scholarly journals ORDEN DE PALABRAS Y POSICIÓN DE LOS CLÍTICOS PRONOMINALES EN LAS CONSTRUCCIONES IMPERATIVAS DE LAS LENGUAS ROMÁNICAS MEDIEVALES | WORD ORDER AND PRONOMINAL CLITIC POSITION IN THE IMPERATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS OF OLD ROMANCE LANGUAGES

2017 ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Montserrat Batllori ◽  
Assumpció Rost
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
American Spanish ◽  
The One ◽  
Shed Light

<p>Esta investigación aporta evidencias acerca del hecho de que el español medieval y también otras lenguas románicas antiguas (portugués e italiano, por ejemplo) son claros exponentes de la clase II de Rivero y Terzi (1995: 301, e.g. 1) en que el imperativo no presenta una sintaxis diferenciada de la de las oraciones matrices, mientras que, como mínimo, el español actual formaría parte de las lenguas de la clase I, cuyos imperativos tienen una sintaxis propia. Se muestra, asimismo, que los cambios correspondientes al orden de palabras de las construcciones imperativas corresponden a un proceso de sintactización que ha desvinculado las estructuras de imperativo de la morfología verbal (y, por consiguiente, de la sintaxis de las oraciones matrices) y ha comportado un cambio hacia un tipo de estructura con requisitos sintácticos específicos.  Además, por otra parte, nuestros datos permiten profundizar en la teoría del contacto lingüístico y en las condiciones necesarias para que se dé la transferencia de estructuras arcaicas del español medieval al español atlántico. De acuerdo con ellos, podemos afirmar que el mantenimiento de estructuras medievales en Hispanoamérica se debe supeditar al hecho de que las lenguas indígenas de adstrato posean construcciones que faciliten la transferencia lingüística y, por tanto, revitalicen un patrón que ya se encontraba en retroceso en el español peninsular. </p><p>Abstract<em>: This research provides evidence in favour of the fact that Old Spanish, as well as other Old Romance languages (Portuguese and Italian, for example) accommodate to Rivero and Terzi’s (1995: 301, e.g. 1) pattern II in which imperative structures of the languages do not display a different syntax from the one exhibited by main clauses, whereas Modern Spanish should be classified as belonging to pattern I, the imperative constructions of which present their own specific syntax. We put forward that the changes undergone by the word order of imperative sentences through time should be attributed to a syntactization process that tended to detach imperatives from a specific verbal morphology (and also from the syntax of main clauses) and brought about new specific syntactic requirements for them to be licensed. Furthermore, our data allow us to shed light on the theory of linguistic change and the necessary conditions to have transference phenomena from Old Spanish to Hispano-American Spanish. Our data show that, so as to posit that Old Spanish constructions of any sort have been transferred to Hispano-American Spanish, there should be similar configurations in the indigenous languages that enable this transference through language contact and can bring about an increasing use of the structures that already were receding in Peninsular Medieval Spanish.</em></p>

Diachronic features of Romanian in a broader comparative setting

2019 ◽  
pp. 217-222
Author(s):  
Alexandru Nicolae
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Romance Language ◽  
Syntactic Theory ◽  
Syntactic Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diachronic Development

Chapter 6 highlights the novel theoretical and empirical facts brought about by the word order changes that occurring in the passage from old to modern Romanian, showing how the diachrony of Romanian may contribute to a better understanding of the history of the Romance languages and of the Balkan Sprachbund, as well as to syntactic theory and syntactic change in general. One important dimension of diachronic variation and change is the height of nouns and verbs along their extended projections (lower vs higher V- and N-movement). The two perspectives from which language contact proves relevant in the diachronic development of word order in Romanian, language contact by means of translation and areal language contact, are discussed. The chapter also addresses the issue of surface analogy vs deep structural properties; once again, Romanian emerges as a Romance language in a Balkan suit, as Romance deep structural properties are instantiated by means of Balkan word order patterns.

