Dimensões dos Riscos nas Políticas de Combate à Violência Contra a Mulher Durante a Pandemia de COVID-19 em Aracaju (Sergipe) ## Risk Dimensions in Policies to Combat Violence Against Women During COVID-19 in Aracaju (Sergipe)

Relatórios de organizações internacionais e notícias veiculadas na mídia têm apontado o aumento do número de casos de violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher -VDFM, durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Diante disso, é fundamental compreender a efetividade das políticas públicas desenvolvidas. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as dimensões dos riscos nas políticas de combate à VDFM no período de crise sanitária. A pesquisa utilizou um desenho qualitativo de estudo de caso único, sendo a unidade de caso o Departamento de Atendimento a Grupos Vulneráveis - DAGV e, como sujeito da pesquisa, a Delegacia de Atendimento à Mulher - DEAM. A técnica de análise de conteúdo foi utilizada em quatro entrevistas concedidas por servidores do quadro do DAGV. Também foi realizada análise documental em 210 inquéritos abertos entre maio e julho de 2020. Verificou-se que o rol de medidas protetivas de urgência trazidas pela Lei Maria da Penha - LMP - e demais instrumentos de gestão de risco contribuem com a efetividade dos trabalhos da rede de apoio e enfrentamento à VDFM. Porém, há fragilidades que devem ser corrigidas, tais como estrutura física do DAGV, ampliação do efetivo policial, atualização e ampliação do Formulário Nacional de Avaliação de Riscos, atuação multidisciplinar articulada e atualização de práticas de gestão gerencial em toda a rede de apoio. O trabalho contribuiu com a identificação de fatores de riscos no atendimento inicial às vítimas e também na fase de andamento do inquérito. Por fim, faz a apresentação de sugestões para mitigá-los e/ou evitá-los. ABSTRACTReports from international organizations and news broadcasted in the media have pointed out the increase in the number of cases of domestic and family violence against women - VDFM, during the Covid-19 pandemic. Given this, it is essential to understand the effectiveness of the public policies developed. The objective of this paper is to analyze the dimensions of risks in policies to combat VDFM in the period of health crisis. The research used a qualitative design of single case study, being the case unit the Department of Attendance to Vulnerable Groups - DAGV and, as subject of the research, the Police Station of Attendance to Women - DEAM. The technique of content analysis was used in four interviews given by employees of the DAGV. Documentary analysis was also carried out in 210 inquiries opened between May and July 2020. It was verified that the list of urgent protective measures brought by the Maria da Penha Law - LMP - and other instruments of risk management contribute to the effectiveness of the work of the network of support and confrontation to the VDFM. However, there are weaknesses that must be corrected, such as the physical structure of the DAGV, expansion of the police force, updating and expansion of the National Risk Assessment Form, articulated multidisciplinary action, and updating of management practices throughout the support network. The work contributed with the identification of risk factors in the initial care to the victims and also in the progress phase of the investigation. Finally, it makes suggestions to mitigate and/or avoid them.

Risk in Strategic Management

Although risk is an essential element of the business landscape and one of the more widely researched topics in business, there is noticeably less scholarship on strategic risk. Business risk literature tends to only delineate characteristics of risk that are operational rather than strategic in nature. The current operational risk paradigm focuses primarily on only two dimensions of risk: the probability of its occurrence and the severity of its outcomes. In contrast, literature in the natural and social sciences exhibits greater dimensionality in the risk lexicon, including temporal risk dimensions absent from academic business discussions. Additionally, descriptions of operational risk included minimal linkage to strategic outcomes that could constrain or enable resources, markets, or competition. When working with a multidimensional model of risk, one can adjustment the process of environmental scanning and risk assessment in ways that were potentially more measurable. Given the temporal dimensions of risk, risk management cannot always function proactively. In risk environments with short risk horizons, rapid risk acceleration, or limited risk reaction time, firms must utilize dynamic capabilities. The literature proposes multiple approaches to managing risk that are often focused on single challenges or solutions. By combining a strategic management focus with a multidimensional model of strategic risk, one can match risk management protocols to specific strategic challenges. Lastly, one of more powerful dimensions of risky events is their ability to differentially affect competitors, changing the basis of competition. Risk need not solely be viewed as defending against potential losses; many risky occurrences may represent new strategic opportunities.

The Role of Sense of Coherence and Social Capital on Perceived Risk: The Salutogenic Model Approach on Flood Survivors in Indonesia

The study of flood risk perception has been received growing attention in multi-disciplinary research and practice. Indonesia’s government approach on managing the impact of flood is highly dependence on structural engineering solutions. Few empirical attempts have systematically established to understand whether positive psychological capacity strategy helps flood survivors to overcome the negative impact of flood. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of salutogenic and social capital models on flood risk perception. A national survey was used to collect the data of flood survivors across Indonesia. A battery comprising socio-demographic information, measures of salutogenic variable (sense of coherence), social capital (sense of community and social trust), and individual risk perception on flood was administered to the Indonesian adult (N = 194). This study findings showed that the overall model successfully predicted the perceived risk dimensions. However, different routes of correlation across variables were identified. Discussion and future recommendation are presented with regard to the study finding.

