind Power Forecasting ◽  
Power Forecasting

Given the large-scale exploitation and utilization of wind power, the problems caused by the high stochastic and random characteristics of wind speed make researchers develop more reliable and precise wind power forecasting (WPF) models. To obtain better predicting accuracy, this study proposes a novel compound WPF strategy by optimal integration of four base forecasting engines. In the forecasting process, density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) is firstly employed to identify meaningful information and discard the abnormal wind power data. To eliminate the adverse influence of the missing data on the forecasting accuracy, Lagrange interpolation method is developed to get the corrected values of the missing points. Then, the two-stage decomposition (TSD) method including ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and wavelet transform (WT) is utilized to preprocess the wind power data. In the decomposition process, the empirical wind power data are disassembled into different intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and one residual (Res) by EEMD, and the highest frequent time series IMF1 is further broken into different components by WT. After determination of the input matrix by a partial autocorrelation function (PACF) and normalization into [0, 1], these decomposed components are used as the input variables of all the base forecasting engines, including least square support vector machine (LSSVM), wavelet neural networks (WNN), extreme learning machine (ELM) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), to make the multistep WPF. To avoid local optima and improve the forecasting performance, the parameters in LSSVM, ELM, and WNN are tuned by backtracking search algorithm (BSA). On this basis, BSA algorithm is also employed to optimize the weighted coefficients of the individual forecasting results that produced by the four base forecasting engines to generate an ensemble of the forecasts. In the end, case studies for a certain wind farm in China are carried out to assess the proposed forecasting strategy.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Mutations in the pfcoronin Gene and Association with Ex Vivo Susceptibility to Common Quinoline Drugs against Plasmodium falciparum

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1273
Author(s):  
Océane Delandre ◽  
Mathieu Gendrot ◽  
Isabelle Fonta ◽  
Joel Mosnier ◽  
Nicolas Benoit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Sanger Sequencing ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Artemisinin Resistance ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Artemisinin Derivative ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Low Prevalence

Background: Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) was recommended to treat uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Unlike the situation in Asia where resistance to ACT has been reported, artemisinin resistance has not yet emerged in Africa. However, some rare failures with ACT or patients continuing to be parasitaemic on day 3 after ACT treatment have been reported in Africa or in travellers returning from Africa. Three mutations (G50E, R100K, and E107V) in the pfcoronin gene could be responsible for artemisinin resistance in Africa. Methods: The aims of this study were first to determine the prevalence of mutations in the pfcoronin gene in African P. falciparum isolates by Sanger sequencing, by targeting the 874 samples collected from patients hospitalised in France after returning from endemic areas in Africa between 2018 and 2019, and secondly to evaluate their association with in vitro reduced susceptibility to standard quinoline antimalarial drugs, including chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, desethylamodiaquine, lumefantrine, piperaquine, and pyronaridine. Results: The three mutations in the pfcoronin gene (50E, 100K, and 107V) were not detected in the 874 P. falciparum isolates. Current data show that another polymorphism (P76S) is present in many countries of West Africa (mean prevalence of 20.7%) and Central Africa (11.9%) and, rarely, in East Africa (4.2%). This mutation does not appear to be predictive of in vitro reduced susceptibility to quinolines, including artemisinin derivative partners in ACT such as amodiaquine, lumefantrine, piperaquine, pyronaridine, and mefloquine. Another mutation (V62M) was identified at low prevalence (overall prevalence of 1%). Conclusions: The 76S mutation is present in many African countries with a prevalence above 10%. It is reassuring that this mutation does not confer in vitro resistance to ACT partners.

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