scholarly journals LA ESPECIFICIDAD DE LOS PROCESOS RECIENTES DE PROLETARIZACIÓN EN LA SIERRA ECUATORIANA

Caderno CRH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 021005
Author(s):  
Luciano Martínez Valle
Keyword(s):  
Rural Families ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Mots Clés ◽  
Social Field ◽  
Politiques Publiques ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Champ Social ◽  
Organisation Sociale ◽  
Article Analyse

<p>Este artículo analiza las modalidades recientes de proletarización de los trabajadores rurales de los agronegocios de flores y brócoli en la provincia de Cotopaxi, en la sierra del Ecuador. Se trata de un territorio rural donde la modernización capitalista no requiere de la expropiación total del recurso tierra; por lo mismo, utiliza tanto a trabajadores sin tierra ubicados en la parte baja como a campesinos indígenas que todavía disponen de parcelas ubicadas en la parte alta. Para esto, se indagan las estrategias desplegadas por los empresarios<br />para conservar su dominación en el campo social y que buscan la reproducción de relaciones clientelares, así como el cambio de habitus entre los asalariados de este territorio. Se examinan también las limitaciones de los asalariados rurales en el ámbito organizativo frente a flexibilización del mercado laboral. Este trabajo se basa en investigaciones realizadas desde el año 2012 hasta la actualidad en las cuales se utilizaron encuestas a familias rurales y entrevista a actores clave del territorio.</p><p><strong>A ESPECIFICIDADE DOS RECENTES PROCESSOS DE PROLETARIZAÇÃO NA SERRA EQUATORIANA</strong></p><p>Este artigo analisa as recentes modalidades de proletarização de trabalhadores rurais na agroindústria de flores e de brócolis que atuam na província de Cotopaxi, no altiplano equatoriano. Este é um território rural onde a modernização capitalista não exige a expropriação total dos recursos da terra, por isso utiliza tanto os trabalhadores sem-terra localizados na parte baixa como os camponeses indígenas, que ainda têm parcelas de terras localizadas na parte alta do território. As estratégias implementadas pelos empresários para preservar seu domínio no campo social são investigadas em relação à reprodução das relações de clientela, bem como à mudança do habitus entre os trabalhadores assalariados desse território. Também examina as limitações dos<br />trabalhadores rurais no campo organizacional e a atual implementação de políticas públicas que conduzem a uma flexibilização do mercado de trabalho. Este trabalho baseia-se em pesquisas realizadas desde 2012 até o presente, utilizando sondagens às famílias rurais e entrevistas com atores-chave no território.</p><p>Palavras-chave: Proletarização. Agronegócio. Campo Social. Flexibilização. Organização social.</p><p><strong>THE SPECIFICITY OF RECENT PROLETARIANIZATION PROCESSES IN ECUADORIAN HIGHLANDS</strong><br /><br />This article analyzes there cent modalities of proletarianization of rural workers in flower and broccoli agribusinesses in the province of Cotopaxi in the Ecuadorian highlands. This is a rural territory where capitalist modernization does not require the total expropriation of land resources. Therefore, it<br />uses both landless workers located in the lowerpart, as well as indigenous peasants who still have plots located in the upper part. The strategies deployed<br />by the businessmen to preserve their domination in the social field are being investigated, and they are seeking there production of clientelist relations, as<br />well as the change of habitus among the workers of this territory. It also examines the limitations of rural workers in the organizational field and<br />the current deployment of public policies that lead to a flexibilization of the labor market. This work is based on research conducted from 2012 to the present, using surveys of rural families and interviews with key actors in the territory.</p><p>Keywords: Proletarianization. Agribusiness. Social Field. Flexibilization. Social Organization</p><p><strong>LA SPÉCIFITÉ DES RÉCENTS PROCESSUS DE PROLÉTARISATION DANS LES HAUTS PLATEAUX ÉQUATORIENS</strong><br /><br />Cet article analyse les récentes modalités de prolétarisation des travailleurs ruraux dans les entreprises agroalimentaires de fleurs et de brocolis dans la province de Cotopaxi, sur les hauts plateaux équatoriens. C’est un territoire rural où la modernisation capitaliste n’exige pas l’expropriation totale des ressources foncières. Elle utilise donc à la fois des travailleurs sans terre situés dans la partie basse, ainsi que des paysans indigènes qui ont encore des parcelles situées dans la partie haute. Les stratégies déployées par les hommes d’affaires<br />pour préserver leur domination dans le domaine social son tétudiées, et elles visent la reproduction des relations de clientèle, ainsi que le changement<br />d’habituschez les salariés de ce territoire. On y examine également les limites des travailleurs ruraux dans le domaine organisationnel et le déploiement<br />actuel des politiques publiques qui conduisent à une flexibilisation du marché du travail. Cet article s’appuie sur des recherches menées depuis 2012, à partir d’enquêtes auprès des familles rurales et d’entretiens avec les acteurs clés du territoire.</p><p>Mots-Cles: Prolétarisation. Entrepriseagricole. Champ Social. Flexibilisation. Organisation sociale.</p>

