The Long-Term Effects of Living in a Shared and Continuous Traumatic Reality: The Case of Israeli Families on the Border With Gaza

This article presents a literature review of the concept of intergenerational transmission of traumatic stress among a specific population of Israeli parents and children living near the Israeli/Gaza border, an area that can essentially be viewed as a laboratory of shared, continuous, and stressful reality resulting from ongoing political violence. The Google Scholar database was used to search only for peer-reviewed articles written in English and published between 2002 and 2020, and the particular focus of the study was Israeli families living in the “Gaza envelope”: communities that have been on the receiving end of rockets and mortars from Gaza for the past 20 years. The review was based on 35 articles and sheds light on the existence of studies using a variety of perspectives (e.g., psychological, biopsychosocial, and behavioral). Findings demonstrate the effects of continuous stress situations on the family dynamic, even before birth, among this small population. In addition, they show that to understand the unique process of intergenerational trauma transmission in a shared continuous traumatic reality, it is important to adopt a comprehensive perspective so as to understand the reciprocal, long-lasting, and transgenerational effects of being exposed to traumatic stress. This perspective can be used as a basis for developing family intervention strategies that are appropriate for preventing stress outcomes that derive from living in the context of persistent violence.

How Positive Youth Development Can Support Low-Income Roma Youth Living in the United States

Deprivation and discrimination, including the destruction of housing settlements, forced evictions, and persistent violence, led a portion of Europe’s 12 million Roma to seek refuge in the United States and Canada. Approximately 1 million Roma live in the United States, and 80,000 Roma currently live in Canada. Profound experiences of injustice in their home countries have led Roma in the United States to keep their lives hidden from mainstream society. The Roma as a race/ethnicity is not accounted for in any American surveys, and research on their well-being in the United States is scarce. This chapter fills knowledge gaps by presenting a one-of-a-kind comprehensive literature review synthesizing empirical evidence on the lives of Roma people and their youth in the United States by applying the positive youth development (PYD) framework that focuses on promoting positive asset-building for youth and seeing youth as vital resources in development strategies. In doing so, the chapter advances beyond the more usual narrative that has focused on the problems of Roma youth to examine the mechanisms that can enable them to flourish in the United States. Romani youth is a case study example of youth of color in general; this chapter adds to the body of knowledge that examines how PYD development matters for positive developmental outcomes of a minority group that has experienced socioeconomic disparities strictly because of the stigma of their identity.

The Legal Framework on Disappearances in Mexico: From Demands to the Law and Back to Demands

This chapter explains that the General Law on Disappearances in Mexico is a legal change achieved by a broad mobilisation of families of victims of disappearance in a challenging context of persistent violence in the country. The Law helps to improve the relevant standards related to searching for disappeared persons, guaranteeing the rights of the victims’ families, furthering the investigation of forced disappearance caused by the government and/or individuals, as well as creating the institutional structures focused on the search for persons. Despite this, the law’s innovative advances coexist alongside previous institutional mechanisms that perpetuate practices contrary to the rights of victims and their families, which risk neutralising the Law. Accordingly, the chapter focuses on the promotion of legal mobilisation strategies in countries, such as Mexico, which accept normative and institutional changes without worrying about their enforcement, since, in practice, new provisions clash with previously created structures that have similar legal authority but greater decision-making power, and are, thus, better able to exercise that authority.

Pesan Suci yang Terkontaminasi: Suatu Tinjauan atas Pendekatan Pascakolonial Sugirtharajah dan Konteks Indonesia

The history of religions records the existence of persistent violence in religions. Many rulers, with the help of clergies, misuse sacred texts for their conquering interests. The coming of Christianity to Indonesia was linked to Western colonialism with its exploitating ambition. Todate, the fruit of the agenda of misusing Scriptures can still be found in the theology and traditions of the Indonesian churches. This study presents the post-colonial biblical criticism of Sugirtharajah as an inclusive, collaborative hermeneutic umbrella for efforts to liberatetexts, traditions, and contexts of Indonesia. Rasiah S. Sugirtharajah has pioneered the post-colonial biblical criticism as a hermeneutics that criticizes domination and alienation. This study looks at the relevance of Sugirtharajah’s thinking for the context of Indonesian Christianity. The methods used include qualitative literature review on the postcolonialpublication in Indonesia to find out the progress of the existing post-colonial hermeneutic works. Abstrak Sejarah agama-agama mencatat hadirnya kekerasan secara persisten. Penguasa, dengan bantuan rohaniwan, sering kali menyisipkan kepentingan penaklukannya ke dalam penggunaan ayat-ayat suci. Kekristenan di Indonesia datang berkaitan dengan kolonialisme Barat dengan ambisi eksploitatifnya. Dalam hal itu terjadi juga kolaborasi saling menguntungkan antara misionaris dan penguasa (ekonomi dan militer) kolonial. Produk agenda penundukan dan pembodohan yang menggunakan ayat-ayat Kitab Suci masih terasa dalam teologi dan tradisi gereja Indonesia hingga sekarang. Bentuk kolonialismebaru juga terus bermekaran di dalam dan sekitar gereja. Studi ini menyelidiki pendekatanhermeneutik yang dapat melawan upaya mengkontaminasi Kitab Suci. Studi ini menyuguhkan Kritik Alkitabiah Pascakolonial Sugirtharajah sebagai payung hermeneutis kolaboratif inklusif bagi banyak upaya membebaskan teks, tradisi, dan konteks. Metode yang dipakai adalah analisis historis mengikuti kerangka teori Sugirtharajah. Juga dilakukan tinjauan literatur terhadap buku-buku teologi bernafas pascakolonial yang banyak dipakai di Indonesia guna melihat sejauh mana upaya pascakolonial telah ada sekaligus perlu dikembangkan sesuai pemikiran Sugirtharajah. Hasil studi ini diharapkan bisa membantu kekristenan Indonesia untuk lebih merdeka dan terampil dalam membebaskan teks, teologi, tradisi, dan penafsiran Alkitab secara pascakolonial berdasarkan konteks semesta dan manusia Indonesia.

