Chemical composition and nutritional value of leaves and pods of Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis laevigata and Acacia farnesiana in a xerophilous shrubland

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional value of three leguminous trees heavily selected by goats in a xerophilous shrubland. Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) of leaves and pods from leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), mesquite (Prosopis laevigata), and huisache (Acacia farnesiana) is presented. Crude protein (CP) ranged from 17.3% for leaves of huisache to 21.9% for leucaena. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content ranged from 39.0 to 40.3 with no difference among fodder threes. Across tree species, mean IVDMD was 61.6% for pods and 52.2% for leaves. IVDMD for leaves was highest (p < 0.01) for leucaena (54.9%) and lowest for huisache (47.3%). Condensed tannins in an acetonic extract were highest for leaves of huisache (45.3 mg CE/g DM) and lowest for mesquite (25.9 mg CE/g DM). Pods and leaves of huisache presented the highest number of secondary metabolites, mainly related to hydroxybenzoic acid and flavonols; leucaena and mesquite presented mainly flavonols and anthocyanins. It was concluded that leaves and pods of leucaena, mesquite, and huisache constitute valuable forages for ruminant livestock due to their low fiber, high CP levels, moderate in vitro fermentation characteristics and high mineral content.

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Chemical composition and rumen degradability of byproducts available in the Amazon region

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6supl3p3605 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (6Supl3) ◽

pp. 3605

Author(s):

Ernestina dos Ribeiro Santos Neta ◽

Luis Rennan Sampaio Oliveira ◽

Rafael Mezzomo ◽

Daiany Íris Gomes ◽

Janaina Barros Luz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Daily Diet ◽

Pineapple Peel ◽

Ruminal Degradability ◽

Babassu Cake

This study evaluated the chemical composition and ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) and crude protein (CP) in byproducts of African oil palm (palm cake, kernel or fiber), macaúba (pulp cake and kernel cake), acai (acai fruit), babassu (kernel cake) and pineapple (peel, crown and bagasse silage). Nineteen rumen-fistulated sheep were kept in individual stalls, receiving a daily diet composed of elephant grass silage and corn and soybean concentrate. After preparation in nylon bags, the byproduct samples were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 12, 16, 18, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours, with three replicates of each ingredient per incubation time. The divergence between the protein nutritional value and energy nutritional value, based on discriminatory variables between groups, was estimated by cluster analysis. The effective degradability of DM, NDFap and CP for the different byproducts was, respectively, 35.9, 26.9 and 59.0% for palm cake; 48.3, 34.3 and 76.4% for palm kernel; 21.1, 6.6 and 50.3% for palm fiber; 34.3, 15.0 and 52.8% for macaúba pulp cake; 58.1; 63.0 and 51.6% for macaúba kernel cake; 49.7, 49.6 and 41.8% for babassu cake; 53.4, 40.5 and 79.8% for pineapple bagasse silage; and 21.3, 17.0 and 38.9% for acai fruit. Based on their NDFap and CP characteristics, the feeds were clustered in up to four different groups.

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Assessing the nutritional value of agroindustrial co-products and feed through chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, and gas production technique

Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences ◽

10.4025/actascianimsci.v39i3.34024 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 289 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Paula Martins Olivo ◽

Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ◽

Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo ◽

Ranulfo Combuca da Silva Junior ◽

Eduardo Souza Leal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Gas Production ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Soybean Hulls ◽

Citrus Pulp

Agroindustrial co-products are a viable alternative for use in animal nutrition. Tests were conducted using eight different types of co-products and feed to evaluate the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, and gas production by them. The co-products tested were: coffee hulls; pelleted citrus pulp; grape residue; soybean hulls; cottonseed; cassava foliage; and foods usually supplied to ruminants: corn silage and ground corn concentrate. Data of in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were tested by analysis of variance using the least square method; the results of gas production were interpreted by a non-linear regression by the Gauss-Newton method; and the effects of treatments were evaluated by the Tukey’s test. The coefficients of in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber of co-products were different. Gas production was also different between co-products and feeds evaluated for the volume of gas produced from the fast and slow degradation fractions, degradation rate, bacterial colonization time, and the total volume of gas produced. The evaluated co-products exhibited greater in vitro dry matter digestibility compared to corn silage, except for cottonseed, grape residue, and cassava foliage. Co-products showed higher values of in vitro crude protein digestibility compared to corn silage, and a reduced in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, except for pelleted citrus pulp and soybean hulls. Corn silage produced larger volume of gas from the fast degradation fraction compared to the co-products and corn concentrate. Co-products analyzed had appropriate nutritional characteristics according to the techniques applied and can be included in ruminant diets.