scholarly journals O SINDICALISMO DE TRABALHADORES RURAIS COMO OBJETO DE DISPUTA E COMO AGENTE DE CONSTRUÇÃO DE CENTRAIS SINDICAIS NO BRASIL (2003-2017)

Caderno CRH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 021004
Author(s):  
Ellen Gallerani Corrêa
Keyword(s):  
Labor Movement ◽  
Mots Clés ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Mouvements Sociaux ◽  
Union Leaders ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Fierce Competition ◽  
Rural Social Movements ◽  
Article Analyse

<p>Durante os governos do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), o número de centrais sindicais cresceu no Brasil e uma acirrada competição por representatividade se estabeleceu entre elas. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar como essa concorrência se manifestou no movimento sindical por meio do estudo de caso do sindicalismo de trabalhadores rurais, enfatizando as mudanças ocorridas na Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores Rurais Agricultores e Agricultoras Familiares (Contag), a principal entidade sindical desse segmento. A investigação foi realizada por meio de entrevistas com dirigentes e assessores sindicais, análise de documentos e imprensa sindical e observação de eventos de entidades selecionadas. Concluímos que a criação de novas centrais sindicais e a possibilidade de obter o seu reconhecimento legal nos anos 2000 estimularam alianças e rupturas no sindicalismo de trabalhadores rurais, as quais levaram à formação de novas entidades rurais e retroalimentaram o processo de criação de centrais.</p><p><strong>RURAL WORKERS’ UNIONISM AS AN OBJECT OF DISPUTE AND AS AN AGENT FOR THE CREATION OF UNION FEDERATIONS IN BRAZIL (2003-2017)</strong><br /><br />During the Worker’s Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores – PT) governments the number of union federations grew in Brazil, establishing a fierce competition<br />for representation between them. This article analyzes how this competition manifested in the labor movement by the case study of rural workers’<br />unionism, emphasizing the changes that occurred in the Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores Rurais Agricultores e Agricultoras Familiares (Contag), the main union entity in this segment. The study comprised interviews with union leaders and advisors, analysis of documents and union press and observation of events from selected entities. We conclude that the creation of new federations and the possibility of obtaining their legal recognition in the 2000s promoted alliances and ruptures in rural workers’ unionism, leading to the formation of<br />new rural entities and fed back into the process of creating union federations.</p><p>Keywords: Union Federations. Rural Unionism. Rural Workers. Rural Social Movements. PT Governments.</p><p><strong>LE SYNDICALISME DES TRAVAILLEURS RURAUX </strong><strong>COMME OBJET DE DISPUTE ET COMME </strong><strong>AGENT DE CONSTRUCTION DES CENTRALES </strong><strong>SYNDICALES AU BRÉSIL (2003-2017)</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Sous les gouvernements du Parti des travailleurs (Partido dos Trabalhadores – PT), le nombre de centrales syndicales a augmenté au Brésil et une<br />concurrence féroce pour la représentation s’est établie entre elles. Cet article analyse comment cette concurrence s’est manifestée dans le mouvement<br />syndical à travers une étude de cas du syndicalisme des travailleurs ruraux, en soulignant les changements survenus au sein de la Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores Rurais Agricultores e Agricultoras Familiares (Contag), la principale entité syndicale de ce segment. La recherche a été menée par le biais d’entretiens avec des dirigeants et des conseillers syndicaux, d’une analyse de documents et de la presse syndicale et de l’observation des événements des entités sélectionnées. On conclut que la création de nouvelles centrales syndicales et la possibilité d’obtenir leur reconnaissance légale dans les années 2000 ont stimulé les alliances et les ruptures dans le syndicalisme des travailleurs ruraux, ce qui a conduit à la formation de nouvelles entités rurales et a alimenté « en retour » le processus de création de centrales.</p><p>Mots-clés: Centrales Syndicales. Syndicalisme Rural. Travailleurs Ruraux. Mouvements Sociaux. Ruraux. Gouvernement du PT.</p>

