scholarly journals SHORE PROTECTION OF KAOHSIUNG HARBOR OUTER BREAKWATER

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (21) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Shih-Duenn Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Container Terminal ◽  
Shore Protection ◽  
The West ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
Northern Side ◽  
Cargo Transportation ◽  
Sand Bar ◽  
Port Of Kaohsiung

As shown in Fig.l the main fairway of Port of Kaohsiung is running from north to south with a length of 12 kilometers. To the west, there is a sand bar served as a natural breakwater, the so called outer Breakwater, to provide the port and resident's property the necessary safety and security. Recently, due to rapid growth of container traffic and bulk cargo transportation, Port of Kaohsiung has developed some parts of the outer breakwater near the 2nd Harbor Entrance as Container Terminal No.4 with seven 14-meter-deep, 320-meter-long container berths and about 100 hectares container yard on northern side, and coal Terminal with 16-meter-deep, 320-meter-long berth and a huge storage yard on southern side. Therefore, the shore protection along the area become more and more important year by year. So far, some 6-kilometer seawall and 20 groynes have built successively, and already played a very important role for the shore protection there.

scholarly journals Heatwaves in Kenya 1987–2016: Facts from CHIRTS High Resolution Satellite Remotely Sensed and Station Blended Temperature Dataset

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Martial Amou ◽  
Amatus Gyilbag ◽  
Tsedale Demelash ◽  
Yinlong Xu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Reference Period ◽  
The West ◽  
Tana River ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Northern Side ◽  
Data Source

As global temperatures continue to rise unabated, episodes of heat-related catastrophes across the world have intensified. In Kenya, heatwave phenomena and their associated impacts are ignored and neglected due to several reasons, including unreliable and inconsistent weather datasets and heatwave detection metrics. Based on CHIRTS satellite infrared estimates and station blended temperature, this study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of the heatwave events over Kenya during 1987–2016 using the Heatwave Magnitude Index daily (HWMId). The results showed that contrary to the absence of heatwave records in official national and international disaster database about Kenya, the country experienced heatwaves ranging from less severe (normal) to deadly (super-extreme) between 1987 and 2016. The most affected areas were located in the eastern parts of the country, especially in Garissa and Tana River, and in the west-northern side around the upper side of Turkana county. It was also found that the recent years’ heatwaves were more severe in magnitude, duration, and spatial extent. The highest magnitude of the heatwaves was recorded in 2015 (HWMId = 22.64) while the average over the reference period is around 6. CHIRTS and HWMId were able to reveal and capture most critical heatwave events over the study period. Therefore, they could be used respectively as data source and detection metrics, for heatwaves disaster emergency warning over short period as well as for long-term projection to provide insight for adaptation strategies.

Hydrogeochemical indications of regional flow in the Lower Greensand aquifer of the London Basin

2021 ◽  
pp. qjegh2021-028
Author(s):  
W. George Darling ◽  
Melinda A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Isotopes ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Confined Aquifer ◽  
The West ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Regional Flow ◽  
Fresh Perspective ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
Chalk Aquifer ◽  
The City

The Lower Greensand (LGS) forms the second most important aquifer in the London Basin but, being largely absent beneath the city itself, has received much less attention than the ubiquitous overlying Chalk aquifer. While the general directions of groundwater flow in the Chalk are well established, there has been much less certainty about flow in the LGS owing to regionally sparse borehole information. This study focuses on two hitherto uncertain aspects of the confined aquifer: the sources of recharge to the west-central London Basin around Slough, and the fate of LGS water where the aquifer thins out on the flank of the London Platform in the Gravesend–Medway–Sheppey area on the southern side of the basin. The application of hydrogeochemical techniques including environmental isotopes indicates that recharge to the Slough area is derived from the northern LGS outcrop, probably supplemented by downward leakage from the Chalk, while upward leakage from the LGS in North Kent is mixing with Chalk water to the extent that some Chalk boreholes on the Isle of Sheppey are abstracting high proportions of water with an LGS fingerprint. In doing so, this study demonstrates the value of re-examining previously published data from a fresh perspective.Thematic collection: This article is part of the Hydrogeology of Sandstone collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/hydrogeology-of-sandstone

scholarly journals Sensitivity of a calving glacier to ice–ocean interactions under climate change: new insights from a 3-D full-Stokes model

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1681-1694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Todd ◽  
Poul Christoffersen ◽  
Thomas Zwinger ◽  
Peter Råback ◽  
Douglas I. Benn
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Environmental Sensitivity ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Outlet Glacier ◽  
Iceberg Calving ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
Northern Side ◽  
Global Sea Level