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Forage legumes included in diets with tropical grasses. I. Chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v82i1-2.3817 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 82 (1-2) ◽

pp. 25-38

Author(s):

Abner A. Rodríguez ◽

Ernesto O. Riquelme ◽

Paul F. Randel

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Sorghum Bicolor ◽

Leucaena Leucocephala ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Pennisetum Purpureum ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Stylosanthes Guianensis ◽

Cynodon Nlemfuensis

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of including legume species (Leucaena leucocephala, Stylosanthes guianensis, Centrosema pubescens Benth or Neonotonia wightii) at levels of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40% of the dry matter on the chemical composition (crude protein, CP neutral detergent fiber, NDF; acid detergent fiber, ADF) and on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of mixtures of each legume with four grass species (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst, Panicum maximum jacq., Pennisetum purpureum Schum., or Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Of the legume species included, Leucaena leucocephala and Centrosema pubescens had the highest CP content and IVDMD, respectively. For the legumes, the mean CP and IVDMD values, respectively, were Leucaena leucocephala, 21.98 and 68.09; Stylosanthes guianensis, 13.70 and 63.44; Centrosema pubescens, 18.29 and 68.60; and Neonotonia wightii, 16.72 and 66.64%. For the grasses, they were, respectively, Cynodon nlemfuensis, 8.27 and 61.38; Panicum maximum, 7.64 and 60.06; Pennisetum purpureum, 8.02 and 53.47; and Sorghum bicolor, 7.57 and 59.62%. Neutral detergent fiber and ADF contents were higher in the grasses (Cynodon nlemfuensis, 73.03 and 44.45; Panicum maximum, 65.27 and 49.06; Pennisetum purpureum, 69.26 and 51.88; and Sorghum bicolor, 60.24 and 50.99%, respectively) than in the fegumes (Leucaena leucocephala, 50.52 and 28.50; Stylosanthes guianensis, 52.57 and 36.63; Centrosema pubescens, 58.43 and 34.84; and Neonotonia wightii, 54.11 and 33.23%, respectively). The chemical composition of the forages varied according to the relative proportions of the species included, as expected. However, the effects on IVDMD were not additive; rather, associative effects, mainly antagonistic, were observed in most of the mixtures.

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Ruminal Degradability and Summative Models Evaluation for Total Digestible Nutrients Prediction of Some Forages and Byproducts in Goats

ISRN Veterinary Science ◽

10.1155/2013/532528 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Oswaldo Rosendo ◽

Luis Freitez ◽

Rafael López

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

National Research Council ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Ruminal Degradability ◽

Lineal Regression

In in vitro true dry matter degradability (IVTDMD), in situ dry matter degradability, and neutral detergent fiber degradability, both in vitro (IVNDFD) and in situ (ISNDFD) techniques were used with crossbred goats to determine dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ruminal degradability in eight forages and four industrial byproducts. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) content obtained with five different summative models (summative equations) were studied to compare the precision of estimates. All these models included digestible fractions of crude protein, ether extract, and nonfiber carbohydrates that were calculated from chemical composition, but digestible NDF (dNDF) was obtained from IVNDFD (IVdNDF), ISNDFD (ISdNDF), or by using the Surface Law approach. On the basis of the coefficient of determination (R2) of the simple lineal regression of predicted TDN (y-axes) and observed IVTDMD (x-axes), the precision of models was tested. The predicted TDN by the National Research Council model exclusively based on chemical composition only explains up to 41% of observed IVTDMD values, whereas the model based on IVdNDF had a high precision (96%) to predict TDN from forage and byproducts fiber when used in goats.

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Nutritional value of elephant grass genotypes

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2017001000016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (10) ◽

pp. 951-955 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paulo Henrique de Souza ◽

Cristian Faturi ◽

Luiz Fernando de Souza Rodrigues ◽

Ednaldo da Silva Filho ◽

Aníbal Coutinho do Rêgo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Pennisetum Purpureum ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Nutritive Values

Abstract: The objective of this work was to assess the nutritive value of four elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) genotypes. The chemical composition, intake by sheep, and digestibility of different genotypes (G1, G2, G3, and G4) were evaluated. A dry matter (DM) digestibility assay was performed with total leftovers and feces collected from 20 sheep kept in metabolic cages. G3 had lower DM intake in grams per animal per day compared with G1 and G2, and it had greater digestibility, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber values. G1, G2, and G4 have the best nutritive values among the evaluated genotypes.

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Evaluation of tropical legumes: Chemical composition, in vitro degradability, and ingestive selectivity by bovines and caprines.