Globalization, Citizenship, and Subjectivity in Self Construction

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 135-146
Author(s):  
Namita Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Field ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Fields ◽  
Research Questions

One of the profound questions that troubled many philosophers is– “Who am I?” where do I come from? ‘Why am I, where I am? Or “How I see myself?” and maybe more technically -What is my subjectivity? How my subjectivity is formed and transformed? My attempt, in this paper, is to look at “I”, and see how it got shaped. To understand self, this paper tries to show, how subjectivity got transformed or persisted over five generations with changing social structure and institutions. In other words, I am trying to explore self-identity. I have analyzed changing subjectivity patterns of family, and its connection with globalization. Moreover, the research tries to show the role of the Meta field in search of subjectivity based on the following research questions; how my ancestor’s subjectivity changed with social fields? Which power forced them to change their citizenship? And how my identity is shaped within the metafield? The methodology of my study is qualitative. Faced to face interview is taken with the oldest member of family and relatives. The finding of my research is the subjectivity of Namita Poudel (Me) is shaped by the meta field, my position, and practices in the social field.

The social construction of charisma

1982 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Wallis
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
The Social ◽  
Article Analyse

Max Weber laisse planer une certaine ambiguité à propos de la nature du charisme qui réside soit dans une particularité inhé rente à un individu, soit dans le caractère d'une relation sociale. Cet article analyse le cas de David Berg, ou «Moïse David», fondateur, leader et prophète des Enfants de Dieu. Jusqu'à ses 40 ans, la vie de Berg ne manifeste aucune parti cularité et il n'est qu'une sorte de «raté entre deux ages». Son cha risme trouve son origine dans la coïncidence entre la révolte des jeunes qui furent attirés par son rejet de la société américaine dont il annonce la fin prochaine et l'assurance qu'il acquiert d'avoir des adeptes prêts à reconnaître le statut et les honneurs qui lui étaient dû. Au sein de la communauté charismatique elle-même, les familiers rassemblés autour de Berg obtiennent leur statut de leur proximité du leader et renforcent sa position par la reconnaissance des bénéfices qu'ils ont reçu. Ils exportent également leur statut charismatique au dehors de la communauté parmi des subordon nés et convertis puisque la proclamation de la position de leur lea der est aussi une proclamation de leur statut propre d'associés. Mais le charisme est essentiellement précaire. Il exige constam ment renforcement et protection. Il dépend de manière cruciale de l'exclusion du contact avec lui, y compris I'exclusion ou la restric tion de la reconnaissance des contestations de ceux qui, à l'inté rieur du mouvement, mettraient en question le statut du leader. Ainsi, un des mécanismes fondamentaux de la construction sociale du charisme est l'isolement social du leader et la purge.

scholarly journals Podwójne życie tłumacza

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Gawlak
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Literary Field ◽  
Social Field ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Translator’s Double LifeThe manner of functioning of South Slavic literature translators in the social field is presented in the article as a case of “multiplied social participation”, participation in the “game”, which they treat as an incentive for cultural, intellectual and moral development in the individual and social dimension. Methodological considerations on the translation presented in the article are based on the concepts of Barnard Lahire, Pierre Bourdieu, and Roger Caillois.KEY WORDS: Bernard Lahire, Pierre Bourdieu, literary field, game, Roger Caillois, literary translation

scholarly journals LOS REQUISITOS PARA A CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO TRABALHADOR RURAL COMO SEGURADO ESPECIAL À LUZ DOS JUÍZES JÚPITER, HÉRCULES E HERMES DE FRANÇOIS OST.

