Pengamanan Data melalui Model Super Enkripsi Autokey Cipher dan Transposisi Kolom

One of the essential instruments in the cyber era is data. Therefore, maintaining data security is an important thing to do. One way that can be done to maintain data security is through cryptography. In cryptography, two basic techniques are commonly used, namely substitution techniques and transposition techniques. One of the weaknesses of the basic cryptographic techniques is the lower level of data security. This study proposed a super encryption model in securing data by combining cryptographic algorithms with substitution techniques, i.e., autokey cipher and transposition, i.e., columnar transposition cipher. This study used the Avalanche Effect method as a measurement tool for the proposed super encryption model. The test results have shown that the proposed super encryption model can provide a better level of security. The avalanche effect test on the five data test shows that the average AE value of the proposed super encryption model is 30.76%. This value is higher than the single autokey cipher algorithm of 1.66% and column transposition with a value of 18.03%. Other results from the five data test have shown that the proposed model has a high level of accuracy of 100% in terms of the decryption process results, which is the same as the initial data before going through the encryption process.

Planning Consistency and the Political Budget Cycle in Indonesia

This study aims to find empirical evidence of the relationship between planning and the practices associated with political budget cycles in Indonesia, with reference to the simultaneous regional head elections held in 2017 and 2018. A fixed-effect method using least-square dummy variables analyzes the role of planning in the relationship between local-government spending and political budget cycle behaviors. The results indicate that consistency between planning and budgeting can control the discretion applied by regional heads to increase and decrease budget expenditure in the two years before an election, one year before an election and in the election year itself. The magnitude of these reductions or increases differs between types of expenditure. The association between planning and the political budget cycle is significant in the two years before an election for primary expenditure allocations and in a year before an election for allocations of capital expenditure, social assistance, and grants and subsidies.

The Impact of Firm Performance on Annual Report Readability

This paper attempts to find the impact of firm performance on annual report readability. This study consists of 15 listed firms on the Ghana Stock Exchange within the period 2008 to 2017. The study applies Gunning Fog Index to measure annual report readability and measures Firm Performance using Return on Assets (ROA) by applying the fixed and random effect method. Per the Hausman test, the random effect method was accepted; the result stated that firm performance positively relates to annual report readability. In addition, the study finds out that corporate governance exerted a negative influence on the readability of the annual report. Finally, the study adopts F-MOLS to test Robustness. Regulators can consider improving and writing plain disclosure laws to improve annual report readability.

Planning Ecotourism in Coastal Protected Areas; Projecting Temporal Management Scenarios

Protected Areas (PAs) are critical instruments in preserving biodiversity and, because of their high-quality environmental conditions, they have always been attractive for ecotourism, the natural-based element of holiday activities that minimizes the “antagonistic” impacts of tourism on the environment. However, many PAs lack a specific management plan or do not include the future effects of tourism activities on the local human population. In this study, we propose a methodology for the projection of ecotourism impacts in the short-,mid-, and long-term scenarios in PAs. Based on the scenarios proposed by the panel of experts through the cause‒effect method, local communities described the core problems in a PA and proposed the solutions to develop ecotourism. We used 44 legislative, natural, and expert opinion attributes to prioritize future sustained activities under environmental policies. Our results suggest a background and show the best performance and efficacy of ecotourism activities. In addition, these methods aim to solve challenges faced by the local communities, encouraging the generation of scientific knowledge and conservation and natural resources management associated with biodiversity.

A multi-temporal landslide inventory and hazard zonation using relative effect method along the Mughal road Shopian, India

Landslide inventory and thematic data are of utmost importance in the domain of landslide hazard mapping. The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India surrounded by the Himalayan and the Pir-Panjal mountain range is prone to landslides and has already caused havoc at many places. The present study aims to provide the landslide inventory of the Mughal Road, Shopian, which lies in the Pir Panjal range of Kashmir valley. Multidate satellite data of the years 2008 to 2020 are utilized to create an inventory of landslides in this area.The use of high-resolution satellite imagery made it possible to delineate the shallow as well as the deep landslides along the roadside where they occur frequently. To understand the landslide causes, a statistical technique, relative effect method has been implemented in this study. This method helped in mapping the hazard zone areas. The relative effect of each causative factor on landslides is determined by calculating the ratio of coverage and slide which were analyzed in GIS environment. The resulting landslide hazard zone map has been classified as very low, low, moderate, high and very high zones. Out of the total area, 12.62% is critical to landslides, 21.45% is highly prone and 24.84% is moderately prone while 21.94% is low and 19.13% is very low prone to landslides. The outcome of this susceptibility modeling will be beneficial for handling and monitoring the forthcoming landslides as well as the fortification of the general public and environmental hazards of the study area. It will also help the planners in the development around the study area.

Analysis of the Effect of Increasing the GDP of Central Java Province Through Infrastructure Development

Infrastructure can be said to be the main driver for the growth of economic activity in every country in the world, therefore the importance of infrastructure cannot be underestimated. However, infrastructure development for Central Java is considered to be still in its early stages and as such, inadequate infrastructure could seriously hamper the economy. This study aims to investigate the effect that an increase in GDP has on infrastructure growth through data collected from various sources. The methodology used to analyze and review the information generated by the data is a quantitative method. The data used is secondary data on infrastructure in 35 districts in Central Java from 2010 to 2020. The analytical tool used in this study is panel data regression using the fixed effect method. Indicators to determine the progress of the national economy can be seen from the values seen in various GRDP in Indonesia. The results of this study conclude that the COVID-19 pandemic has affected several things, one of which is the country's economic growth. Planned infrastructure development can bring growth to the economy of a region as in the example shown above. Infrastructure development is one of the supporting factors to increase economic growth in a region. The development can be in the form of the establishment of hospitals, transportation facilities, public schools and other.

Pengaruh Kepemilikan Manajerial, Ukuran Perusahaan dan Leverage Terhadap Financial Distress

Financial distress is a condition in which a company is facing a period of financial difficulty and conditions that occur before the company actually goes bankrupt. This study aims to obtain empirical evidence whether there is an effect of managerial ownership, company size and leverage on financial distress in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2015 - 2019. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling method and is based on criteria. samples obtained from 9 companies. Data from financial reports are obtained from the IDX official website. The analysis method used is panel data regression analysis with the help of the E-Views 8 application. After doing the chow-test, it was decided to choose the fixed effect method. Financial distress on publicly listed companies on the IDX during the study period was only positively and significantly influenced by managerial ownership, firm size had no significant effect and leverage has a negative and significant effect.