New insights into an old form: A variationist analysis of the pleonastic possessive in Guatemalan Spanish

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Elsig
Keyword(s):  
Interview Data ◽  
Central American ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
Indefinite Article ◽  
American Spanish ◽  
Context Specific

AbstractRomance languages differ as regards the adjectival or article-like status of prenominal possessives. While in Italian, Portuguese, Catalan, and Old Spanish, they pattern like adjectives and co-occur with articles, and in French and Modern Spanish, they compete with the latter for the same structural position. The different distribution of possessives is claimed to reflect distinct stages on a grammaticalization cline (Alexiadou, 2004). This paper focuses on a variety of Central American Spanish where the Old Spanish co-occurrence of an (indefinite) article and a possessive in the prenominal domain has been maintained (as in una mi amiga ‘a my friend’). Based on a variationist study of interview data extracted from the Project for the Sociolinguistic Study of Spanish for Spain and America (PRESEEA) Guatemala corpus, I will argue that it is indeed the indefinite article that shows signs of retarded grammaticalization. Yet, rather than extending to the variety as a whole, this retardation is context-specific.

Algunas observaciones sobre el funcionamiento del adverbio dizque, un elemento de discontinuidad diacrónica y diatópica en español

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
Oana-Adriana Duță ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spanish Language ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Left Periphery ◽  
Hispanic American ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
The Core ◽  
American Spanish ◽  
The One

Some Observations Regarding the Functioning of the Adverb dizque, an Element of Diachronic and Diatopic Discontinuity in Spanish. The adverb dizque lies at the core of a double discontinuity in the landscape of Spanish language. On the one hand, it marks a diachronic discontinuity, as its modal-epistemic and pragmatic values have developed significantly since the 13th century, when it was first registered in Old Spanish, with the evidential-reportative meaning that stems from its etymology. On the other hand, dizque is affected by a diatopic discontinuity, as it is becoming obsolete in the Iberian Peninsula, but is extremely productive in Hispanic American varieties. This paper traces the evolution of the modal and discursive values of dizque and observes its syntactic behaviour by means of a corpus analysis, concluding that, in today’s Hispanic American Spanish, this adverb has reinforced this position in the left periphery, either as a sentence modifier or as a constituent modifier, with clearly established syntactic peculiarities. Keywords: evidentiality, epistemic, syntax, pragmatics

scholarly journals El comportamiento de los verbos haber y ser en función de auxiliar de los tiempos compuestos (siglos XIII-XVII)

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Ágnes Idrisz
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
The One

In the old Spanish language the usage of the compound tenses formed with the auxiliary ’haber’ and the participle form shows several differences compared to today’s usage. It turns out from fragments from the XIII-XVII. centuries that the word order of the elements in the structure was not bound: on the one hand, the participle form could come before the auxiliary, on the other hand, other parts of the sentence could be inserted between the two elements of the structure. Furthermore, the participle form could possibly be reconciled with the direct object of the sentence. The above mentioned features can be found in the earliest fragments of the ’corpus’ on a larger scale, whereas by the XVII. century – due to the grammatical progress of the structure – these features had almost completely disappeared. Another peculiarity about the development of the structure haber + participio pasado is that the occurence of the above mentioned features depended largely on the genre of the text. There is a whole range of studies available which deal with the emergence and the forms of the compound tenses. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to examine – based on the article of Concepción Company in 1983 – how much these compound tenses are present in the texts from different ages, as well as how much the frequency of their presence was influenced by the genre of the texts.

scholarly journals Motivações semânticas e pragmáticas na mudança gramatical

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Gisele Cássia De Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Formal Identity ◽  
De Se ◽  
Complement Clauses ◽  
The One ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects

<p>O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar a influência de fatores semânticos e pragmáticos sobre processos de mudança linguística. O estudo focaliza as orações completivas do português, particularmente a oração introduzida pela conjunção <em>se</em>, forma homônima à conjunção que introduz a oração adverbial condicional. Ao rastrear a origem dessa oração completiva do português, a pesquisa busca explicar as razões da identidade formal entre as duas conjunções observada não só em português, mas na maioria das línguas românicas. Com base em registros de filólogos e romanistas, o estudo revela que a similaridade entre as conjunções se explica pela etimologia da conjunção integrante <em>se</em>, advinda da conjunção latina <em>si </em>que substituiu as partículas interrogativas do latim. Conforme se defende no texto, essa substituição teria sido possível graças a propriedades semânticas e pragmáticas compartilhadas por interrogativas e condicionais. Esses significados e funções comuns entre as duas orações mostram, portanto, que a homonímia entre as formas de condicional e de interrogativa indireta nas línguas românicas não é fortuita. A origem em uma oração condicional, que tem significado basicamente hipotético, explica também por que a completiva introduzida por <em>se </em>do português não se gramaticaliza do mesmo modo que uma completiva introduzida por <em>que</em>. De modo mais amplo, as análises demonstram que fatores de ordem semântica e pragmática podem determinar a trajetória de mudança em que se envolve uma forma linguística. Como conclusão, o estudo enfatiza a importância de se considerarem aspectos semânticos e pragmáticos, paralelamente a aspectos formais, nas pesquisas sobre mudança linguística.</p><p>This paper aims to demonstrate the influence of semantic and pragmatic factors on linguistic change processes. The study focuses on complement clauses in the Portuguese language, particularly the one introduced by the conjunction <em>se </em>(if/whether), which is the homonym of the conjunction that introduces the conditional clause. By tracking the origin of this complement clause in Portuguese, the research seeks to explain the reasons for formal identity between the two conjunctions <em>se </em>observed not only in Portuguese, but also in most Romance languages. Based on statements of philologists and Romanists, this study reveals that the similarity between conjunctions is explained by the etymology of the complementizer <em>se</em>, arising from the Latin conjunction <em>si </em>that replaced the interrogative particles in Latin. As it is argued in the text, this replacement would have been made possible by semantic and pragmatic properties shared by interrogative and conditional clauses. Therefore, these meanings and common features between the two clauses show that the homonym between forms of conditionals and indirect questions in Romance languages is not fortuitous. The origin of a conditional clause, whose meaning is basically a hypothesis, also explains why the completive clause introduced by <em>se </em>in Portuguese is not grammaticalized in the same way as a completive clause introduced by <em>que </em>(that). More broadly, the analyses demonstrate that semantic and pragmatic factors can determine a specific trajectory of change to a linguistic form. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of considering semantic and pragmatic aspects, parallel to formal aspects, in researches on language change.</p>

The Factor Structure of Medical Tourist Satisfaction: Exploring Key Drivers of Choice, Delight, and Frustration

2021 ◽  
pp. 109634802098727
Author(s):  
Josip Mikulić ◽  
Damir Krešić ◽  
Maja Šerić
Keyword(s):  
Medical Tourism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Tourist Satisfaction ◽  
Tourism Experience ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
The One ◽  
Medical Tourist ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Three Factor

The current study intends to contribute to a better understanding of the medical tourism experience. In particular, this study uses data from a survey-based study conducted on a sample of 1,209 medical tourists in Croatia. On the one hand, this study aims to explore and shed light on the decision-making process of medical tourists, and, on the other hand, to reveal which elements of both the medical institution and the destination where it is located, have largest potentials to drive medical tourist delight and/or frustration, in accordance with the three-factor theory of customer satisfaction.