In the Eye of the Storm: Rebel Taxation of Artisanal Mines and Strategies of Violence

According to the resource curse theory, persistent violence in developing areas results from rebels’ ability to finance warfare with natural resource revenues. Surprisingly, this overlooks the complexities of raising revenue from a mobile mining population that values security as well as income. The literature thus neglects a fundamental question: what are the incentives of rebel groups to prevent or perpetuate conflict in mining areas? This paper delineates a rational to both increase and decrease violence. Protecting a mine should allow rebels to extract taxes in return. Simultaneously, to maintain this demand for security, rebels may need to destabilize the wider area. The hypotheses are tested with novel data on rebel taxation at over 3’000 artisanal mines in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Supporting the hypotheses, the results show that rebel-taxed mines appear exempt from violence nearby but imperiled at the perimeter.

The Value of Asking

This concluding chapter studies the value of critically assessing the basic rules people live under: Persistent violence and instability suggest there must be a better rule, and it is only by challenging the current order's hidden assumptions that people will find it. The new rule is a global rule, like the existing one. Each, in its way, offers a global approach that inevitably encourages a single type of solution. This “totalism” can be dangerous. It is possible the new rule would make things worse: destabilizing more societies than it would help; making it harder for groups to get along; producing more illiberal societies and violence. But these are empirical questions: They may or may not be true. Thus, questioning people's commitments is useful. The fixity of people's commitment to rigid borders is not matched with outcomes people ought to find acceptable, whether measured in morality, lives lost, prosperity, or human happiness. It is only because of the impossibility of knowing what a different world might look like that people can retain their unshakable confidence in the current rule.

Cultism and Violence in Nigerian Universities: A Paradigm for Achieving Religious Academic Excellence

Nigerian universities and other institutions of higher learning have in recent times witnessed unprecedented insecurity, persistent violence and educational backdrop, leading to loss of many lives and properties worth millions of naira across the country. Part of the face out of this scourge is the prevailing case of cultism and other forms of violence in Nigerian universities and other higher educational institutions. This has resulted to gruesome arrest, expulsion and murder of many students on account of cult activities on the campuses and other forms of students’ violence which further exposed our universities to insecurity, ritual murders, drug abuse and use of dangerous weapons by cult groups, victimization and regime of terror against fellow students, lecturers, and anyone that stands in the ways of these cult groups on our campuses. This paper discusses the impacts of cultism and other forms of violence on university campuses in Nigeria as a search for achieving sustainable peace and academic excellence. To explore this change, the study employs survey design, questionnaires and face-to-face interviews in collecting data and analysis. The research findings have shown that cultism and other forms of violence are prevalence in Nigerian universities and have increased tremendously in recent decades, reoccurring almost on daily basis. The paper observed that students’ radical activism and union politics, incapability of university and state authorities to enforce minimum standard of students’ civil behaviors on campuses as well as rivalries between cult groups and the wider campus community has drastically affected educational or academic performance of students in contemporary Nigerian society. The paper recommends the restructuring of university educational policies and curriculum, provision of moral education and non-interference of the government and university authorities in the affairs of students’ union politics and activism.

“Red, White and Blues”

Chapter 6 reveals how Bernstein used the blues to parse intertwined issues of race, faith, and national identity in the developmental process of Mass and 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. As the opening rite for the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Mass questioned the notion of faith in the face of persistent violence and social injustice, from the Vietnam War to the ongoing civil rights struggle. As another politically charged work, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue drew heavily on the blues as a part of its historical pastiche. In the year of the bicentennial, Lerner and Bernstein wanted to call America to account for its ongoing failure to truly address the question of civil rights, but they were depending on a frayed black-Jewish relation for their rhetorical authority.

Problems of citizenship, violence and gender

This chapter draws together theoretical perspectives in developing an argument about gendered violence and women's citizenship. It suggests that the state's role in securing, enabling, and maintaining the rights of citizens plays an important part in how violence is perpetrated and challenged. The apparent failure of the state to protect women as citizens from persistent violence is examined, with particular attention to the sexual politics of power and violence and the interconnections of material conditions, discourses, and subjectivities in the everyday life of the citizen. The chapter proposes that the persistence of domestic violence is implicated in the sexual politics of citizenship. In addition, the discursive impact of a politics of ignorance serves to deny or obscure how women's inequality, materially and discursively, is produced and reproduced in everyday life.

Chile's government will struggle with Mapuche conflict

Subject Renewed Mapuche conflicts. Significance The death of a young Mapuche man, during a police operation in southern Chile’s Araucania Region on November 14, has once again highlighted the longstanding problem of the state’s troubled relations with the country’s largest indigenous group and the persistent violence in parts of what was their traditional homeland. It is also a major setback for centre-right President Sebastian Pinera who, on taking office in March, made “peace in the Araucania Region” one of his five key promises. Impacts A whole generation of Mapuche young people is growing up distrusting the state. The conflict calls for long-term measures that are unlikely to produce significant results within the life of a single government. The police’s lack of credibility in the region will facilitate criminal activities such as the sale of stolen wood.