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v94i1-2.2589 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 94 (1-2) ◽

pp. 121-130

Author(s):

Abner A. Rodríguez ◽

María Vázquez ◽

Jorge Olivares ◽

Francisco Rivera ◽

Luis Cruz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Arachis Glabrata ◽

Tropical Legumes ◽

Voluntary Intake

An experiment, divided into three trials, was conducted to determine the chemical composition, in vitro degradability, and ingestive selectivity of the tropical legumes (TL) Stylosanthes guianensis (Stylo; SG), Cajanus cajan (pigeon-pea; CC) and Arachis glabrata (rhizome perennial peanut; AG). In the first trial the organic matter (OM), inorganic matter (IM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF, hemicelulose), cellulose, lignin and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) content in the whole plant and botanical components (stems and leaves) of the three TL were determined. The second trial evaluated the in vitro apparent (AIVDMD) and true dry matter degradability (TIVDMD) of the three TL during 48 h of incubation in bovine and caprine ruminal fluid. Trial three, of cafeteria type, evaluated the voluntary intake by goats and heifers of the three TL during one hour. In all trials tropical grass hay (HG) was used as control forage. A qualitative scale (none, low, medium and high) was used to express the intake of TL and GH. Organic matter content was lower (P < 0.05) but IM was higher (P < 0.05) in AG than in CC, SG, and GH. In all three TL, the CP content was higher (P < 0.05) than inTG, but NDF was lower (P < 0.05). AmongTL species, CP content was higher (P < 0.05) in AG than in SG and CC, but NDF content was similar. ADF content was also lower (P < 0.05) in AG than in CC and in SG, but hemicelulose percentage was higher (P < 0.05). Lignin was lower (P < 0.05) in GH than in the three legumes, and CC showed the highest (P < 0.05) ADIN content among the forages evaluated. For all three TL, CP in leaves was higher than 20%. Leaf NDF content was lower (P < 0.05) in CC than in AG and in SG, whereas ADF was higher (P < 0.05) in SG than in AG and CC. Leaves of AG also had higher (P < 0.05) hemicelulose but lower (P < 0.05) cellulose values than CC and SG. Lignin content was similar in leaves of the three TL, but ADIN content was higher (P < 0.05) in CC. Crude protein content of stems was lower (P < 0.05) in CC than in AG and SG.The NDF content and its fractions (ADF, cellulose and hemicelulose) were lower (P < 0.05) in AG stems than in those of SG and CC.The highest (P < 0.05) lignin content and lowest (P < 0.05) ADIN content were observed in CC and SG stems, respectively. In the second trial, use of either ruminal inoculum type gave AIVDMD and TIVDMD values that were, in descending order, highest (P < 0.05) in AG than in SG, GH and CC. In trial three a greater intake was observed in goats and heifers offered AG and GH than when offered SG and CC. Based on nutrient content, in vitro dry matter degradability, and voluntary intake, AG showed greater potential as a forage source than SG and CC. However, all three TL showed promise as potential alternatives for use as an integral part of ruminant feeding systems in the tropics.

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Yield, chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, in vitro ruminal variables, and degradability of ensiled amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) cultivars compared with corn (Zea mays) silage

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txaa180 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Hossein Shadi ◽

Yousef Rouzbehan ◽

Javad Rezaei ◽

Hassan Fazaeli

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Block Design ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Cellulolytic Bacteria

Abstract Silages from four amaranth varieties (A5, A12, A14, and A28) were compared with corn silage (CS) in terms of their yield, chemical composition, phenolic compounds, oxalic acid and nitrate levels, silage fermentation characteristics, in vitro methane production, organic matter disappearance (OMD), microbial crude protein (MCP), ruminal ammonia (NH3-N), pH, volatile fatty acids, cellulolytic bacteria numbers, protozoa counts, and in situ dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability were determined. Forages were harvested 93 d after planting, chopped, and ensiled in plastic buckets for 60 d. The study was based on a randomized complete block design, and data were analyzed using SAS, general linear model (GLM) procedure for normal distribution. Compared with CS, amaranth silages (AMS) had lower ash-free neutral detergent fiber nitrate, OMD (P < 0.001), phosphorus (P = 0.003), and metabolizable energy (ME) (P = 0.043) but higher (P < 0.001) CP, calcium, non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), acid detergent lignin, ether extract, ash, total phenolics, pH, NH3-N concentration, MCP, digestible undegradable protein (DUP), and metabolizable protein (MP). Fresh, OM, OMD, ME (P < 0.001), and DM (P = 0.032) yields of AMS from different varieties were higher than CS, with the exception of A5. Overall, amaranth made good quality silage, with some variation, and A28 had the highest yield and nutritional value (CP, NFC, MCP, DUP, and MP). The yield, CP concentration, and nutritional value of A28 silage were higher than CS. Although these in vitro results are promising, they also need to be validated with future in vivo research.

