Progressive evaluation in spectroscopic sensors for non-invasive blood haemoglobin analysis - a review

Frequent monitoring of haemoglobin concentration is highly recommended by physicians to diagnose anaemia and polycythemia Vera. Moreover, Some other conditions also demand assessment of haemoglobin, and these conditions are blood loss, before blood donation, during pregnancy, preoperative, perioperative and postoperative conditions. Cyanmethaemoglobin/haemiglobincyanide method, portable haemoglobinometers and haematology analyzers are few standard methods to diagnose mentioned ailments. However, discomfort, delay and risk of infection are typical limitations of traditional measuring solutions. These limitations create the necessity to develop a non-invasive haemoglobin monitoring technique for a better lifestyle. Various methods and products are already developed and popular due to their non-invasiveness; however, invasive solutions are still considered as the reference standard method. Therefore, this review summarizes the attributes of existing non-invasive solutions. These attributes are finalized as brief details, accuracy, optimal benefits, and research challenges for exploring potential gaps, advancements and possibilities to consider as futuristic alternative methodologies. Non-invasive total haemoglobin assessing techniques are mainly based on optical spectroscopy (reflectance/transmittance) or digital photography or spectroscopic imaging in spot check/continuous monitoring mode. In all these techniques, we have noticed that there is a need to consider different light conditions, motion artefacts, melanocytes, other blood constituents, smoking and precise fixing of the sensor from the sensing spot for exact formulation. Moreover, based on careful and critical analysis of outcomes, none of these techniques or products is used independently or intended to replace invasive laboratory testing. Therefore there is a requirement for a more accurate technique that can eliminate the requirement of blood samples and likely end up as a reference standard method.

Development and performance evaluation of a multi-modal optical spectroscopic sensor

Development of multi-modal optical spectroscopic sensors for sample analysis is often challenged by the requirement of signal collection and measurement devices utilized for specific techniques. In the present study, the...

Soil Electrical Conductivity (Ec) Mapping Using Real-Time Soil Sensor

The development of soil electrical conductivity (EC) recently to generate soil EC spatial variability map is increasingly attractive because of its application for site-specific crop management. Several commercial applications have been developed and marketed. The purpose of this paper is to compare soil EC spatial variability map produced by capacitance and spectroscopic sensors. The two sensors (capacitance and spectroscopic sensors) was mounted in a Real-time soil sensor. The spectrophotometer was used that has linearly arrayed photodiodes of 256 channels for 400 to 900 nm for visible (Vis) lights and 128 channels for 900 to 1700 nm for near infrared (NIR) lights. For two capacitance sensors were embedded in soil penetrator (front/ECF and side/ ECS), which its tip with a flat plane edge to make uniform soil cuts and the soil flattener behind produced a uniform surface texture. It was found that spectroscopic method performed better compared to capacitance sensor. Using linear regression, the spectroscopic method has shown a correlation of 0.75 with soil EC generated from laboratory analysis (ECL). While, the capacitance method shows significant different compared to soil ECL. The primary cause of the extreme differences between ECL, ECF and ECS values is likely related to the calibration of the capacitance sensor itself.

Sensors applied in the detection of physical changes at heritage buildings

<p>Heritage buildings are susceptible to environmental impacts, and many of the stone structures show intense damage due to weathering, soil instability or improper use. The detection of changes has primary importance in the understanding of deterioration processes, and it provides essential information for the preservation of these structures. The application of destructive techniques to assess the condition of the materials of these heritage structures are not feasible and in most cases, not permitted. Consequently, monitoring of the health of the construction material and the structure require techniques that are not destructive and automatically collects data from the sites. The study provides an overview of sensors that could be applied in monitoring of the conditions of cultural heritage structures. From the methods of placing sensors at sites to available data collection system – the entire process will be overviewed. Applications of spectroscopic sensors for in situ and real-time analysis of critical colorimetric parameters of building materials will be presented. Application of artificial intelligence-based data processing in the prediction of material degradation is also discussed. Optical detectors of remote sensing techniques applied in monitoring of heritage buildings are also addressed. The financial support of National Research, Development and Innovation (NKFI) Fund (K 116532) is appreciated.</p>