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-286
Author(s):  
Dariel Santana ◽  
Marcelo Borsio ◽  
Jefferson Carús Guedes
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Open Type ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complex Cases

The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the requirements regarding the framing of rural workers as a special insured, confronting them with the reality of the Brazilian rural area. Therefore, as a methodology, the jurisprudence of the higher courts was researched, exploratory bibliographic research and qualitative analysis were used. In addition, empirical research was carried out, listening to the various actors in the social security processes. Here it will be demonstrated that judges Jupiter, Hercules and Hermes can live harmoniously within the scope of Social Security Law, with space for each one of them, depending on the complexity of the specific case set out. In less complex cases, where the legal text is able to offer the appropriate response to the conflict, it is time for the Jupiterian exegesis to be applied by the interpreter. In hard cases, however, the toga of the first must give way to the toga of the last two, since the literality of the text does not deliver the most appropriate solution to the social security dispute. In this sense, the open type for the characterization of the special insured has the considerable advantage of flexibility, allowing the operator of the law a topic-problematic interpretation, to find the best answer for the specific case, taking into account, therefore, the heterogeneities of this continental country, whose social, geographical, climatic, economic and cultural differences are colossal. The legal system has gradually moved away from Kelsen’s pyramidal metaphor and towards a more horizontal and intertwined normative system - much closer to the sphinx of the Memphis alabaster than to the Cheops pyramid - with interdisciplinarity as a vector of stabilization of the system and this will be demonstrated in this study.

scholarly journals Del dicho al hecho. El trecho recorrido por algunas políticas culturales colombianas

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Germán Rey
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
The State ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Cultural Industries ◽  
Politiques Publiques ◽  
Cultural Policies ◽  
Michel De Certeau ◽  
The Social

Del dicho al hecho. El trecho recorrido por algunas políticas culturales colombianasResumen El Compendio de Políticas culturales de Colombia (2010) es el panorama escrito más completo de las políticas culturales nacionales. Pero, aun así, se trata de una fotografía de un momento, no solo porque ellas se transforman por las decisiones del Estado, sino porque las dinámicas sociales –por ejemplo, las locales y las regionales– las hacen evolucionar. Si se observara a través de una suerte de microscopio de lo simbólico lo que Michel de Certeau denominó el “hormiguero” de la cultura, las políticas públicas aparecerían como un campo en constante movimiento, con continuidades, desencuentros, fracasos, resistencias y caminos heterodoxos.From Saying to Doing. The Path Covered by Some Colombian Cultural PoliciesAbstractThe Compendium of Cultural Policies of Colombia (2010) is the most comprehensive written panorama of national cultural policies. But, even as such, it is a photograph of a moment, not only because these policies are transformed by the decisions of the state, but also because the social dynamics –for example, at the local and regional level– make them evolve. If one observes through a kind of microscope of the symbolic what Michel de Certeau called the "anthill" of culture, public policies would appear as a field in constant movement, with continuities, disagreements, failures, resistances and heterodox paths.KeywordsPolicies of reading and libraries; policies of cinematography; policies of entrepreneurship and cultural industries; plans of culture, ColombiaRemaska  y ruraska. Ñambe poreska sug política culturalkuna colombiape.Maillallachiska:Chi comprendio política culturalkuna Colombiape (2010) kam panorama kilkaska más completo política cultural nacional. Pero chasapas, tratarenme sug retrato sug retratomanda manak trukaren kuname decisión estadomanda, arre mana chi dinamika socialkuna. Sug ejemplo  localkuna y regionalkuna- rurankuna kaugsachii. Kauarenra sug microscopio simbolikope ima Miguel de  Certeau nirka, sug “Achka añanguina” culturape, chi políticas públicas. Kauarerka sug campo iapa kuiurikugsina, suiuchispa, desencuentros, fracasos, resistencias y ñambekuna heterodoxos.Rimangapa Ministidukuna:Política de  lectura y bibliotecas, política de cinematografía, política de empoderamiento e industrias  culturales, planes de cultura, Colombia. Dès le dicton au fait. Le chemin couvert par certaines politiques culturelles colombiennesRésuméLe Compendium des politiques culturelles de la Colombie (2010) est le panorama écrit le plus complet des politiques culturelles nationales. Pourtant, c'est une photographie de l’instant, non seulement parce qu'elles sont transformées par les décisions de l'État, mais parce que les dynamiques sociales –par exemple, locales et régionales– les font évoluer. Si l'on observe à travers une sorte de microscope du symbolique ce que Michel de Certeau appelait le « fourmilier » de la culture, les politiques publiques apparaîtraient comme un champ en mouvement constant, avec des continuités, des désaccords, des échecs, des résistances et des chemins hétérodoxes.Mots clésPolitique de la lecture et des bibliothèques; politique de la cinématographie; politique de l'entrepreneuriat et des industries culturelles; plans de culture; ColombieDO DITADO AO FATO. O TRECHO PERCORRIDO POR ALGUMAS POLÍTICAS CULTURAIS COLOMBIANAS.Germán RResumoO Compêndio de Políticas Culturais da Colômbia (2010) 1 é o panorama escrito mais completo das políticas Culturais nacionais. Mas mesmo assim, se trata de uma fotografia de um momento, não só porque elas se transformam pelas decisões do Estado, senão porque também as dinâmicas sociais – por exemplo as locais e as regionais – as fazem evolucionar.  Se observa-se através de uma sorte de microscópio do simbólico o que Michel de Certeau denominou o “hormiguero” da cultura, as políticas públicas apareceriam como um campo em constante movimento, com continuidades, desencontros, fracasos, resistências e caminhos heterodoxos.Palavras-chavePolítica de leitura e bibliotecas; política de cinematografia; política de empreendimento e indústrias culturais, planos de cultura; Colômbia