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EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND ANNUAL SEASONS ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF GRASSES UNDER GRAZING - DOI: 10.13083/1414-3984.v22n04a05

Revista Engenharia na Agricultura - REVENG ◽

10.13083/reveng.v22i4.457 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 331-340

Author(s):

Carlos Augusto Brasileiro de Alencar ◽

Fernando França da Cunha ◽

Rubens Alves de Oliveira ◽

Antônio Carlos Cóser ◽

Carlos Eugênio Martins

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Winter Season ◽

Reference Value ◽

Sprinkler System ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Plot Design

The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of six grasses subjected to different irrigation depths and seasons. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized arrangement with two replications in a split-split plot design. The treatments included plots with six grasses (Xaraés, Mombaça, Tanzania, Pioneiro, Marandu and Estrela), six irrigation depths for the split-plots (0%, 18%, 45%, 77%, 100% and 120% of the reference value provided by the tensiometer), and two seasons as the split-split plots (autumn/winter and spring/summer). A line source sprinkler system was used for application of the irrigation depths. Crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and IVDMD were evaluated and obtained in accordance with literature. The factors studied affect the CP. However in the autumn/winter season the grasses presented differences in the NDF content, where Estrela presented the largest and Pioneiro the smallest NDF contents. The season and irrigation depths did not affect the NDF. Estrela grass presented the smallest IDVMD and the autumn/winter season resulted in greater digestibility for the grasses Xaraés, Mombaça and Tanzania only. The irrigation depths had an effect on some combinations of grasses and seasons.

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Evaluation of the Nutrient Composition, In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics, and In Situ Degradability of Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus cruentus, and Amaranthus hypochondriacus in Cattle

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11010018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 18

Author(s):

Kim Margarette C. Nogoy ◽

Jia Yu ◽

Young Gyu Song ◽

Shida Li ◽

Jong-Wook Chung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Gas Production ◽

Nutrient Composition ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Amaranthus Cruentus ◽

Amaranthus Caudatus ◽

Amaranthus Hypochondriacus

The amaranth plants showed high potential feed value as forage for ruminants. An in-depth study of this plant, particularly in cattle, will help extend its utilization as an alternative protein and fiber feed source in cattle feeding. In this study, the nutrient compositions of three different species of amaranth, Amaranthus caudatus L., Amaranthus cruentus L., and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.—two varieties for each species, A.ca 74, A.ca 91, A.cu 62, A.cu 66, A. hy 30, and A. hy 48—were evaluated. The in vitro technique was used to evaluate the fermentation characteristics such as total gas production, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, pH, and ammonia concentration of the rumen fluid. Moreover, the effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM) and crude protein (EDCP) of the amaranth forages were determined through in situ bag technique. The amaranth forages: A. caudatus, A. cruentus, and A. hypochondriacus showed better nutritive value than the locally produced forages in Chungcheong province of Korea. The CP of the amaranth ranged from 11.95% to 14.19%, and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents ranged from 45.53% to 70.88% and 34.17% to 49.83%, respectively. Among the amaranth varieties, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the most excellent ruminant feed nutrient quality (CP, 14.19%; NDF, 45.53%; and ADF, 34.17%). The effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM; 33–56%) and crude protein EDCP (27–59%) of the amaranth were lower compared to other studies, which could be due to the maturity stage at which the forages were harvested. Nonetheless, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the highest EDDM (56.73%) and EDCP (59.09%). The different amaranth species did not differ greatly in terms of total VFA concentration or molar proportions, total gas production, or ammonia-N concentration. The high nutrient composition, and highly effective degradability of dry matter and crude protein, coupled with the favorable fermentation characteristics, suggest that the amaranth forages showed good to excellent feed quality for cattle.

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Glycerol inclusion levels in corn and sunflower silages

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/s1413-70542014000500009 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 497-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Adriana de Souza Martins ◽

Juliane Ribeiro de Oliveira ◽

Marili Lopes Lederer ◽

José Luís Moletta ◽

Shivelly Los Galetto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Cycle ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Ph Values ◽

Four Levels

Due to the seasonal cycle of forage, the use of silage to feed animals provides nutrients throughout the year. However, its quality can be improved with the inclusion of additives and other products. Glycerol is a rich source of energy and present a high efficiency of utilization by animals. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of glycerol inclusion on the chemical and fermentation characteristics of corn and sunflower silages. Two silage sources (maize and sunflower) were used and four levels of glycerol inclusion (0, 15, 30 and 45%) based on dry matter were carried out. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement with five replications. The pH values and chemical composition of corn and sunflower silages were determined. In both silages there was increment of dry matter, non-fiber carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients (TDN) added to a reduction of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber due to the glycerol inclusion. The corn silage required 45% glycerol to achieve the TDN level of the sunflower silage. The glycerol addition contributed to the increase in the nutritional value, offsetting loss of quality in the ensiling process.

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