Progressive periphrases in language contact

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-127
Author(s):  
Rossella Maraffino
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Internal Development ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Alpine Area ◽  
Diffusion Pattern ◽  
The One

Abstract In this paper, I will deal with the diffusion pattern of the progressive periphrases (PROGPER) attested in the minority languages that are present in the areas of Swiss Grisons, Trentino-Alto Adige and Friulian Carnia. I will individualize on the one hand the vectors of diffusion between the standard languages and the minority varieties; on the other hand, I will explain the mechanism of adaptation or re-elaboration of the borrowed structure in the replica language. Finally, I will pinpoint which of this structure replication seems to be the result of an internal development witnessed in the Alpine area.

scholarly journals Burnout in Professional Caregivers and Quality of Life in Institutionalized Center Residents

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Juan P. Martínez ◽  
Inmaculada Méndez ◽  
Esther Secanilla ◽  
Ana Benavente ◽  
Julia García Sevilla
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽  
The Other ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Professional Caregiver ◽  
The One ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Professional Accomplishment

Starting from previous studies in professional caregivers of people with dementia and other diseases in institutionalized centers of different regions, the aim of this study was to compare burnout levels that workers present depending on the center, to create a caregiver profile with high professional accomplishment and to describe the quality of life that residents perceive Murcia and Barcelona. The instruments used were the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), the Professional Caregiver Survey developed ad hoc and the Brief Questionnaire of Quality of Life (CUBRECAVI in Spanish) on residents. The results show, on the one hand, that levels of professional accomplishment may be paradoxically higher in the case of catastrophe and, on the other hand, the 98.2% of users are satisfied with the residence in which is located and 81.8% with the manner in which occupy the time. The conclusions that are extrapolated from the study shed light on the current situation of workers and residents and the influence that an earthquake can have on them.

scholarly journals Transmission and diffusion: Linguistic change in the regional French of Béarn

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-352
Author(s):  
DAMIEN MOONEY
Keyword(s):  
Individual Change ◽  
Vowel Quality ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Local Varieties ◽  
Transmission Process ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Diffusion Interface ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Shed Light

ABSTRACTThis article examines the seemingly dichotomous linguistic processes of transmission and diffusion (Labov, 2007) in the regional variety of French spoken in Béarn, southwestern France. Using a sociophonetic apparent time methodology, an analysis of nasal vowel quality provides evidence for the advancement of linguistic changes from below taking place between successive generations during the transmission process, as well as for change from above taking place in the variety as a result of exposure to diffusing non-local varieties of French. The results address Labov's (2007) assertion that it is rare to investigate incremental changes occurring from below in European dialectological studies and shed light on the transmission–diffusion interface by showing the adoption of an individual change from above to instigate a faithfully-transmitted counterclockwise chain shift in the regional French nasal vowel system.

Word-order change in progress: the case of Slovene and Serbo-Croat and its relevance for Germanic

1987 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
Related Language ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
Order Change ◽  
The One ◽  
Word Order Change ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Fresh Insight

It will be suggested in this article that Slovene, a South Slavonic language, is on the way to acquiring verb-second (V2) word order. In providing evidence in support of this view I shall compare Slovene, on the one hand, with the closely related language Serbo-Croat and, on the other hand, with relevant details from the history of the Germanic languages. The point of comparing it with Serbo-Croat is to discover the respects in which the word order of these two languages has diverged. Taken together with what is known about the word order of Common Slavonic, the facts emerging from this comparison allow us to identify one major respect in which Slovene has changed and two respects in which it is still changing. At the same time, they reveal a major respect in which Serbo-Croat word order is also changing. The point of comparing Slovene with the Germanic languages is twofold. First, since all the present-day Germanic languages either have or have had V2 word order (Haiman, 1974), it is possible that their history can help us to understand the changes currently taking place in Slovene and to predict how Slovene might change in the future. Secondly, where details of the history of the Germanic languages are poorly understood, the possibility exists of gaining fresh insight into them in the light of the changes that have taken place more recently, or indeed are still taking place, in Slovene. In this connection we shall assess the plausibility of two theories concerning the adoption of V2 word order by the Germanic languages, those of Vennemann (1975) and Wackernagel (1892).

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