scholarly journals Ocio y procesos educativos en el contexto del movimiento de los trabajadores rurales sin tierra (MST) de la región de ribeirão preto – sp – Brasil (Leisure and educational processes in the context of the movement of rural landless workers (MST) in the re

Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 637-644
Author(s):  
Robson Amaral de Silva ◽  
Luiz Gonçalves-Junior ◽  
Jose Maria Pazos Couto
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Educational Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Qualitative Nature ◽  
Societal Structure ◽  
Las Mujeres

El objetivo central de este estudio fue comprender el significado atribuido al ocio en la percepción de los integrantes del Movimiento de los Trabajadores Rurales Sin Tierra (MST) de la región de Ribeirão Preto, interior del estado de São Paulo, Brasil, y describir procesos educativos emergentes de esa práctica social en áreas de reforma agraria ocupadas por estos/as trabajadores/as. La metodología utilizada fue de naturaleza cualitativa inspirada en la fenomenología existencial, para la recogida de datos se utilizaron diarios de campo. Para el análisis de resultados construimos dos categorías: A) Ocio como tiempo-espacio de lucha del MST; B) Apropiación desigual del ocio por las mujeres del MST. La práctica social del ocio en el MST es un tiempo-espacio de lucha, no fragmentado de otras luchas del Movimiento, que además de la tierra, lucha también por mejor educación, salud y ocio. Percibimos la contestación de la actual estructura societaria y sus imperativos en la práctica social del ocio en el cotidiano de los/as trabajadores/as rurales con que convivimos en la investigación, pero contradictoriamente, algunas experiencias reprodujeron valores hegemónicos de la sociedad neoliberal.Abstract. The main objective of this study was to understand the meaning attributed to leisure in the perception of the members of the Movement of the Landless Rural Workers (MST) of the Ribeirão Preto region, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and to describe educational processes that allowed that social practice in areas of agrarian reform occupied by these workers. The methodology used was of a qualitative nature inspired by existential phenomenology. Field journals were used for the data collection. For the results, we constructed two categories: A) Leisure as time-space of struggle of the MST; B) Unequal appropriation of leisure by women of the MST. We consider that social practice of leisure in the MST is a time-space of struggle, not shared with other struggles of the Movement, which besides the land, also fights for better education, health, and leisure. We perceive the answer of the current societal structure and its imperatives in the social practice of leisure in the daily life of the rural workers with whom we live, but contradictorily, some experiences reproduced hegemonic values of the neoliberal society.

scholarly journals A modernização da produção brasileira de coco e a racionalidade do capital

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Leandro Vieira Cavalcante
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Production ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Mots Clés ◽  
Agricultural Modernization ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Scientific Agriculture ◽  
Article Analyse ◽  
Productive Restructuring