Abstract. Iceberg calving accounts for between 30 % and 60 % of net mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has intensified and is now the single largest contributor to global sea level rise in the cryosphere. Changes to calving rates and the dynamics of calving glaciers represent a significant uncertainty in projections of future sea level rise. A growing body of observational evidence suggests that calving glaciers respond rapidly to regional environmental change, but predictive capacity is limited by the lack of suitable models capable of simulating calving mechanisms realistically. Here, we use a 3-D full-Stokes calving model to investigate the environmental sensitivity of Store Glacier, a large outlet glacier in West Greenland. We focus on two environmental processes: undercutting by submarine melting and buttressing by ice mélange, and our results indicate that Store Glacier is likely to be able to withstand moderate warming perturbations in which the former is increased by 50 % and the latter reduced by 50 %. However, severe perturbation with a doubling of submarine melt rates or a complete loss of ice mélange destabilises the calving front in our model runs. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that stress and fracture patterns at Store's terminus are complex and varied, primarily due to the influence of basal topography. Calving style and environmental sensitivity vary greatly, with propagation of surface crevasses significantly influencing iceberg production in the northern side, whereas basal crevasses dominate in the south. Any future retreat is likely to be initiated in the southern side by a combination of increased submarine melt rates in summer and reduced mélange strength in winter. The lateral variability, as well as the importance of rotational and bending forces at the terminus, underlines the importance of using the 3-D full-Stokes stress solution when modelling Greenland's calving glaciers.

Grim's Bank, Padworth, Berkshire

Antiquity ◽  
1943 ◽  
Vol 17 (68) ◽  
pp. 188-195
Author(s):  
B. H. St. J. O'Neil
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
The West ◽  
The Road ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Side ◽  
Western Side

The immediate environs of Silchester consist of fields, which are either now under plough or else have been arable for many years in the recent past. Consequently there are few, if any, traces there of the Roman roads which led from the various gates to Dorchester, Speen and Cirencester, Sarum, Winchester, and London. A mile or more to the north and northwest of the Roman town, however, there is a belt of land, which is largely heathland except where trees have been planted. Here there are clear indications of the line of two Roman roads, one from the west gate, west-northwest to Speen and Cirencester, the other from the north gate to Dorchester (Oxon.)The road to Speen (FIG. I) was formerly thought to follow closely the modern road along the northern side of Silchester Common and thence to run along the straight county boundary between Berkshire and Hampshire. In recent years, however, Mr O. G. S. Crawford has shown that the road, instead of following this traditional line, ran west-northwestward to cross the river Kennet near Brimpton Mill. It is traceable as a raised camber or a deep hollow way from Catthaw Lands Copse, about half-a-mile from the west gate of Silchester, to the western side of Hungry Hill. Further west, in Decoy Plantation, and again beyond the road from Padworth Common, i.e. in Keyser's Plantation, it is clearly seen as a broad cambered way (o.s. 641-1. Berkshire XLIV, SE, Hampshire IV, SE). Beyond this point the present writer has not followed it, but Mr Crawford has noted its continuation.

The Stone Age in Beechamwell

1913 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
R. C. Nightingale
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Average Depth ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
The West ◽  
Narrow Strip ◽  
Northern Half ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Northern Side ◽  
Boulder Clay ◽  
Grey Colour

The greater part of the northern side of the parish of Beechamwell consists of marl and chalk with a top-soil of from one to eighteen feet of gravelly sand. The average depth of this is about eight feet. On the top of it there is a layer of turf or of cultivable soil from three-quarters of a foot to a foot and a-half in depth. There is a narrow strip of boulder clay deposit on which ice-scratched, worked flints are found. There is also a tongue of gravel one and a-half-mile long and half-a-mile wide at its widest part. On this, generally, very few worked flints have been found; fragments of pottery in some numbers have been found all over it however. On the edge of this strip, adjacent on the west to the boulder clay, several worked flints have been picked up, and a hoard of about 200 splinters and flakes was found lying between the sand and the turf, a foot deep here.The greater part of the worked flints are found in an area of about half-a-mile square. The axes, whole or in fragments, are found scattered over the whole of the northern half of the parish. The first axe, however, I found was lying beside a path through the old fen that lies on the south side of Beechamwell. The worked flints found near the moraine are of a peculiar grey colour, and nearly all scimitar-shaped.Flints are found in beds in the chalk and are still plentiful on the surface of the soil, although many have been picked off it for building and road-mending. The small area on which the worked flints are so numerous is the highest ground in Beechamwell.

Observations of circulation and exchange processes in Jervis Bay, New South Wales

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Holloway ◽  
G Symonds ◽  
Vaz R Nunes
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Additional Mechanism ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Circulation Current ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
Northern Side ◽  
Wind Currents ◽  
Coastally Trapped Waves

This paper discusses oceanographic observations obtained in and near Jervis Bay, a small coastal embayment of approximately 124 km2 situated on the New South Wales coast, during a series of measurement programmes spanning three years. Various mechanisms that drive water circulation within the bay and water exchange between the bay and the adjacent continental shelf are discussed. Current meter data from within the bay show surprisingly little correlation with the wind. Currents are characterized by persistent flows in one direction for periods of months, and it is suggested that influences from the shelf are responsible for driving the bay circulation. Flow through the bay entrance is weakly correlated with the wind at a period of around eight days, with near-surface inflow on the southern side of the entrance being in phase with deeper outflow on the northern side and vice versa. The shelf waters are well known for their coastally trapped waves. These have the potential to oscillate vertically the density surfaces on the shelf on a time scale of around eight days, and observations indicate that these waves are an additional mechanism driving circulation in the bay. The shelf waters are influenced by the warm East Australia Current and its eddies, and this appears to maintain a density contrast between the bay and the shelf for most of the year, with the shelf waters being less dense, which may be an additional mechanism driving bay circulation. Current-meter data from the bay entrance show a persistent northward current component in contrast to the strong southward flow of the East Australia Current on the shelf. Conductivity-temperature- depth data reveal cold, dense water flowing out of the bay during periods of strong winter cooling and the effects of warm eddies pushing warm water into the bay and displacing cold deeper water away from the bay. The heating/cooling cycle of the bay appears to be influenced by advection processes on the shelf as well as by aidsea heat and radiation exchanges.