Construction and validation of a preterm birth risk assessment model using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process

Preterm births account for almost 1 million deaths globally. The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a model that assists clinicians in assessing the risk of preterm birth, using fuzzy multicriteria analysis. The model allows experts to incorporate their intuition and judgment into the decision-making process and takes into consideration six (6) risk dimensions reflecting the socio-economic, behavioural and medical profile of pregnant women, thus adopting a holistic approach to risk assessment. Each risk dimension is further analysed and measured in terms of risk factors associated with it. Data was collected from a selected group of 35 experts, each one with more than 20 years of obstetric experience. The model criteria were selected after a thorough literature analysis, so as to ensure a holistic approach to risk assessment. The criteria were reviewed by the experts and the model structure was finalised. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy method was applied to calculate the relative importance of each criterion and subsequent use of the model in assessing and ranking pregnant women by their preterm risk. The proposed model utilises fuzzy logic and multicriteria analysis. It addresses the multifactorial nature of decision making when assessing the preterm birth risk. It also incorporates the obstetricians’ intuitive judgement during risk assessment and it can be used to classify cases based upon their risk level. Additionally, it can be applied to evaluate the risk of individual cases in a personalised manner. The proposed model is compared and validated for its predictive value against judgments made by experts.

Analyzing of User Attitudes Toward Intention to Use Social Media for Learning

The study has aimed to investigate the factors affecting university students’ attitude toward intention to use social media for learning. This study embraced a cross-sectional approach and gathered quantitative data via a Google form survey, which was collected by using social media platforms, from a total of 720 respondents. The hypotheses were tested using the partial least squares (PLS) method. The study found that social media literacy, perceived ease of use, perceived behavioral control, and perceived risk has significant positive influence on users’ attitude to use social media, while ICT facility and perceived usefulness has no significant impact on attitude. Users’ attitude has a significant relationship with their intention to use social media for learning. The users’ attitude was also found to successfully mediate the relationship of social media literacy, perceived ease of use, perceived behavioral control, and perceived risk with intention to use social media. Social media literacy and perceived risk have been measured as an influential construct since it is unreasonable to anticipate the correlation between social media literacy and perceived risk dimensions in social media.

Adoption of contract farming for managing agricultural risks: a case study in rice production in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

PurposeFarmers' risk attitudes and risk perceptions play an essential role in shaping risk management strategies to address risks and uncertainties. Contract farming is considered as one of the feasible approaches to tackle farmers' concerns. However, risk perspectives under various categories have not been included in studies on farmers' preferences for contract farming in the literature, especially in Vietnam. This study aims to determine factors affecting farmers' choices of different contract farming practices.Design/methodology/approachThe explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and multinomial logit model (MNL) were applied to explore the impacts of risk perspectives on farmers' preferences for contract farming. Data have been collected from 211 rice farmers in An Giang Province, “the rice bowl” of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam.FindingsThe study found that farm size, cooperatives, extension, market access and trust have significantly impacted on contract participation while a delay payment was a barrier for farmers' motivation to opt for the contract. Farmers' contract choices were also influenced by their risk attitudes and perceptions under different risk dimensions. The financial, policy and human risk-averse behavior predisposed farmers to single out the full contract while the policy and human risk-loving and production, market and finance risk-averse respondents were in favor of the marketing contract. Moreover, the findings indicated that the more farmers concerned about risk of weather and market, the more choices for the full contract, whereas the risk perceptions of weather and policy encouraged farmers to use the limited contract. By contrast, farmers who perceived the impacts of risk of diseases/pests and human were likely to adopt the marketing contract.Research limitations/implicationsThis study just focuses on collecting data from farmers’ perspective. Future studies involving stakeholders such as enterprises and policy makers are strongly recommended so as to design suitable contracts and enforce contract schemes effectively in Vietnam.Originality/valueThe findings also contribute to the literature on different types of contracts and the multidimensional aspect of risk for rice production in Vietnam.

Mediating Role of Perceived Value on the Relationship Among Perceived Risks, Perceived Quality, and Purchase Intention of Private Label Brands

In the current competitive retail market, retailers constantly strive to deliver products to consumers at a better value. Consumers are becoming more price sensitive but still seeking quality products. A retailer can establish value with a brand. Consequently, retailers are introducing their own private label brands (PLBs), which also differentiate their products from competitors. The role of perceived value in the purchase behavior of PLBs and its relationship with quality and various risk dimensions has received scant consideration in the retailing literature. Our study suggests perceived value is a mediating part in associations amid perceived quality, perceived risks, and purchase intention of PLBs. A structural equation modeling approach was adopted to test the proposed hypotheses with a convenience sample of 458 consumers of retail department stores obtained via a cross-sectional survey. The results demonstrate that the role of perceived value is vital in strengthening the association of consumer-perceived quality and purchase intention of PLBs as well as minimizing the consumer’s risks as they intend to buy PLBs. Overall, the study contributes to the emerging retail and consumer behavior literature regarding the role of perceived value in purchase intention of PLBs.