ResumoEste artigo analisa o processo de modernização da produção brasileira de coco. O cultivo desse fruto vem sendo significativamente modificado nestas últimas décadas, quando se observa a passagem de um modelo de produção baseado no extrativismo para um modelo inserido em um contexto representado pelo advento da agricultura científica. Isso significa que a produção do fruto deixou de depender quase que exclusivamente de condicionantes naturais e passou a depender sobremaneira de insumos e implementos difundidos com a modernização agrícola, responsáveis por modificar as formas pelas quais o coco vinha sendo produzido até então, dotando-o de uma racionalidade anteriormente não observada.Palavras-chave: Produção de coco; Modernização da agricultura; Reestruturação produtiva da agricultura. AbstractThis article studies the process of modernization of Brazilian coconut production. The production of this fruit has been modified significantly in the last decades. In other words, the production model based on extraction has become into a scientific agriculture model. Thus, the fruit production is no longer dependent on natural factors and came to greatly depend on inputs and implements utilized with agricultural modernization, responsible for modifying the ways in which the coconut had been produced so far, giving it a rationality not previously observed.Keywords: Coconut production; Agricultural modernization; Productive restructuring of agriculture. Résumé           Cet article analyse le processus de modernisation de la production brésilienne de la noix de coco. La culture de ce fruit a été modifiée de façon significative tout au long des dernières décennies, lorsque l'on observe le passage d'un modèle de production basé sur l'extractivisme vers un modèle inséré dans un contexte représenté par l'agriculture scientifique. Cela signifie que la production de ce fruit ne dépend presque plus de conditions naturelles et est venue à dépendre grandement sur les intrants et outils apparus après la modernisation agricole, responsables des changements considérables de la manière dont la noix de coco avait été produite jusqu´à nos jours.  Mots-clés: Production de la noix de coco; Modernisation de l'agriculture; Restructuration productive de l'agriculture.

scholarly journals ПЛАЋАЊЕ И НАГРАЂИВАЊЕ ДИПЛОМАТА ОБЛАСНИХ ГОСПОДАРА У БОСНИ PAYMENTS AND AWARDS OF DIPLOMATS OF LOCAL MAGNATES IN BOSNIA

2017 ◽  
pp. 209-235
Author(s):  
Аранђел Смиљанић
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Rural Families ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
The Social ◽  
Vertical Mobility

Апстракт: У средњовјековном друштву издијељеном на оне који владају и ратују, на оне који су потчињени и раде, и на оне који се моле, вертикалну покретљивост тешко је било остварити. Једна од оних дјелатности које су омогућавале скок на друштвеној љествици била је и дипломатија, посебно за оне који су потицали из нижих друштвених слојева. Истина, дио дипломата био је властеоског поријекла, док је други потицао из трговачких или сеоских породица, те се својим знањем и способностима уздигао до првих савјетника или сарадника обласних господара у Босни. Први су имали властите приходе са својих имања или од других послова којима су се бавили. За разлику од њих, они други су кроз бављење дипломатијом стицали највећи дио својих прихода. Кроз овај рад аутор покушава одговорити на питања да ли су ти приходи били редовни или повремени, колики су они били, какве су биле награде и дарови и колики су удио имали у укупним приходима дипломата. Највећи дио овог рада чини навођење појединих примјера из оновремених историјских извора о поклонима урученим дипломатима. Дио рада посвећен је награђивању дипломата за учињене услуге, као и обећањима да ће бити награђени ако обаве послове који иду у корист друге стране у преговорима. У посљедњем дијелу рада аутор саопштава сазнања о материјалном богатству појединих дипломата. Кључне речи: дипломати, обласни господари, Босна, Дубровник, Венеција, плаћање, дарови, награде, обећања, преговори, материјално богатство. Abstract: Vertical mobility was hard to achieve in the medieval society divided into those who ruled and participated in warfare, those who were subjugated and worked, and those who prayed. Diplomacy, particularly for those originating from lower social strata, was also one of activities that enabled a person to climb the social ladder. Truly, some diplomats were of noble origin, while some came from merchant or rural families, and with their knowledge and capabilities they rose to become the first advisers or associates of local magnates in Bosnia. The former had own income from their own estates or other activities they dealt with. In contrast to them, the latter obtained the major part of their income through diplomacy. In this paper, the author attempts to answer the questions as to whether such income was regular or occasional, to determine its amount and the types of awards and gifts, and ascertain its share in total earnings of diplomats. The major part of this paper consists of examples from the then historical sources about the gifts given to diplomats. A part of the paper examines the awards presented to diplomats for rendered services, and analyses the promises that they would be awarded if they performed activities benefiting the other negotiating party. In the final part of the paper, the author presents knowledge about the material wealth of some diplomats. Keywords: diplomats, local magnates, Bosnia, Dubrovnik, Venice, payments, gifts, awards, promises, negotiations, material wealth.

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