Art. XIII.—Grammatical Sketch of the Haúsa Language

1882 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-217
Author(s):  
J. F. Schön
Keyword(s):  
The North ◽  
Correct Pronunciation ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
Northern Side

The word consists of three syllables, and must not be tortured into Housa as is frequently done. Ha-ou-sa conveys the correct pronunciation. The meaning of the word itself is not quite certain. From two expressions in the writer's collection it may be inferred that it means ‘language’. The first is, “He speaks another ha-u-sa,”that is, another language; and the second, in answer to the question, “Do many people speak Haúsa?” The reply given was, “How can they be Haúsa unless they speak Ha1sa?” Barth also admits that it means ‘language,’ although it is not confined to that meaning. The word itself was probably unknown to Leo Africanus, who says that Zāria Kano and Katsena speak the language of Gober, instead of Haúsa, Gober being at Leo's time the most prominent and noble among the provinces of the North. Whether the name, Aúsa given to the northern side of “the great river” in contrast to Gurma on the southern side, has anything to do with Haúsa, is left undecided by Barth. Sultan Bello derives the Haúsa from a Bornu slave, named Bāwu. This Bāwu has a real historical existence in the traditions of the Haúsa people, though not as a slave, the Haúsa word for ‘slave’ being Bāwa not Bāwa, a fact of which Sultan Bello could not have been ignorant; and besides this, it must be argued that, if the Haúsa derived their origin from the Bornu or Kanúri, there would exist a greater similarity between these two languages than is found to be the case. Both languages have a few words in common, but the grammars are most distinct.

Effects of Planting on Different Sides of the Ridge on Emergence, Plant Growth, Yield and Quality of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) in the Sudan

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
Northern Side

SUMMARYThe effects of planting potato tubers on four different sides of two ridge orientations was investigated. Soil temperature was coolest on the northern side, followed by the western, eastern and southern sides. Fifty percent emergence took place in 24, 42 and 49 days for tubers planted on the northern, western and eastern sides, respectively. Only 22% of tubers planted on the southern side emerged. The best yield and quality was obtained by planting on the northern side, followed successively by the eastern, western and southern sides of the ridge.

Czechoslovak industrial exports: structural change, re-orientation and specialization (1989 - 1992)

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Slater
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Small Open Economy ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
The West ◽  
Export Sector ◽  
Reorientation Process

Fostering a strong export sector is essential for the kind of small, open economy like post-communist Czechoslovakia (latterly the Czech and Slovak Republics). The CSFR export sector has to a considerable extent the defied expectations, of many of the more pessimistic commentators in regard to the expansion of exports to the West, as many industries with a previously poor record on the EC market have attained very rapid growth rates of exports to that market. Nevertheless, the evidence of section 3 points to a weakening of the reorientation process in 1992, and raises questions about the future of many of the industries which formerly exported largely to the CMEA area. Whilst the overall level of exports has been largely maintained in the transition period, export growth to the West has not allowed most of the CMEA-oriented industries to maintain their shares in total exports.

Intelligent Control for Container Terminal AGV

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Masanori Ito ◽  
◽  
Feifei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Control ◽  
Container Terminal ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Container Terminals ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Container Cranes ◽  
Automation And Control ◽  
Cargo Transportation ◽  
And Control

The world's container cargo trading is increasing daily, and the role of the container terminal is becoming more important as the center of cargo transportation. In Japan, new container terminals being constructed face very severe competition with larger, cheaper terminals so they must handle cargo more efficiently and cheaply. To cope, handling systems such as container cranes, yard cranes, and conveyers are being automated to enable unattended operation unloading and loading schedule planning, etc., are being computerized. In these system, crane automation and control computerization are already generalized, but automatic control of container conveyers is not completed yet. The container conveyer -15m long, 4m wide, and 1.5m high - picks up containers from container ships with a container crane and hauls them to the shift yard for release to the yard crane. Both crane are operated automatically, so the conveyer must stop at the desired position within a permissible error of ±7.5cm, and run on a predetermined course and speed. Collision avoidance is required because many vehicles oparate on the same course. The automated guided vehicle (AGV) system, which is diesel-driven, 4WS and 4WD, was thought to be effective, but container weights very widely, as do road conditions which depend on weather, so conventional control is not sufficient to maintain the required accuracy. We applied learning control to maintain the desired course and for stopping at the desired position. Speed was controlled, conventionally. The system's applicability was confirmed with computer simulation and vehicle performance testing. This system will be used at the Kawasaki container terminal in 1999 and we are currently working on improving performance.

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