Exploring and Validating Container Operational Risk Scale in Container Shipping: The Case of Ethiopian Shipping and Logistics Service Enterprise

The risk associated with container shipping has been a major concern in recent decades. This study presents three major risk frameworks to systematically and inclusively explore and validate container operational risk scales based on risk factors derived from the extant literature. The three risk frameworks identified are risks related to information flow, risks related to physical flow, and risks related to payment flow. Each risk factor is grouped into sub-factors (dimensions), three factors for information flow, two factors for physical flow, and two factors for payment flow. The study uses Ethiopia as a case study and employed both qualitative and quantitative research methods. An interview survey was conducted to explore additional risk factors and validate the identified risk factors in container shipping, and a questionnaire survey was then accompanied to collect the relevant data. A pairwise comparison chart (PCC) was employed to rank the risk dimensions. The results showed that the container operational risk model is satisfactory by employing exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, the PCC result indicates that risk of loss or damage of goods/assets, payment delay, and decrease in or total loss of payment were ranked first, second, and third, respectively, and consequently the most significant dimensions of the risk factors. This study provides a reliable and valid scale for measuring container operational risk in container shipping companies. It also unlocks future works for using the identified risk factors as guidelines for researchers and experts to design and develop container operational risk dimensions.

A risk model to compute the volatility and the need for collateral margins in energy futures contracts in Brazil

Purpose Brazil is characterized by the inexistence of a more robust system of guarantees and rules to minimize risks and protect agents in energy futures contracts. In this sense, this study aims to answer the question of how a centralized clearing agent can compute safety margin requirements to help reduce the systemic risk of the energy futures contracts market in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach The intermediate steps and specific objectives are to analyze the volatility behavior, identify the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity effects and model the variance of the return series. Based on this, the authors calculate the value-at-risk and conditional value-at-risk metrics for the energy futures contracts. As a robustness test, the authors added a peak over threshold methodology from extreme values theory. Findings In general, monthly products require margins because of their higher variance. With the asymmetrical distribution of returns, the authors needed to consider different maintenance margins for the long and short positions. It was also shown that two guarantee margins were required to secure the contracts as follows: the initial margin and the maintenance margin. The three factors that defined the size of the maintenance margin the volatility, skewness and kurtosis of the return series. Originality/value The contribution of this study lies in promoting the understanding of the risk dimensions of the energy derivatives market in Brazil and it offers concrete recommendations for how to mitigate this risk through market mechanisms and structures. Similar arrangements can be applied to other emerging markets.

Perceived risk and tourist’s trust: the roles of perceived value and religiosity

Purpose This study aims to examine the relationship between perceived risk and tourists’ trust. It also investigates the role of perceived value as a mediating variable on the link between perceived risk and trust. Moreover, the moderating role of religiosity on the link between perceived value and trust has also been highlighted. Design/methodology/approach The research population is all tourists who have visited West Sumatra Indonesia in the past two years. This research used a survey method using questionnaires and used purposive sampling as the sampling method. It collected 400 responses and after some preliminary tests, 352 usable responses have been analyzed. The authors used a covariance-based structural equation model using AMOS 24 as the data analysis tool. Findings This quantitative research found that perceived risk dimensions (health, environmental and financial risk) have significant impacts on perceived value. Perceived risk dimensions also have significant effects on trust except for health risk. It also found that perceived value has a significant impact on trust and finally, religiosity which has a significant moderating impact on the relationship between perceived value and trust. Research limitations/implications This study is only one country study; hence, it has limited finding generalization. It needs to be expanded to other countries such as Southeast Asia countries. It only used three antecedents of trust, therefore, for future research; it might be extended to other antecedents such as cultural value, tourist efficacy and also some consequences of trust such as revisit intention and customer involvement. Finally, this is a cross-sectional study; hence, for future research, it might be expanded to a longitudinal study where the results are more generalized. Practical implications Trust will lead to tourist loyalty. Therefore, to establish trust, the managers need to provide the best services with pay attention to the tourist perceived risk. Moreover, it found that perceived risks will lead to tourists’ perceived value. Accordingly, to increase the tourist perceived value, the tourist destination managers have to minimize risk or uncertainty in the tourist destination such as environmental and health risk in the tourist destination. Finally, religiosity will strengthen the tourist trust, hence; the managers can attract and serve high religiosity tourists with Halal standard products and services. Originality/value This study has examined the relationship between perceived risk dimensions and perceived value which is not investigated in the previous studies. It also examined the mediating roles of perceived value on the link between perceived risk dimensions and trust. These mediating roles have not been addressed yet previously. Finally, it has also revealed a significant moderating effect of religiosity on the link between perceived value and trust which is neglected previously.